In the sentences “as readers of Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dante, and Tolstoy, we understand each other across space and time as members of the same species…” and “in the works of these writers, we learn what we share as human beings, what remains common in all of us under the broad range of differences that separate us.” one finds respectively
The sentences “No other discipline or branch of the arts can substitute for literature in crafting the language that people need to communicate.”, “Without it (literature), the critical mind, which is the real engine of historical change and the best protector of liberty, would suffer an irreparable loss.” and “…this world without literature, this nightmare that I am delineating, would have as its principal traits conformism and the universal submission of humankind to power.” contain, respectively, relative clauses of the following types
“I will offer a few arguments in favor of the view of literature as one of the most primary and necessary undertakings of the mind, an irreplaceable activity for the formation of citizens in a modern and democratic society, a society of free individuals.”
and
"Literature has been, and will continue o be, as long as it exists, one of the common denominators of human experience through which human beings may recognize themselves and converse with each other, no matter how different their professions, their life plans, their geographical and cultural locations, their personal circumstances.”