Questões de Linguagens do ENEM

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho de uma crônica de Machado de Assis, publicada originalmente em 16.06.1878.

       Estrugiram¹ os últimos foguetes de Santo Antônio; não tarda chegar a vez de S. João e de S. Pedro. [...] Indague quem quiser o motivo histórico deste foguetear os três santos, uso que herdamos dos nossos maiores; a realidade é que, não obstante o ceticismo do tempo, muita e muita dezena de anos há de correr, primeiro que o povo perca os seus antigos amores. Nestas noites abençoadas é que as crendices sãs abrem todas as velas. As consultas, as sortes, os ovos guardados em água, e outras sublimes ridicularias², ria-se delas quem quiser; eu vejo-as com respeito, com simpatia, e se alguma coisa me molestam é por eu não as saber já praticar. [...]

      Os dias passam, e os meses, e os anos, e as situações políticas, e as gerações e os sentimentos, e as ideias. Cada olimpíada³ traz nas mãos uma nova andaina⁴ do tempo. [...]

      Duas coisas, entretanto, perduram no meio da instabilidade universal: 1^o a constância da polícia, que todos os anos declara editalmente ser proibido queimar fogos, por ocasião das festas de S. João e seus comensais; 2^o a disposição do povo em desobedecer às ordens da polícia. A proibição não é simples vontade do chefe; é uma postura municipal de 1856. Anualmente aparece o mesmo edital, escrito com os mesmos termos; o chefe rubrica essa chapa inofensiva, que é impressa, lida e desrespeitada. Da tenacidade com que a polícia proíbe, e da teimosia com que o povo infringe a proibição, fica um resíduo comum: o trecho impresso e os fogos queimados.

(Machado de Assis. Notas semanais, 2008.)

¹ estrugir: soar ou vibrar fortemente.

² ridicularia: coisa mínima e sem importância; insignificância.

³ olimpíada: período de quatro anos.

⁴ andaina: veste.

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho de uma crônica de Machado de Assis, publicada originalmente em 16.06.1878.

       Estrugiram¹ os últimos foguetes de Santo Antônio; não tarda chegar a vez de S. João e de S. Pedro. [...] Indague quem quiser o motivo histórico deste foguetear os três santos, uso que herdamos dos nossos maiores; a realidade é que, não obstante o ceticismo do tempo, muita e muita dezena de anos há de correr, primeiro que o povo perca os seus antigos amores. Nestas noites abençoadas é que as crendices sãs abrem todas as velas. As consultas, as sortes, os ovos guardados em água, e outras sublimes ridicularias², ria-se delas quem quiser; eu vejo-as com respeito, com simpatia, e se alguma coisa me molestam é por eu não as saber já praticar. [...]

      Os dias passam, e os meses, e os anos, e as situações políticas, e as gerações e os sentimentos, e as ideias. Cada olimpíada³ traz nas mãos uma nova andaina⁴ do tempo. [...]

      Duas coisas, entretanto, perduram no meio da instabilidade universal: 1^o a constância da polícia, que todos os anos declara editalmente ser proibido queimar fogos, por ocasião das festas de S. João e seus comensais; 2^o a disposição do povo em desobedecer às ordens da polícia. A proibição não é simples vontade do chefe; é uma postura municipal de 1856. Anualmente aparece o mesmo edital, escrito com os mesmos termos; o chefe rubrica essa chapa inofensiva, que é impressa, lida e desrespeitada. Da tenacidade com que a polícia proíbe, e da teimosia com que o povo infringe a proibição, fica um resíduo comum: o trecho impresso e os fogos queimados.

(Machado de Assis. Notas semanais, 2008.)

¹ estrugir: soar ou vibrar fortemente.

² ridicularia: coisa mínima e sem importância; insignificância.

³ olimpíada: período de quatro anos.

⁴ andaina: veste.

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho de uma crônica de Machado de Assis, publicada originalmente em 16.06.1878.

       Estrugiram¹ os últimos foguetes de Santo Antônio; não tarda chegar a vez de S. João e de S. Pedro. [...] Indague quem quiser o motivo histórico deste foguetear os três santos, uso que herdamos dos nossos maiores; a realidade é que, não obstante o ceticismo do tempo, muita e muita dezena de anos há de correr, primeiro que o povo perca os seus antigos amores. Nestas noites abençoadas é que as crendices sãs abrem todas as velas. As consultas, as sortes, os ovos guardados em água, e outras sublimes ridicularias², ria-se delas quem quiser; eu vejo-as com respeito, com simpatia, e se alguma coisa me molestam é por eu não as saber já praticar. [...]

      Os dias passam, e os meses, e os anos, e as situações políticas, e as gerações e os sentimentos, e as ideias. Cada olimpíada³ traz nas mãos uma nova andaina⁴ do tempo. [...]

      Duas coisas, entretanto, perduram no meio da instabilidade universal: 1^o a constância da polícia, que todos os anos declara editalmente ser proibido queimar fogos, por ocasião das festas de S. João e seus comensais; 2^o a disposição do povo em desobedecer às ordens da polícia. A proibição não é simples vontade do chefe; é uma postura municipal de 1856. Anualmente aparece o mesmo edital, escrito com os mesmos termos; o chefe rubrica essa chapa inofensiva, que é impressa, lida e desrespeitada. Da tenacidade com que a polícia proíbe, e da teimosia com que o povo infringe a proibição, fica um resíduo comum: o trecho impresso e os fogos queimados.

(Machado de Assis. Notas semanais, 2008.)

¹ estrugir: soar ou vibrar fortemente.

² ridicularia: coisa mínima e sem importância; insignificância.

³ olimpíada: período de quatro anos.

⁴ andaina: veste.

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Read the campaign poster published on a company’s website to answer question.

(https://www.hutsix.io. Adaptado.)

Read the campaign poster published on a company’s website to answer question.

(https://www.hutsix.io. Adaptado.)

Read the comic strip by Sarah Andersen.

(Sarah Andersen. Adulthood is a myth, 2016.)

According to the comic strip, phrases from 1 to 4 make the girl feel

Leia o excerto para responder à questão.

     A presença feminina foi sempre destacada no exercício do pequeno comércio em vilas e cidades do Brasil colonial. Desde os primeiros tempos, em lugares como Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, estabeleceu-se uma divisão de trabalho assentada em critérios sexuais, em que o comércio ambulante representava ocupação preponderantemente feminina. A quase exclusiva presença de mulheres num mercado onde se consumiam gêneros a varejo resultou da convergência de duas referências culturais determinantes no Brasil. A primeira delas está relacionada à influência africana, uma vez que nessas sociedades tradicionais as mulheres desempenhavam tarefas de alimentação e distribuição de gêneros de primeira necessidade. O segundo tipo de influência deriva da transposição para o mundo colonial da divisão de papéis sexuais vigentes em Portugal, onde a legislação amparava de maneira incisiva a participação feminina.

(Luciano Figueiredo. “Mulheres nas Minas Gerais”.

In: Mary del Priore (org.). História das mulheres no Brasil, 2015.)

Deuses e Demônios.

A possessão constituía um fenômeno familiar no mundo grego. Gente de todas as camadas sociais consultava o oráculo de Apolo, em Delfos, onde a pitonisa, em transe, oferecia respostas – por vezes enigmáticas e ambíguas – às questões apresentadas. O domínio dos corpos pela divindade era habitual nos rituais sagrados, como o de Dionísio, (a)que deu origem ao teatro. Por sua vez, Platão chegou a afirmar (b)que muitos poetas criavam sob o domínio das Musas e de outras deidades, sem controle sobre as palavras proferidas.

Milênios depois, os principais estudiosos do psiquismo empreenderam o exame da possessão. Jung, por exemplo, abordou o fenômeno já na sua tese de doutoramento, focalizando o caso de uma adolescente (c)que dizia “receber” o espírito do avô já falecido. Mais tarde, o criador da psicologia analítica desenvolveria o conceito de arquétipos – representações inatas e específicas da humanidade (d)que são o correspondente psíquico dos instintos –, que se revelaria de enorme valor no estudo das mais diversas manifestações culturais. O culto a Dionísio, por exemplo, foi considerado um arquétipo da fertilidade humana. O pensador suíço também escreveu sobre o oráculo de Delfos, relacionando a obscuridade das respostas com as mensagens ambíguas do inconsciente.

O cenário da possessão esteve igualmente presente no desenvolvimento de outro conceito junguiano fundamental: os complexos, “ilhas de fantasia” psíquicas (e)que atuam sobre o eu e chegam a dominá-lo. Tornam-se nocivos quando ganham autonomia, sem se integrar à estrutura do psiquismo; Jung chegou a comparar o controle do eu pelos complexos autônomos com a noção medieval de possessão demoníaca (Mente, Cérebro e Filosofia, nº1, Duetto)

Deuses e Demônios.

A possessão constituía um fenômeno familiar no mundo grego. Gente de todas as camadas sociais consultava o oráculo de Apolo, em Delfos, onde a pitonisa, em transe, oferecia respostas – por vezes enigmáticas e ambíguas – às questões apresentadas. O domínio dos corpos pela divindade era habitual nos rituais sagrados, como o de Dionísio, (a)que deu origem ao teatro. Por sua vez, Platão chegou a afirmar (b)que muitos poetas criavam sob o domínio das Musas e de outras deidades, sem controle sobre as palavras proferidas.

Milênios depois, os principais estudiosos do psiquismo empreenderam o exame da possessão. Jung, por exemplo, abordou o fenômeno já na sua tese de doutoramento, focalizando o caso de uma adolescente (c)que dizia “receber” o espírito do avô já falecido. Mais tarde, o criador da psicologia analítica desenvolveria o conceito de arquétipos – representações inatas e específicas da humanidade (d)que são o correspondente psíquico dos instintos –, que se revelaria de enorme valor no estudo das mais diversas manifestações culturais. O culto a Dionísio, por exemplo, foi considerado um arquétipo da fertilidade humana. O pensador suíço também escreveu sobre o oráculo de Delfos, relacionando a obscuridade das respostas com as mensagens ambíguas do inconsciente.

O cenário da possessão esteve igualmente presente no desenvolvimento de outro conceito junguiano fundamental: os complexos, “ilhas de fantasia” psíquicas (e)que atuam sobre o eu e chegam a dominá-lo. Tornam-se nocivos quando ganham autonomia, sem se integrar à estrutura do psiquismo; Jung chegou a comparar o controle do eu pelos complexos autônomos com a noção medieval de possessão demoníaca (Mente, Cérebro e Filosofia, nº1, Duetto)