Questões de Linguagens do ENEM

The author’s main purpose in the article is to

In the excerpt, “they will have to cut fossil fuel combustion at an even faster rate than anybody had predicted.” (line 3), the fragment ‘will have to cut’ indicates

In the fragment “… the notional 2°C mark long agreed internationally as being the point of no return for the planet.” (line 13), the expression ‘point of no return’ could be substituted by

     Nenhum ser humano deveria ser ameaçado de “transferência” de sua casa ou de sua terra; nenhum ser humano deveria ser discriminado por não pertencer a esta ou àquela religião; nenhum ser humano deveria ser destituído de sua identidade ou de sua cultura, seja qual for o motivo.

(Edward W. Said. A questão da Palestina, 2012. Adaptado.)

O excerto pertence a um livro que discute a condição dos palestinos, mas sua ideia geral pode também ser aplicada à situação

According to the text, the high use of fossil fuels worldwide has contributed to all the following phenomena EXCEPT the

According to the text, the global carbon budget

   Researchers investigated the quantities of thousands of muscle proteins and found a possible new explanation for muscle memory. A study showed for the first time that muscles "remember" training at the protein level. It is often thought that the effects of exercise are short-lived, and a break from the gym can cause stress over muscle loss. However, the research has shown that this stress is partly unnecessary, as the effects of resistance training persist in muscles for up to two months and the gains are fast when training is started again. But what mechanisms and changes at the cellular and molecular levels explain muscle memory? In the study, ten weeks of resistance training was followed by a break of the same length and then followed by another ten weeks of resistance training. Using the proteomics method, it was possible to study the quantities of over 3,000 muscle proteins using advanced mass spectrometry equipment. The study found two types of change profiles in muscle proteins. Some proteins changed as a result of training, returned to their pre-training state during the break, and changed again during the new training period similarly to the first training period. These included proteins related to aerobic metabolism. Another group of proteins changed as a result of training and remained changed during the break and after the new training period. Among these proteins were several calcium-binding proteins, such as calpain-2, whose gene has recently been identified to retain a memory trace even after a training break. "At the level of the number of muscle nuclei and the memory traces of genes, that is, epigenetics, long-term responses that persist even after a break and possibly explain 'muscle memory' have previously been observed," says a researcher. "Now, for the first time, we have shown that muscles 'remember' previous resistance training at the protein level for at least two and a half months."

Disponível em https://jyu.fi/en/news/. 14 April 2025. Adaptado.

Check the option in which the word in boldface expresses the same meaning in the fragment as the word or expression in italics.

    Think for a minute about the little bumps on your tongue. You probably saw a diagram of those taste bud arrangements once in a biology textbook — sweet sensors at the tip, salty on either side, sour behind them, bitter in the back.

    But the idea that specific tastes are confined to certain areas of the tongue is a myth that “persists in the collective consciousness, despite decades of research debunking it”, according to a review published this month in The New England Journal of Medicine. Also wrong: the notion that taste is limited to the mouth.

    The old diagram, which has been used in many textbooks over the years, originated in a study published by David Hanig, a German scientist, in 1901. But the scientist was not suggesting that various tastes are segregated on the tongue. He was actually measuring the sensitivity of different areas, said Paul Breslin, a researcher at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. “What he found was that you could detect things at a lower concentration in one part relative to another,” Dr. Breslin said. The tip of the tongue, for example, is dense with sweet sensors but contains the others as well.

    The map’s mistakes are easy to confirm. If you place a lemon wedge at the tip of your tongue, it will taste sour, and if you put a bit of honey toward the side, it will be sweet.

    The perception of taste is a remarkably complex process, starting from that first encounter with the tongue. Taste cells have a variety of sensors that signal the brain when they encounter nutrients or toxins. For some tastes, tiny pores in cell membranes let taste chemicals in.

    Such taste receptors aren’t limited to the tongue; they are also found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat cells, brain, muscle cells, thyroid and lungs. We don’t generally think of these organs as tasting anything, but they use the receptors to pick up the presence of various molecules and metabolize them, said Diego Bohórquez, a self-described gut-brain neuroscientist at Duke University. For example, when the gut notices sugar in food, it tells the brain to alert other organs to get ready for digestion.

New York Times. May 29, 2024. Adaptado.

Based on the meanings expressed in the text, it is correct to affirm that

    Think for a minute about the little bumps on your tongue. You probably saw a diagram of those taste bud arrangements once in a biology textbook — sweet sensors at the tip, salty on either side, sour behind them, bitter in the back.

    But the idea that specific tastes are confined to certain areas of the tongue is a myth that “persists in the collective consciousness, despite decades of research debunking it”, according to a review published this month in The New England Journal of Medicine. Also wrong: the notion that taste is limited to the mouth.

    The old diagram, which has been used in many textbooks over the years, originated in a study published by David Hanig, a German scientist, in 1901. But the scientist was not suggesting that various tastes are segregated on the tongue. He was actually measuring the sensitivity of different areas, said Paul Breslin, a researcher at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. “What he found was that you could detect things at a lower concentration in one part relative to another,” Dr. Breslin said. The tip of the tongue, for example, is dense with sweet sensors but contains the others as well.

    The map’s mistakes are easy to confirm. If you place a lemon wedge at the tip of your tongue, it will taste sour, and if you put a bit of honey toward the side, it will be sweet.

    The perception of taste is a remarkably complex process, starting from that first encounter with the tongue. Taste cells have a variety of sensors that signal the brain when they encounter nutrients or toxins. For some tastes, tiny pores in cell membranes let taste chemicals in.

    Such taste receptors aren’t limited to the tongue; they are also found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat cells, brain, muscle cells, thyroid and lungs. We don’t generally think of these organs as tasting anything, but they use the receptors to pick up the presence of various molecules and metabolize them, said Diego Bohórquez, a self-described gut-brain neuroscientist at Duke University. For example, when the gut notices sugar in food, it tells the brain to alert other organs to get ready for digestion.

New York Times. May 29, 2024. Adaptado.

O texto informa que, de acordo com Paul Breslin, a interpretação do estudo de Hanig foi equivocada, porque

In terms of reference, it is correct to affirm that

Based on the tone of the text, which of the following options best describes the author’s attitude towards fossil fuel use?

A las buenas costumbres nunca me he acostumbrado,

del calor de la lumbre del hogar me aburrí.

También en el infieno llueve sobre mojado,

lo sé porque he pasado más de una noche allí

SABINA, J. Esta boca es mía. Madri: Ariola, 1994 (fragmento).

Nessa estrofe da canção Siete crisantemos, do cantor espanhol Joaquín Sabina, a expressão “llueve sobre mojado" faz referência ao(á)

   Las lenguas existen para comunicarse y para mantener la diversidad cultural de las sociedades. Perder una lengua es perder parte del patrimonio cultural de los pueblos, de ahí que un proyecto de colaboración on-line se haya puesto como meta la protección de la diversidad lingüística mundial. 

   Según los expertos, en 2100 solo se hablará la mitad de las lenguas que siguen vivas en la actualidad, de ahí la importancia de esta iniciativa.

   En el mundo existen más de 3 000 idiomas en peligro de extinción, pero la tecnología puede impulsar su utilización y conservación. Gracias a la digitalización de documentos, grabación de vídeos y audio en alta calidad, y a la capacidad de compartirlos con el resto del mundo se espera que muchas lenguas que solo hablan o escriben unas miles de personas no caigan en el olvido y estén avocadas a la desaparición.

   Es el caso de la ya extinguida lengua Miami-Illinois, que hablaban comunidades de indios americanos en el actual Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos y cuyos últimos parlantes murieron en la década de los 1960. Años más tarde un ciudadano de la tribu Miami de Oklahoma aprendió la lengua a través de manuscritos y ahora trata de revitalizar el idioma a base de archivos de audio, relatos. Se trata de solo un ejemplo, pero puede servir como muestra de otros muchos trabajos y del uso de la  tecnología y la red con fines lingüísticos.

Disponível em: www.muyinteresante.es. Acesso em: 22 jul. 2012 (adaptado).

Mais que uma forma de comunicação, o idioma de um povo é a marca de sua cultura. Nesse sentido, o texto informa sobre o(a)

Soy madre de un pequeño de 3 años y a partir del artículo "Desenchúfalo... ¡y a jugar!", me puse a pensar en el tiempo que le dedico a mi hijo. Todos los días, cuando llego a mi casa, mi prioridad es mi hijo y nos turnamos con mi marido para ver quién cocina y quién se tira en el piso a jugar con Santiago. Nuestro hijo tiene toda tecnología a su disposición, porque su papá es técnico en sistemas, pero cuando llegamos a casa después de un agotador día laboral, nos desenchufamos los tres y usamos cualquier cosa que tengamos a mano: una pelota o una sábana para divertirnos. Esa pequeña terapia de risa es altamente curativa contra los bajones anímicos, contra el estrés, contra los pequeños enojos cotidianos, contra todo.

OVIEDO, P. Sophia, n. 130, ago. 2012 (adaptado)

O texto é uma carta de leitor sobre a reportagem "Desenchúfalo... ¡y a jugar!" Ao relatar sua experiência pessoal, a leitora retoma o tema da reportagem e confirma a necessidade de

Tapar bien los recipientes donde guardarmos el agua para nuestro consumo (1).

Lavar periódicamente las pilas y en caso de almacenar el agua utilizar bolsa matalarva (2).

Eliminar de nuestro hogar cualquier objeto inservible: botellas, latas o llantas donde se acumula agua (3).

Cambiar el agua del bebedero de los animales diariamente (4).

Limpiar canaletas y evitar cualquier agua estancada (5).

Cambiar el agua de los floreros cada tres días (6).

    During the nineteen-seventies and eighties, a researcher at the University of Washington started noticing something strange in the college’s experimental forest. For years, a blight of caterpillars had been munching the trees to death. Then, suddenly, the caterpillars themselves started dying off. The forest was able to recover. But what had happened to the caterpillars? The researcher, David Rhoades, who had a background in chemistry and zoology, found that the trees in the forest had changed the chemistry of their leaves, to the detriment of the caterpillars. Even more surprising, trees that had been nibbled by caterpillars weren’t the only ones that had changed their chemistry. Some were changing their leaves before caterpillars reached them, as if they’d received a warning. A shocking possibility presented itself: the trees were signalling to one another.

    Zoë Schlanger recounts Rhoades’s story in her new book, “The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth.”

    The contemporary world of botany that Schlanger explores in “The Light Eaters” is still divided over the matter of how plants sense the world and whether they can be said to communicate. But, in the past twenty years, the idea that plants communicate has gained broader acceptance. Research in recent decades has shown garden-variety lima beans protecting themselves by synthesizing and releasing chemicals to summon the predators of the insects that eat them; lab-grown pea shoots navigating mazes and responding to the sound of running water; and a chameleonic vine in the jungles of Chile mimicking the shape and color of nearby plants by a mechanism that’s not yet understood.

    Schlanger acknowledges that some of the research yields as many questions as answers. It’s not clear how the vine gathers information about surrounding plants to perform its mimicry.

New Yorker. 12 June 2024. Adaptado.

Conforme o texto, a experiência conduzida por David Rhoades, na floresta experimental da Universidade de Washington, tornou-se marcante para a botânica, por revelar a