Questões: Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE) — com gabarito

Leia o que se afirma a seguir sobre a voz poética presente nos versos do poema Mulher Proletária:

I. O enunciador do poema apresenta a mulher proletária como um ser subjugado aos ditames da burguesia industrializada.

II. No poema, a mulher trabalhadora é reificada, sendo vista, assim, não como mãe ou esposa, mas como máquina presa à lógica de produção do sistema burguês capitalista.

III. Há uma voz no poema que denuncia a depreciação da mulher no mundo do trabalho como pessoa humana, em favor da necessidade de superprodução mercantil, sustentadora das desigualdades sociais.

IV. Vê-se, no poema, a emergência de uma voz alinhada com a visão de orientação marxista que defende que a sociedade capitalista se ergue na malbaratada oferta de mão de obra do trabalhador para a indústria mercantil.

Está correto o que se diz em

                                           T E X T

      EL TIGRE, Venezuela — Thousands of workers are fleeing Venezuela’s state-owned oil company, abandoning once-coveted jobs made worthless by the worst inflation in the world. And now the hemorrhaging is threatening the nation’s chances of overcoming its long economic collapse.

      Desperate oil workers and criminals are also stripping the oil company of vital equipment, vehicles, pumps and copper wiring, carrying off whatever they can to make money. The double drain — of people and hardware — is further crippling a company that has been teetering for years yet remains the country’s most important source of income.

      The timing could not be worse for Venezuela’s increasingly authoritarian president, Nicolás Maduro, who was re-elected last month in a vote that has been widely condemned by leaders across the hemisphere. Prominent opposition politicians were either barred from competing in the election, imprisoned or in exile.

      But while Mr. Maduro has firm control over the country, Venezuela is on its knees economically, buckled by hyperinflation and a history of mismanagement. Widespread hunger, political strife, devastating shortages of medicine and an exodus of well over a million people in recent years have turned this country, once the economic envy of many of its neighbors, into a crisis that is spilling over international borders.

      If Mr. Maduro is going to find a way out of the mess, the key will be oil: virtually the only source of hard currency for a nation with the world’s largest estimated petroleum reserves. But each month Venezuela produces less of it. Offices at the state oil company are emptying out, crews in the field are at half strength, pickup trucks are stolen and vital materials vanish. All of this is adding to the severe problems at the company that were already acute because of corruption, poor maintenance, crippling debts, the loss of professionals and even a lack of spare parts.

Now workers at all levels are walking away in large numbers, sometimes literally taking pieces of the company with them, union leaders, oil executives and workers say.

      A job with Petróleos de Venezuela, known as Pdvsa, used to be a ticket to the Venezuelan Dream. No more.

      Inflation in Venezuela is projected to reach an astounding 13,000 percent this year, according to the International Monetary Fund. When The New York Times interviewed Mr. Navas in May, the monthly salary for a worker like him was barely enough to buy a whole chicken or two pounds of beef. But with prices going up so quickly, it buys even less now.

      Junior Martínez, 28, who has worked in the oil industry for eight years, is assembling papers, including his diploma as a chemical engineer. His wife and her daughter left three months ago to earn money in Brazil. “I get 1,400,000 bolívars a week and it isn’t even enough to buy a carton of eggs or a tube of toothpaste,”Mr. Martínez said of his salary in bolívars, Venezuela’s currency.

      Mr. Martínez’s father, Ovidio Martínez, 55, recalled growing up here when the oil boom began. He cried as he spoke of his son’s determination to leave the country. “You watch your children leave and you can’t stop them,” the elder Mr. Martínez said, fighting back tears. “In this country, they don’t have a future.”

      In El Tigre, hundreds of people stood in line one recent morning outside a supermarket, many waiting since the evening before to buy whatever food they could.

                                         From: www.nytimes.com/June 14, 2018. Adapted.

Atente ao que se diz a seguir sobre hormônios animais, e assinale com V o que for verdadeiro e com F o que for falso.

( ) São mensageiros químicos produzidos em pequenas quantidades e distribuídos pelo sistema circulatório.

( ) Controlam respostas fisiológicas a curto prazo, tais como secreção de enzimas digestivas e ciclo reprodutivo.

( ) São sinais químicos produzidos por células de um organismo unicelular conhecidas como células endócrinas.

( ) São usados para controlar ações a longo prazo, porque a secreção, a difusão e a circulação são mais lentas do que a transmissão.

A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:

Leia com atenção o seguinte enunciado: “O Ar pode ser elevado por meio da instabilidade decorrente do aquecimento superficial ou turbulência mecânica, ascensão do ar em uma zona frontal, ou elevação forçada sobre uma barreira orográfica. [...] A formação de nuvens depende da instabilidade atmosférica e do movimento vertical, mas também envolvem processos de microescala”.

Barry, Roger G. Atmosfera tempo e clima. Porto Alegre. Bookman. 2013. p.114. p.141.

Considerando o processo de formação de nuvens e precipitação, analise as seguintes afirmações:

I. A condensação tende a ocorrer com maior dificuldade em condições de ar limpo.

II. Os aerossóis exercem um importante papel nas nuvens para o início da precipitação.

III. As características das precipitações podem variar conforme o tipo de sistema de baixa pressão e seu estágio de desenvolvimento.

É correto o que se afirma em

Atente aos seguintes excertos sobre a década de 1970:

“A padronização do ‘moderno’ chegava ao auge no Brasil dos anos 70 em meio a flagrantes contrastes e desigualdades sociais, regionais, culturais”.

“Depois do vendaval dos anos 60 que atingiu ‘corações e mentes’ de uma geração inteira, os anos 70 começaram sob a égide da fragmentação: desdobramentos da contracultura, movimentos underground, punk, misticismo oriental, vida em comunidades religiosas ou naturalistas, valorização do individualismo, expansão do uso de drogas”.

HABERT, N. A década de 70: apogeu e crise da ditadura militar brasileira. São Paulo: 3ª Ed. Editora Ática, 1996, p.71 e 74.

Assinale a opção que apresenta exemplo(s) da cultura da década de 1970 no Brasil.

Considerando os elementos que compõem a narrativa literária do conto Uma vela para Dario, atente para as seguintes assertivas:

I. O enredo do conto está construído com uma sequência temporal marcada pela organização lógica em que um fato desencadeia outros fatos, numa relação de causa e efeito.

II. O espaço pode ser considerado o elemento do conto mais explorado na narrativa, pois é nele em que se desenvolve todo o enredo sobre o sofrimento e a morte trágica de Dario.

III. O autor do conto é um narrador onisciente que conta a estória em terceira pessoa, observando de longe os fatos e demonstrando conhecer os pensamentos e sentimentos das personagens ao longo de toda a narrativa.

IV. O enredo do conto dá mais importância às ações narradas do que propriamente a nomes ou a características das personagens.

Está correto o que se afirma em

                                              T E X T

      If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.

      Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.

      The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.

      But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.

      The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.

      The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.

      The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.

      As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.

      The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.

      But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.

      Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.

      The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.

                                                     From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017

                                              T E X T

      If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.

      Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.

      The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.

      But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.

      The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.

      The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.

      The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.

      As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.

      The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.

      But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.

      Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.

      The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.

                                                     From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017

Em experimentos realizados com ratos, por pesquisadores da Universidade da Califórnia, observou-se que os pulmões desses roedores produziram mais da metade das plaquetas. Segundo Mark Looney, autor principal do estudo, isso significa que os pulmões humanos podem produzir sangue, uma função totalmente inesperada, e que precisa ser investigada.

Fonte: http://super.abril.com.br/ciencia/descobertafuncao-inesperada-dos-pulmoes/

Considerando o conhecimento atual sobre o sistema respiratório humano, é correto afirmar que

O conteúdo denotativo de uma palavra corresponde ao seu sentido usual, isto é, próprio, não figurado, não metafórico. Nessa perspectiva, o sentido dessa palavra é o mesmo para todos os membros de uma mesma comunidade linguística. “Uma palavra assim empregada é entendida independentemente de interpretações individuais, interpretações de natureza afetiva ou emocional. Se, no entanto, a significação de uma palavra não é a mesma para certa comunidade linguística; se a palavra não sugere ou evoca por associação outras ideias de ordem abstrata, de natureza afetiva ou emocional, então se diz que seu valor, i. e., seu sentido, é conotativo ou afetivo”.

(Othon Moacyr Garcia)

Leia com atenção os seguintes excertos:

1. “E lá ia ela remedando um pássaro que se dispõe a voar” (linhas 28-29);

2. “Luciana recusava as princesas e as estrelas. Seu Adão coçaria o pixaim, encolheria os ombros. Levá-la-ia para a gaiola. Mamãe recebê-la-ia zangadíssima” (linhas 133-136).

Compare as duas expressões destacadas nos excertos acima, e assinale com V o que for verdadeiro e com F o que for falso.

( ) Os dois enunciados constituem metáforas.

( ) O verbo remedar, da maneira como foi empregado no texto, equivale à partícula comparativa como.

( ) Deve-se considerar os dois enunciados como duas imagens independentes que fecham o sentido do conto.

( ) O primeiro enunciado, “E lá ia ela remedando um pássaro que se dispõe a voar” fala do desejo de liberdade que caracterizava Luciana.

( ) O segundo enunciado, “Levá-la-ia para a gaiola”, fecha a imagem iniciada pelo primeiro, exprimindo a recusa da satisfação desse desejo.

( ) O texto, como um único signo, isto é, um todo formado por significante (aspecto material e significado (representação mental) fecha-se com a legitimação da sujeição e com a não deslegitimação da liberdade.

Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:

A técnica narrativa empregada no conto “Luciana” é um tanto complexa: o narrador narra ora na perspectiva do adulto, ora na perspectiva da criança. Assinale com a letra A o que é dito pela perspectiva do adulto, e com C o que é dito pela perspectiva da criança.

( ) “Ouvindo rumor na porta da frente e os passos conhecidos de tio Severino, Luciana ergueu-se estouvada, saiu do corredor, entrou na sala, parou indecisa, esperando que a chamassem.” (linhas 01-05)

( ) “Em casa, antes de tirar-lhe a camisa suja, mamãe lhe infligira três palmadas enérgicas. Por quê? Luciana passara o dia tentando reconciliar-se com o ser poderoso que lhe magoara as nádegas.” (linhas 17- 21)

( ) “Papai e mamãe, silenciosos, refletindo na opinião rouca do parente grande, com certeza diziam ‘Ah!’ por dentro e orgulhavam-se da filha sabida.” (linhas 66- 69)

( ) “A culpada era a mamãe que tivera a infeliz ideia de levá-la a lugares diferentes da calçada tranquila, do quintal sombrio. Na esquina do quarteirão principiava o mistério: barulho de carros, gritos, cores, movimentos, prédios altos demais. Talvez o diabo dormisse num deles. Em qual? Desanimada, confessou, interiormente, a sua ignorância.” (linhas 75-82)

( ) “Ainda não sabia, mas haveria de saber. Descobriria o lugar onde o diabo dorme. Dona Henriqueta da Boa-Vista se largaria pelo mundo, importante, os calcanhares erguidos, em companhia de seres enigmáticos que lhe ensinariam a residência do diabo.” (linhas 124-130)

Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:

                                           T E X T

      As growth slows in wealthy countries, Western food companies are aggressively expanding in developing nations, contributing to obesity and health problems.

      FORTALEZA, Brazil — Children’s squeals rang through the muggy morning air as a woman pushed a gleaming white cart along pitted, trash-strewn streets. She was making deliveries to some of the poorest households in this seaside city, bringing pudding, cookies and other packaged foods to the customers on her sales route.

      Celene da Silva, 29, is one of thousands of door-to-door vendors for Nestlé, helping the world’s largest packaged food conglomerate expand its reach into a quarter-million households in Brazil’s farthestflung corners.

      As she dropped off variety packs of Chandelle pudding, Kit-Kats and Mucilon infant cereal, there was something striking about her customers: Many were visibly overweight, even small children.

      She gestured to a home along her route and shook her head, recalling how its patriarch, a morbidly obese man, died the previous week. “He ate a piece of cake and died in his sleep,” she said.

      Mrs. da Silva, who herself weighs more than 200 pounds, recently discovered that she had high blood pressure, a condition she acknowledges is probably tied to her weakness for fried chicken and the Coca-Cola she drinks with every meal, breakfast included.

      Nestlé’s direct-sales army in Brazil is part of a broader transformation of the food system that is delivering Western-style processed food and sugary drinks to the most isolated pockets of Latin America, Africa and Asia. As their growth slows in the wealthiest countries, multinational food companies like Nestlé, PepsiCo and General Mills have been aggressively expanding their presence in developing nations, unleashing a marketing juggernaut that is upending traditional diets from Brazil to Ghana to India.

      A New York Times examination of corporate records, epidemiological studies and government reports — as well as interviews with scores of nutritionists and health experts around the world — reveals a sea change in the way food is produced, distributed and advertised across much of the globe. The shift, many public health experts say, is contributing to a new epidemic of diabetes and heart disease, chronic illnesses that are fed by soaring rates of obesity in places that struggled with hunger and malnutrition just a generation ago.

      The new reality is captured by a single, stark fact: Across the world, more people are now obese than underweight. At the same time, scientists say, the growing availability of high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods is generating a new type of malnutrition, one in which a growing number of people are both overweight and undernourished.

      “The prevailing story is that this is the best of all possible worlds — cheap food, widely available. If you don’t think about it too hard, it makes sense,” said Anthony Winson, who studies the political economics of nutrition at the University of Guelph in Ontario. A closer look, however, reveals a much different story, he said. “To put it in stark terms: The diet is killing us.”

      Even critics of processed food acknowledge that there are multiple factors in the rise of obesity, including genetics, urbanization, growing incomes and more sedentary lives. Nestlé executives say their products have helped alleviate hunger, provided crucial nutrients, and that the company has squeezed salt, fat and sugar from thousands of items to make them healthier. But Sean Westcott, head of food research and development at Nestlé, conceded obesity has been an unexpected side effect of making inexpensive processed food more widely available.

      “We didn’t expect what the impact would be,” he said.

      Part of the problem, he added, is a natural tendency for people to overeat as they can afford more food. Nestlé, he said, strives to educate consumers about proper portion size and to make and market foods that balance “pleasure and nutrition.”

      There are now more than 700 million obese people worldwide, 108 million of them children, according to research published recently in The New England Journal of Medicine. The prevalence of obesity has doubled in 73 countries since 1980, contributing to four million premature deaths, the study found. 

                                                                               By ANDREW JACOBS and MATT RICHTEL

                                                  The New York Times SEPT. 16, 2017 https://www.nytimes.com