Questões: Centro de Educação Superior a Distância do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CEDERJ) — com gabarito

Lygia Fagundes Telles

Só colhia rosas ao anoitecer porque durante o sono elas não sentiam o aço frio da tesoura. Uma noite ele sonhou que cortava as hastes de manhã, em pleno sol, as rosas despertas e gritando, sangrando na altura do corte das cabeças decepadas. Quando ele acordou viu que estava com as mãos sujas de sangue.

TELLES, Lygia Fagundes. A disciplina do amor. 6.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1980, p. 78

Lygia Fagundes Telles

Só colhia rosas ao anoitecer porque durante o sono elas não sentiam o aço frio da tesoura. Uma noite ele sonhou que cortava as hastes de manhã, em pleno sol, as rosas despertas e gritando, sangrando na altura do corte das cabeças decepadas. Quando ele acordou viu que estava com as mãos sujas de sangue.

TELLES, Lygia Fagundes. A disciplina do amor. 6.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1980, p. 78

O tipo textual predominante no texto é o:

No terceiro parágrafo, o pronome “they" se refere:

Are social networking sites addictive?

¹With the increasing popularity of wireless devices like smartphones — devices that can move lots of data very quickly — users have access to their social networks 24 hours a day. Most social networking sites have developed applications for your mobile phone, so logging on is always convenient. Social networks also tap into our human desire to stay connected with others. Besides, the rush of nostalgia as you connect with your former grade-school classmate on Facebook can be quite heady and exciting.

²But what's the main reason we find these sites so addictive? Plain old narcissism. We broadcast our personalities online whenever we publish a thought, photo, YouTube video or answer one of those “25 Things About Me" memes. We put that information out there so people will respond and connect to us. And being part of a social network is sort of like having your own entourage that follows you everywhere, commenting on and applauding everything you do. It's very seductive.

³In 2008, researchers at the University of Georgia studied the correlation between narcissism and Facebook users. Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was. They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a selfpromoting way, rather than in a connective way. It may be an obvious theory, but it also suggests that social networks bring out the narcissist in all of us.

⁴Social networks are also a voyeuristic experience for many users. Following exchanges on Twitter or posts on Facebook and MySpace are akin to eavesdropping on someone else's conversation. It's entertaining and allows you to feel like a “fly on the wall" in someone else's life.

⁵Social networking sites also publicly list your “friends" or “followers" — giving you instant status. How many people do you know online who spend all their time trying to get more friends, more followers, more testimonials? We work hard in real life to elevate our statuses, make friends and search out boosters for our self-esteem. Online social networking provides this to us, and we don't even have to change out of our sweatshirts to get it.

(adapted from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/socialnetworking/information/social-networking-sites-addictive2.htm)

Glossary

addictive: viciante; tap into: explorar/tirar proveito; broadcast: anunciar; entourage: comitiva/séquito; akin to eavesdropping: parecido com bisbilhotar; booster: aquilo que impulsiona; sweatshirts: camisetas
Marque o enunciado que se refere, no texto, ao que seria a razão principal por trás do vício em redes sociais.

Are social networking sites addictive?

¹With the increasing popularity of wireless devices like smartphones — devices that can move lots of data very quickly — users have access to their social networks 24 hours a day. Most social networking sites have developed applications for your mobile phone, so logging on is always convenient. Social networks also tap into our human desire to stay connected with others. Besides, the rush of nostalgia as you connect with your former grade-school classmate on Facebook can be quite heady and exciting.

²But what's the main reason we find these sites so addictive? Plain old narcissism. We broadcast our personalities online whenever we publish a thought, photo, YouTube video or answer one of those “25 Things About Me" memes. We put that information out there so people will respond and connect to us. And being part of a social network is sort of like having your own entourage that follows you everywhere, commenting on and applauding everything you do. It's very seductive.

³In 2008, researchers at the University of Georgia studied the correlation between narcissism and Facebook users. Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was. They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a selfpromoting way, rather than in a connective way. It may be an obvious theory, but it also suggests that social networks bring out the narcissist in all of us.

⁴Social networks are also a voyeuristic experience for many users. Following exchanges on Twitter or posts on Facebook and MySpace are akin to eavesdropping on someone else's conversation. It's entertaining and allows you to feel like a “fly on the wall" in someone else's life.

⁵Social networking sites also publicly list your “friends" or “followers" — giving you instant status. How many people do you know online who spend all their time trying to get more friends, more followers, more testimonials? We work hard in real life to elevate our statuses, make friends and search out boosters for our self-esteem. Online social networking provides this to us, and we don't even have to change out of our sweatshirts to get it.

(adapted from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/socialnetworking/information/social-networking-sites-addictive2.htm)

Glossary

addictive: viciante; tap into: explorar/tirar proveito; broadcast: anunciar; entourage: comitiva/séquito; akin to eavesdropping: parecido com bisbilhotar; booster: aquilo que impulsiona; sweatshirts: camisetas
No quarto parágrafo, o autor usa a metáfora “fly on the wall" (uma mosca na parede) para ilustrar um comportamento que ele associa ao uso excessivo de redes sociais. Que comportamento seria esse?

Are social networking sites addictive?

¹With the increasing popularity of wireless devices like smartphones — devices that can move lots of data very quickly — users have access to their social networks 24 hours a day. Most social networking sites have developed applications for your mobile phone, so logging on is always convenient. Social networks also tap into our human desire to stay connected with others. Besides, the rush of nostalgia as you connect with your former grade-school classmate on Facebook can be quite heady and exciting.

²But what's the main reason we find these sites so addictive? Plain old narcissism. We broadcast our personalities online whenever we publish a thought, photo, YouTube video or answer one of those “25 Things About Me" memes. We put that information out there so people will respond and connect to us. And being part of a social network is sort of like having your own entourage that follows you everywhere, commenting on and applauding everything you do. It's very seductive.

³In 2008, researchers at the University of Georgia studied the correlation between narcissism and Facebook users. Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was. They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a selfpromoting way, rather than in a connective way. It may be an obvious theory, but it also suggests that social networks bring out the narcissist in all of us.

⁴Social networks are also a voyeuristic experience for many users. Following exchanges on Twitter or posts on Facebook and MySpace are akin to eavesdropping on someone else's conversation. It's entertaining and allows you to feel like a “fly on the wall" in someone else's life.

⁵Social networking sites also publicly list your “friends" or “followers" — giving you instant status. How many people do you know online who spend all their time trying to get more friends, more followers, more testimonials? We work hard in real life to elevate our statuses, make friends and search out boosters for our self-esteem. Online social networking provides this to us, and we don't even have to change out of our sweatshirts to get it.

(adapted from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/socialnetworking/information/social-networking-sites-addictive2.htm)

Glossary

addictive: viciante; tap into: explorar/tirar proveito; broadcast: anunciar; entourage: comitiva/séquito; akin to eavesdropping: parecido com bisbilhotar; booster: aquilo que impulsiona; sweatshirts: camisetas
The pronoun 'they' in “They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a self-promoting way, rather than in a connective way"(paragraph 3) refers to

Are social networking sites addictive?

¹With the increasing popularity of wireless devices like smartphones — devices that can move lots of data very quickly — users have access to their social networks 24 hours a day. Most social networking sites have developed applications for your mobile phone, so logging on is always convenient. Social networks also tap into our human desire to stay connected with others. Besides, the rush of nostalgia as you connect with your former grade-school classmate on Facebook can be quite heady and exciting.

²But what's the main reason we find these sites so addictive? Plain old narcissism. We broadcast our personalities online whenever we publish a thought, photo, YouTube video or answer one of those “25 Things About Me" memes. We put that information out there so people will respond and connect to us. And being part of a social network is sort of like having your own entourage that follows you everywhere, commenting on and applauding everything you do. It's very seductive.

³In 2008, researchers at the University of Georgia studied the correlation between narcissism and Facebook users. Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was. They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a selfpromoting way, rather than in a connective way. It may be an obvious theory, but it also suggests that social networks bring out the narcissist in all of us.

⁴Social networks are also a voyeuristic experience for many users. Following exchanges on Twitter or posts on Facebook and MySpace are akin to eavesdropping on someone else's conversation. It's entertaining and allows you to feel like a “fly on the wall" in someone else's life.

⁵Social networking sites also publicly list your “friends" or “followers" — giving you instant status. How many people do you know online who spend all their time trying to get more friends, more followers, more testimonials? We work hard in real life to elevate our statuses, make friends and search out boosters for our self-esteem. Online social networking provides this to us, and we don't even have to change out of our sweatshirts to get it.

(adapted from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/socialnetworking/information/social-networking-sites-addictive2.htm)

Glossary

addictive: viciante; tap into: explorar/tirar proveito; broadcast: anunciar; entourage: comitiva/séquito; akin to eavesdropping: parecido com bisbilhotar; booster: aquilo que impulsiona; sweatshirts: camisetas
According to the text, the difference between real life and online social networking is:

Are social networking sites addictive?

¹With the increasing popularity of wireless devices like smartphones — devices that can move lots of data very quickly — users have access to their social networks 24 hours a day. Most social networking sites have developed applications for your mobile phone, so logging on is always convenient. Social networks also tap into our human desire to stay connected with others. Besides, the rush of nostalgia as you connect with your former grade-school classmate on Facebook can be quite heady and exciting.

²But what's the main reason we find these sites so addictive? Plain old narcissism. We broadcast our personalities online whenever we publish a thought, photo, YouTube video or answer one of those “25 Things About Me" memes. We put that information out there so people will respond and connect to us. And being part of a social network is sort of like having your own entourage that follows you everywhere, commenting on and applauding everything you do. It's very seductive.

³In 2008, researchers at the University of Georgia studied the correlation between narcissism and Facebook users. Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was. They noted that narcissistic people use Facebook in a selfpromoting way, rather than in a connective way. It may be an obvious theory, but it also suggests that social networks bring out the narcissist in all of us.

⁴Social networks are also a voyeuristic experience for many users. Following exchanges on Twitter or posts on Facebook and MySpace are akin to eavesdropping on someone else's conversation. It's entertaining and allows you to feel like a “fly on the wall" in someone else's life.

⁵Social networking sites also publicly list your “friends" or “followers" — giving you instant status. How many people do you know online who spend all their time trying to get more friends, more followers, more testimonials? We work hard in real life to elevate our statuses, make friends and search out boosters for our self-esteem. Online social networking provides this to us, and we don't even have to change out of our sweatshirts to get it.

(adapted from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/socialnetworking/information/social-networking-sites-addictive2.htm)

Glossary

addictive: viciante; tap into: explorar/tirar proveito; broadcast: anunciar; entourage: comitiva/séquito; akin to eavesdropping: parecido com bisbilhotar; booster: aquilo que impulsiona; sweatshirts: camisetas
The use of the word 'unsurprisingly' in “Unsurprisingly, they found that the more “friends" and wall posts a user had, the more narcissistic he or she was." (paragraph 3) means that

Texto 2

                                    Canção de garoa

                                                                              Mário Quintana

                              Em cima do meu telhado
                              Pirulin lulin lulin,
                              Um anjo, todo molhado,
                              Soluça no seu flautim.

                              O relógio vai bater:
                              As molas rangem sem fim.
                              O retrato na parede
                              Fica olhando para mim.

                              E chove sem saber por quê...
                              E tudo foi sempre assim!
                              Parece que vou sofrer:
                              Pirulin lulin lulin...

    QUINTANA, Mário. Nariz de vidro. 4.ed. Editora Moderna, 1984. p. 23.
A conjunção “e" foi usada duas vezes na terceira estrofe, para reforçar a ideia de

Texto 2

                                    Canção de garoa

                                                                              Mário Quintana

                              Em cima do meu telhado
                              Pirulin lulin lulin,
                              Um anjo, todo molhado,
                              Soluça no seu flautim.

                              O relógio vai bater:
                              As molas rangem sem fim.
                              O retrato na parede
                              Fica olhando para mim.

                              E chove sem saber por quê...
                              E tudo foi sempre assim!
                              Parece que vou sofrer:
                              Pirulin lulin lulin...

    QUINTANA, Mário. Nariz de vidro. 4.ed. Editora Moderna, 1984. p. 23.
No poema, a onomatopeia utilizada procurar imitar o som

Texto 1

                  As gravatas de Mário Quintana (não basta saber uma língua para entendê-la)

      Como é que uma pessoa se comunica com a outra? Como fazemos para transmitir ideias?

      A resposta parece bastante óbvia: transmitimos ideias usando a língua. Assim, se vou passando na rua e vejo um avestruz (digamos que seja uma rua muito peculiar, onde o tráfego de avestruzes é intenso), digo ao meu amigo: Olha, lá vai um avestruz. Com isso, transmito determinada informação ao meu amigo; em outras palavras, passo para a mente de outra pessoa uma ideia que estava originalmente em minha mente.

      Para isso, evidentemente, é preciso que as duas pessoas em questão conheçam a mesma língua, que ambas chamem aquele animal desajeitado de avestruz; que ambas saibam utilizar os verbos olhar e ir, e assim por diante. Uma vez isso arranjado, as duas pessoas se entenderão. Para que as pessoas se entendam, é necessário – e suficiente – que falem a mesma língua.

      É isso mesmo? Veremos que não. Na verdade, para que se dê a compreensão, mesmo em nível bastante elementar, é necessário que as pessoas tenham muito mais em comum que simplesmente uma língua. Precisam ter em comum um grande número de informações, precisam pertencer a meios culturais semelhantes, precisam mesmo ter, até certo ponto, crenças comuns. Sem isso, a língua simplesmente deixa de funcionar enquanto instrumento de comunicação. Na verdade, a comunicação linguística é um processo bastante precário; depende de tantos fatores que falham com muita frequência, para desânimo de muitos que ficam gemendo Por que é que ele não me entendeu?

      O problema é que o que a língua exprime é apenas uma parte do que se quer transmitir. Geralmente, se pensa no processo de comunicação como uma rua de mão única: a informação passa do falante para o ouvinte (ou do autor para o leitor). Se fosse assim, a estrutura linguística teria de ser suficiente para veicular a mensagem, porque, afinal de contas, a única coisa que o emissor realmente produz é um conjunto de sons (ou de riscos no papel), organizados de acordo com as regras da língua. Mesmo isso, como vimos, depende de alguma coisa por parte do receptor, a saber, o conhecimento das palavras e das regras da língua; mas poderia ser só isso, e as coisas seriam muito mais simples – e, também, talvez os seres humanos se entendessem melhor. (...)

     O significado de uma frase não é simples função de seus elementos constitutivos, mas depende ainda da informação extralinguística. Ou ainda (e aqui me oponho às crenças de boa parte de meus colegas linguistas), uma frase fora de contexto não tem, a rigor, significado.

     Vamos ver o exemplo: seja o sintagma as gravatas de Mário Quintana. Que significa isso? E, em especial, que tipo de relação exprime a preposição de? Evidentemente, de exprime “posse", e o sintagma equivale a as gravatas pertencem a Mário Quintana. Pode parecer, então, que computamos o significado do sintagma simplesmente juntando o significado das palavras: as gravatas + de + Mário Quintana.

      Mas ainda aqui isso é só a primeira impressão. Digamos que o sintagma fosse as gravatas de Pierre Cardin; agora, para alguém que sabe quem é Pierre Cardin, a relação expressa pela preposição de já não precisa ser de posse. Na verdade, é mais provável que se entenda como “autoria", isto é, as gravatas criadas por Pierre Cardin.

      Ora, a preposição é a mesma nos dois casos. De onde vem essa diferença de significado? Simplesmente do que sabemos sobre Mário Quintana (um poeta) e sobre Pierre Cardin (um estilista de moda). Se dissermos os poemas de Mário Quintana, a preposição já não exprimirá posse, mas autoria – porque, já que Mário Quintana é um poeta, é plausível que se fale dos poemas de sua autoria; além do mais, em geral, não se pensa em poemas como tendo possuidor.

      Se a situação é essa, não faz sentido perguntar se o significado da preposição de é de posse ou autoria. Será posse ou autoria segundo o que soubermos dos diversos objetos ou pessoas mencionadas: se se trata de um objeto possuível, como uma gravata, ou não possuível, como um poema; e se se trata de um poeta ou de um costureiro.

                             (PERINI, Mário A. Sofrendo a gramática. São Paulo: Ática, 2000, páginas 57-60.)
A ideia central do texto está resumida no seguinte fragmento:

                           Alice Munro’s road to Nobel literature prize was not easy

                                                   

                                         Nobel literature prize winner Alice Munro.

Alice Munro has been awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in literature, thus becoming its 13th female recipient. It’s a thrilling honour for a major writer: Munro has long been recognised in North America and the UK, but the Nobel will draw international attention, not only to women’s writing and Canadian writing, but to the short story, Munro’s chosen literary genre and one often neglected.

The road to the Nobel wasn’t an easy one for Munro. She found herself referred to as “some housewife”, and was told that her subject matter, being too “domestic”, was boring. A male writer told her she wrote good stories, but he wouldn’t want to sleep with her. “Nobody invited him,” said Munro. Maybe as a consequence of this initial reaction towards her, when writers occur in Munro stories, they are pretentious, or exploitative of others; or they’re being asked by their relatives why they aren’t famous, or – worse, if female – why they aren’t better-looking.

The chances that a literary star would emerge from her time and place would once have been zero. Munro was born in 1931, and thus experienced the Depression as a child and the Second World War as a teenager. This was in south-western Ontario, Canada, a region that also produced equally talented writers and poets such as Robertson Davies, Graeme Gibson, James Reaney, and Marian Engel. It’s this small-town setting that features most often in her stories – the snobberies, the eccentrics, and the jeering at ambitions, especially artistic ones.

Shame is a common driving force for Munro’s characters just as perfectionism in the writing and courage in her profession have been driving forces for her.

As in much else, Munro is essentially Canadian. Faced with the Nobel, she will be modest, she won’t get a swelled head. The rest of us, on this magnificent occasion, will just have to do that for her.

Answer the following questions:

Besides Alice Munro's talent and courage, what other quality of this Nobel Prize winner is emphasized in the article?

                   

A correlação é um importante recurso coesivo. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta enunciados organizados em estruturas de correlação (ou correlativas):

                   

O texto corresponde a uma autodescrição de Paulo Honório, protagonista de São Bernardo, romance de Graciliano Ramos. São elementos linguísticos que caracterizam uma sequência autodescritiva:

                             Why I took up the cello in my 60s

Michelle Hanson

Learning to play a musical instrument at any point in life is good for the brain. Who cares if I sound like a 'sick cow'?

                                   

It's exciting to know that I have done something right and rewarding – taking up the cello in my 60s. A new study from St. Andrew's University proves it. Taking up a musical instrument, even late in life, is good for the brain, and “can slow, stop, or even reverse, age or illness-related decline in mental functions". Hurrah!

My efforts have been rewarded, because starting the cello was a bit of a struggle, physically and mentally. Back then, my mother was alive, and rather critical: “You sound like a sick cow," she would cry out in a tormented way, but I persisted, joined an orchestra, and now here I am, with a bigger frontal cortex area than I might have otherwise had, and able to “adjust my behaviour more effectively in conflict-rich situations".

The more you practise the better, suggests the research. Good. It will spur me on, sick cow or not. Because I desperately need to keep my brain in order. Don't we all, if we're going to live to over 100? Last week I went for a walk with an old friend of mine and her dog. She is 92 and browned off.

“How are you?" I asked. “Fed up. I want to die." This was my mother's primary aim once she hit 96. “What do you want for your birthday?" we would ask. “To be dead!", she would say. No wonder. What else did life offer? At least my old friend could walk about. My mother could hardly walk, talk or eat.

If only they had played a musical instrument. You can do it sitting down, on your own, with friends, cheer yourself up, be in control, or wildly emotional. I cannot recommend it highly enough.

Fonte: http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/ 30/why-i-took-up-cello-in-60s

Glossário

took up: aprendi; struggle: luta/muito esforço; spur me on: encorajar/estimular; browned off: sem entusiasmo
O pronome “they" em “If only they had played a musical instrument" (parágrafo 5) se refere

                             Why I took up the cello in my 60s

Michelle Hanson

Learning to play a musical instrument at any point in life is good for the brain. Who cares if I sound like a 'sick cow'?

                                   

It's exciting to know that I have done something right and rewarding – taking up the cello in my 60s. A new study from St. Andrew's University proves it. Taking up a musical instrument, even late in life, is good for the brain, and “can slow, stop, or even reverse, age or illness-related decline in mental functions". Hurrah!

My efforts have been rewarded, because starting the cello was a bit of a struggle, physically and mentally. Back then, my mother was alive, and rather critical: “You sound like a sick cow," she would cry out in a tormented way, but I persisted, joined an orchestra, and now here I am, with a bigger frontal cortex area than I might have otherwise had, and able to “adjust my behaviour more effectively in conflict-rich situations".

The more you practise the better, suggests the research. Good. It will spur me on, sick cow or not. Because I desperately need to keep my brain in order. Don't we all, if we're going to live to over 100? Last week I went for a walk with an old friend of mine and her dog. She is 92 and browned off.

“How are you?" I asked. “Fed up. I want to die." This was my mother's primary aim once she hit 96. “What do you want for your birthday?" we would ask. “To be dead!", she would say. No wonder. What else did life offer? At least my old friend could walk about. My mother could hardly walk, talk or eat.

If only they had played a musical instrument. You can do it sitting down, on your own, with friends, cheer yourself up, be in control, or wildly emotional. I cannot recommend it highly enough.

Fonte: http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/ 30/why-i-took-up-cello-in-60s

Glossário

took up: aprendi; struggle: luta/muito esforço; spur me on: encorajar/estimular; browned off: sem entusiasmo
The author's mother's attitude concerning her taking up the cello was:

                             Why I took up the cello in my 60s

Michelle Hanson

Learning to play a musical instrument at any point in life is good for the brain. Who cares if I sound like a 'sick cow'?

                                   

It's exciting to know that I have done something right and rewarding – taking up the cello in my 60s. A new study from St. Andrew's University proves it. Taking up a musical instrument, even late in life, is good for the brain, and “can slow, stop, or even reverse, age or illness-related decline in mental functions". Hurrah!

My efforts have been rewarded, because starting the cello was a bit of a struggle, physically and mentally. Back then, my mother was alive, and rather critical: “You sound like a sick cow," she would cry out in a tormented way, but I persisted, joined an orchestra, and now here I am, with a bigger frontal cortex area than I might have otherwise had, and able to “adjust my behaviour more effectively in conflict-rich situations".

The more you practise the better, suggests the research. Good. It will spur me on, sick cow or not. Because I desperately need to keep my brain in order. Don't we all, if we're going to live to over 100? Last week I went for a walk with an old friend of mine and her dog. She is 92 and browned off.

“How are you?" I asked. “Fed up. I want to die." This was my mother's primary aim once she hit 96. “What do you want for your birthday?" we would ask. “To be dead!", she would say. No wonder. What else did life offer? At least my old friend could walk about. My mother could hardly walk, talk or eat.

If only they had played a musical instrument. You can do it sitting down, on your own, with friends, cheer yourself up, be in control, or wildly emotional. I cannot recommend it highly enough.

Fonte: http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/ 30/why-i-took-up-cello-in-60s

Glossário

took up: aprendi; struggle: luta/muito esforço; spur me on: encorajar/estimular; browned off: sem entusiasmo
Research carried out at St. Andrews University has shown that learning how to play a musical instrument can:

                                                    Infância

     

                                                 RAMOS, Graciliano. Infância. São Paulo: Record, 1995. p.187-191.

Leia o trecho:

Uma noite, depois do café, meu pai me mandou buscar um livro que deixara na cabeceira da cama. Novidade: meu velho nunca se dirigia a mim.

As formas verbais assinaladas indicam, respectivamente, os seguintes aspectos do passado: