Questões: Centro Universitário São Camilo — com gabarito

Leia a crônica de Ruy Castro para responder à questão. 

Como um tumor

     Cientistas da Universidade de Hiroshima, no Japão, criaram uma rã transparente, cujas intimidades ficam expostas e podem ser perfeitamente observadas pelo lado de fora. Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando. Outra vantagem é a de que poderão acompanhar uma rã por todo o seu ciclo de vida — o ciclo de vida da rã, claro, não dos cientistas.

    Para chegar à rã transparente, os japoneses, craques em engenharia genética, levaram anos cruzando exemplares de rãs albinas. E agora partiram para aperfeiçoá-la: vão fazer com que qualquer corpo estranho que apareça dentro da rã se acenda. Um tumor, por exemplo. 

     Já no Marrocos, também nesta semana, os cientistas da Universidade de Rabat conseguiram com que um pato nascesse no ovo de uma galinha. Se isso lhe parece meio mixo (afinal, no mesmo dia, em Recife, uma avó deu à luz seus próprios netos, lembra-se?), saiba que a proeza marroquina é considerada mais importante, pelo fato de os palmípedes e os galináceos constituírem famílias diferentes.

     Por coincidência, é o que se está discutindo em Brasília nos últimos dias: um político gerado num ovo destinado a palmípedes pode se baldear no meio do mandato para o terreiro dos galináceos, por ver neste mais oportunidades para ciscar? Em princípio, não. Mas e se o eleitor só quiser saber do pinto ou do pato, e não do ovo de onde ele saiu?

     Essas mudanças nunca são de graça. Assim, sugiro convocar os japoneses para cruzar nossos políticos com as rãs albinas e, com isso, criar políticos transparentes. Quando um deles recebesse um corpo estranho — uma propina, por exemplo —, esse corpo se acenderia. Como um tumor.

(Crônicas para ler na escola, 2010.)

“Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando.” (1° parágrafo)

Preservando o sentido original, a palavra sublinhada pode ser substituída por

Leia o poema de Antonio Cicero para responder à questão.

Balanço

A infância não foi uma manhã de sol:

demorou vários séculos; e era pífia,

em geral, a companhia. Foi melhor,

em parte, a adolescência, pela delícia

do pressentimento da felicidade na malícia,

na molícia, na poesia,

no orgasmo; e pelos livros e amizades.

Um dia, apaixonado, encarei a minha

morte: e eis que ela não sustentou o olhar

e se esvaiu. Desde então é a morte alheia

que me abate. Tarde aprendi a gozar

a juventude, e já me ronda a suspeita

de que jamais serei plenamente adulto:

antes de sê-lo, serei velho. Que ao menos

os deuses façam felizes e maduros

Marcelo e um ou dois dos meus futuros versos.

(Porventura, 2012.) 

“Que ao menos

os deuses façam felizes e maduros

Marcelo e um ou dois dos meus futuros versos.”

Nesses versos, estão presentes as seguintes ideias:

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

In the excerpt “that’s a special skill” (6th paragraph), the underlined word can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by

Leia o poema do escritor português Fernando Pessoa para responder à questão. 

Às vezes, em sonho triste

Nos meus desejos existe

Longinquamente um país

Onde ser feliz consiste

Apenas em ser feliz.

Vive-se como se nasce

Sem o querer nem saber.

Nessa ilusão de viver

O tempo morre e renasce

Sem que o sintamos correr. 

O sentir e o desejar

São banidos dessa terra.

O amor não é amor

Nesse país por onde erra

Meu longínquo divagar.

Nem se sonha nem se vive:

É uma infância sem fim.

Parece que se revive

Tão suave é viver assim

Nesse impossível jardim.

(Obra poética, 1997.)

Em “Sem que o sintamos correr.” (2a estrofe), o termo sublinhado refere-se a

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

New crab species honors Harry Potter

     A recently discovered crab species has been somewhat tenuously named in honor of characters from the magical world of Harry Potter.

    The crab’s official name is Harryplax severus, with the genus Harryplax named after the crab’s collector, the late researcher and former marine Harry Conley, who died from a gunshot in 2002, as well as the protagonist in J. K. Rowling’s novels. Conley dug up many specimens in Guam’s coral reef rubble almost 20 years ago.

      The latter species part of its name is inspired by the character Severus Snape, who “despite being a central character in the series, keeps his background and agenda mysterious until the very end,” the statement announcing the naming said. The authors note this is “just like the present new species, which has eluded discovery until now, nearly 20 years after it was first collected”.

      Even though Conley found the specimen long ago, its status as a new species and genus was only realized recently by Dr Peter Ng and Dr Jose Cristopher E. Mendoza from the National University of Singapore.

     The crab is tiny, measuring just 7.9 by 5.6 millimeters (0.3 by 0.2 inches), and known only to herald from the island of Guam. It’s found deep in coral rubble or under subtidal rocks, and survives at dark depths with reduced eyes, ones that are not used extensively. Instead, it has antennae to probe the depths, and gets around on long thin legs.

     In the statement, Dr Mendoza was said to be a self-confessed “Potterhead”, hence the somewhat unusual moniker. But it’s not the first time Potter has inspired the naming of a new species – The magazine Popular Science notes that a dinosaur species was named after Hogwarts in 2006 (Dracorex hogwartsia), a wasp in Thailand was named Ampulex dementor in 2014, and a spider was named Eriovixia gryffindori last year.

(Jonathan O’Callaghan. www.iflscience.com, 24.01.17. Adaptado.)

No trecho do quinto parágrafo “Instead, it has antennae to probe the depths”, o termo em destaque equivale, em português, a

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

New crab species honors Harry Potter

     A recently discovered crab species has been somewhat tenuously named in honor of characters from the magical world of Harry Potter.

    The crab’s official name is Harryplax severus, with the genus Harryplax named after the crab’s collector, the late researcher and former marine Harry Conley, who died from a gunshot in 2002, as well as the protagonist in J. K. Rowling’s novels. Conley dug up many specimens in Guam’s coral reef rubble almost 20 years ago.

      The latter species part of its name is inspired by the character Severus Snape, who “despite being a central character in the series, keeps his background and agenda mysterious until the very end,” the statement announcing the naming said. The authors note this is “just like the present new species, which has eluded discovery until now, nearly 20 years after it was first collected”.

      Even though Conley found the specimen long ago, its status as a new species and genus was only realized recently by Dr Peter Ng and Dr Jose Cristopher E. Mendoza from the National University of Singapore.

     The crab is tiny, measuring just 7.9 by 5.6 millimeters (0.3 by 0.2 inches), and known only to herald from the island of Guam. It’s found deep in coral rubble or under subtidal rocks, and survives at dark depths with reduced eyes, ones that are not used extensively. Instead, it has antennae to probe the depths, and gets around on long thin legs.

     In the statement, Dr Mendoza was said to be a self-confessed “Potterhead”, hence the somewhat unusual moniker. But it’s not the first time Potter has inspired the naming of a new species – The magazine Popular Science notes that a dinosaur species was named after Hogwarts in 2006 (Dracorex hogwartsia), a wasp in Thailand was named Ampulex dementor in 2014, and a spider was named Eriovixia gryffindori last year.

(Jonathan O’Callaghan. www.iflscience.com, 24.01.17. Adaptado.)

In the sentence of the third paragraph “despite being a central character”, the word in bold expresses the idea of

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

In the fifth paragraph, the text in brackets

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

No trecho do quinto parágrafo “despite studies showing they have no value for longevity”, o termo sublinhado indica

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quarto parágrafo, “wellness”, ou seja, a indústria do bem-estar,

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

O trecho inicial do primeiro parágrafo “Before we go further” tem sentido equivalente, em português, a

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

According to the first paragraph, medicine and wellness

Leia a crônica de Ruy Castro para responder à questão. 

Como um tumor

     Cientistas da Universidade de Hiroshima, no Japão, criaram uma rã transparente, cujas intimidades ficam expostas e podem ser perfeitamente observadas pelo lado de fora. Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando. Outra vantagem é a de que poderão acompanhar uma rã por todo o seu ciclo de vida — o ciclo de vida da rã, claro, não dos cientistas.

    Para chegar à rã transparente, os japoneses, craques em engenharia genética, levaram anos cruzando exemplares de rãs albinas. E agora partiram para aperfeiçoá-la: vão fazer com que qualquer corpo estranho que apareça dentro da rã se acenda. Um tumor, por exemplo. 

     Já no Marrocos, também nesta semana, os cientistas da Universidade de Rabat conseguiram com que um pato nascesse no ovo de uma galinha. Se isso lhe parece meio mixo (afinal, no mesmo dia, em Recife, uma avó deu à luz seus próprios netos, lembra-se?), saiba que a proeza marroquina é considerada mais importante, pelo fato de os palmípedes e os galináceos constituírem famílias diferentes.

     Por coincidência, é o que se está discutindo em Brasília nos últimos dias: um político gerado num ovo destinado a palmípedes pode se baldear no meio do mandato para o terreiro dos galináceos, por ver neste mais oportunidades para ciscar? Em princípio, não. Mas e se o eleitor só quiser saber do pinto ou do pato, e não do ovo de onde ele saiu?

     Essas mudanças nunca são de graça. Assim, sugiro convocar os japoneses para cruzar nossos políticos com as rãs albinas e, com isso, criar políticos transparentes. Quando um deles recebesse um corpo estranho — uma propina, por exemplo —, esse corpo se acenderia. Como um tumor.

(Crônicas para ler na escola, 2010.)

Na frase “os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando” (1° parágrafo), o verbo “viver” foi empregado com a mesma acepção que se verifica em:

Leia o poema de Carlos Drummond de Andrade.

Tudo tem limite

exceto

o amor de Brigitte.

(Rodolfo Witzig Guttilla (org.). Boa companhia − Haicai, 2009.)

Representa uma paráfrase do poema:

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

No trecho “But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society” (7° parágrafo), a expressão sublinhada tem sentido equivalente, em português, a

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

O trecho sublinhado em “the genre is as broad as the imagination” (3° parágrafo) expressa uma

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

According to the author, the “unprecedented fantasy boom” (2nd paragraph) is related to the fact that

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

According to the first paragraph, the author reveals that he first got interested in the literary fantasy genre

Leia o texto de Caio Prado Júnior para responder à questão.

     De tudo se trata, pode-se dizer, ou se tem tratado na “filosofia”, e até os mesmos assuntos, ou aparentemente os mesmos, são considerados em perspectivas de tal modo apartadas uma das outras que não se combinam e entrosam entre si, tornando-se impossível contrastá-las. Para alguns, essa situação é não apenas normal, mas plenamente justificável. A filosofia seria isso mesmo: uma especulação infinita e desregrada em torno de qualquer assunto ou questão, ao sabor de cada autor, de suas preferências e mesmo de seus humores. Há mesmo quem afirme não caber à filosofia “resolver”, e sim unicamente sugerir questões e propor problemas, fazer perguntas cujas respostas não têm maior interesse, e com o fim unicamente de estimular a reflexão, aguçar a curiosidade. E já se afirmou até que a filosofia não passava de uma ginástica do pensamento, entendendo por isso o simples exercício e adestramento de uma função — no caso, o pensamento em vez dos músculos, sem outra finalidade que essa.

     Apesar, contudo, de boa parte da especulação filosófica, particularmente em nossos dias, parecer confirmar tal ponto de vista, ele certamente não é verdadeiro. Há sem dúvida um terreno comum onde a filosofia, ou aquilo que se tem entendido como tal, se confunde com a literatura (no bom sentido, entenda-se bem) e não objetiva realmente conclusão alguma, destinando-se tão somente, como toda literatura, a par do entretimento que proporciona, levar aos leitores ou ouvintes, a partir destes centros condensadores da consciência coletiva que são os profissionais do pensamento, levar-lhes impressões e estados de espírito, emoções e estímulos, dúvidas e indagações. Mas esse terreno que a filosofia, ou pelo menos aquilo que se tem entendido por “filosofia”, compartilha com a literatura, não é toda filosofia, nem mesmo, de certo modo, a sua mais importante e principal parte.

     Com toda sua heterogeneidade, confusão e hermetismo, a filosofia ainda encontra ressonância tal, que bastaria para comprovar que nela se abrigam questões que dizem muito de perto com interesses e aspirações humanas que devem, por isso, ser atendidos, e não frustrados pela ausência ou desconhecimento de objetivo e rumo seguros da parte daqueles que se ocupam do assunto.

     Mas onde encontrar esse “objeto” último e profundo da especulação filosófica para o qual converge e onde se concentra a variegada problemática de que a filosofia vem através dos séculos e em todos os lugares se ocupando; e de que se trata?

(O que é filosofia, 2008. Adaptado.)

Para o autor do texto, a comparação à literatura configura

Leia o poema de Jorge de Lima (1895-1953) para responder à questão. 

O acendedor de lampiões 

Lá vem o acendedor de lampiões da rua!

Este mesmo que vem infatigavelmente,

Parodiar o sol e associar-se à lua

Quando a sombra da noite enegrece o poente! 

Um, dois, três lampiões, acende e continua

Outros mais a acender imperturbavelmente,

À medida que a noite aos poucos se acentua

E a palidez da lua apenas se pressente.

Triste ironia atroz que o senso humano irrita: —

Ele que doira a noite e ilumina a cidade,

Talvez não tenha luz na choupana em que habita.

Tanta gente também nos outros insinua

Crenças, religiões, amor, felicidade,

Como este acendedor de lampiões da rua!

(Antologia poética: Jorge de Lima, 2014.)

Em seu conjunto, a terceira estrofe revela uma preocupação de natureza

Leia o poema de Jorge de Lima (1895-1953) para responder à questão. 

O acendedor de lampiões 

Lá vem o acendedor de lampiões da rua!

Este mesmo que vem infatigavelmente,

Parodiar o sol e associar-se à lua

Quando a sombra da noite enegrece o poente! 

Um, dois, três lampiões, acende e continua

Outros mais a acender imperturbavelmente,

À medida que a noite aos poucos se acentua

E a palidez da lua apenas se pressente.

Triste ironia atroz que o senso humano irrita: —

Ele que doira a noite e ilumina a cidade,

Talvez não tenha luz na choupana em que habita.

Tanta gente também nos outros insinua

Crenças, religiões, amor, felicidade,

Como este acendedor de lampiões da rua!

(Antologia poética: Jorge de Lima, 2014.)

No contexto do poema, o verso “Parodiar o sol e associar-se à lua” (1a estrofe) expressa,