Questões: Centro Universitário São Camilo — com gabarito

Em uma fábrica de artefatos para festa, as bexigas são infladas com o gás hélio armazenado em um cilindro rígido de volume 0,2 m³ sob pressão de 192 atm. Sabendo que o volume de cada bexiga é de 0,032 m³, que dentro de cada uma delas o gás fica submetido a uma pressão de 1,2 atm e considerando a mesma temperatura do gás no cilindro e nas bexigas, o número de bexigas que podem ser infladas com o gás contido no cilindro é

Dois blocos, A e B, de massas mA = 6 kg e mB = 4 kg, são conectados por um fio que passa por uma polia fixa, como representado na figura. Quando o corpo A é abandonado, a partir do repouso, de uma altura h = 2 m do solo horizontal, o sistema move-se livre de resistência do ar.

Considerando a polia e o fio ideais e g = 10 m/s² , a velocidade do bloco B quando o bloco A atinge o solo é

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

In the fifth paragraph, the text in brackets

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

No trecho do quinto parágrafo “despite studies showing they have no value for longevity”, o termo sublinhado indica

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quarto parágrafo, “wellness”, ou seja, a indústria do bem-estar,

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

O trecho inicial do primeiro parágrafo “Before we go further” tem sentido equivalente, em português, a

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

According to the first paragraph, medicine and wellness

O regime do apartheid, vigente na África do Sul entre as décadas de 1940 e 1990,

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    No concernente à mão de obra, a economia colonial hispano-americana baseou-se em variadas formas de trabalho compulsório.

     A escravidão indígena teve, no conjunto, escassa importância, salvo no “ensaio antilhano”, a inícios do século XVI, e nas regiões de “índios bravos”, reduzidos à escravidão quando aprisionados em guerra. A escravização dos rebeldes (“guerra justa”) era, aliás, a única via de legitimação da escravidão indígena, pois desde cedo a Coroa e a Igreja trataram, com relativo êxito, de combater tais práticas. Mas o sucesso desta política deveu-se, em grande medida, à existência de sistemas tributários pré-coloniais no México, na América Central e nos Andes.

(Ronaldo Vainfas. Economia e sociedade na

América Espanhola, 1984. Adaptado.) 

Uma semelhança e uma diferença entre o panorama descrito no segundo parágrafo do texto e a experiência da colonização portuguesa no Brasil são, respectivamente:

Os egípcios viam a criação do mundo como uma espécie de ilha de ordem cercada pelas forças do caos, que a ameaçavam constantemente de aniquilação, da mesma forma como o Delta e o Vale férteis e organizados estavam cercados pelos desertos hostis e anárquicos.

(Ciro F. S. Cardoso. O Egito Antigo, 1982. Adaptado.)

O texto ajuda compreender o motivo de, no Egito Antigo, as práticas religiosas

Os vestígios dessa época, entre 12000 e 8000 anos atrás, são agora inquestionáveis e ocorrem em várias partes do território brasileiro, o que significa que este já estava densamente ocupado. Quase todos os sítios são abrigos sob rocha — não porque os homens neles morassem normalmente, mas porque preservaram melhor os vestígios e são mais facilmente localizados pelos arqueólogos. Desconhecemos, portanto, as moradias principais, provavelmente edificadas a céu aberto.

(André Prous. O Brasil antes dos brasileiros, 2007.)

O excerto revela aspectos da pesquisa arqueológica sobre os primeiros habitantes do território do atual Brasil. Com base nas informações do texto, pode-se afirmar que:

Rio Pinheiros em sua configuração natural,

antes de ser retificado

(www.museudaenergia.org.br)

Rio Pinheiros após retificação

(https://alosaopaulo.com.br)

No processo de expansão das cidades, por vezes, ocorrem obras para a retificação dos rios que atravessam o perímetro urbano, como as realizadas no Rio Pinheiros, na cidade de São Paulo. Uma consequência dessa interferência nos rios é

No período da globalização, os pedaços do território são valorizados e desvalorizados com grande velocidade. Assim, muitos lugares entram em uma competição para oferecer os melhores dados técnicos e políticos, visando atrair novas empresas ou manter as já existentes. Busca-se edificar neles uma densidade técnica. Todavia, para progredir nessa disputa, é preciso também construir uma densidade normativa que conceda e combine satisfatoriamente proteções e vantagens. O que ocorre com o setor automobilístico é emblemático de tal situação.

(Milton Santos e María Laura Silveira.

O Brasil: território e sociedade no início do século XXI, 2001. Adaptado.)

No Brasil, um exemplo de medida tomada por estados e municípios, com vistas à participação no contexto citado, é

Leia a crônica de Ruy Castro para responder à questão. 

Como um tumor

     Cientistas da Universidade de Hiroshima, no Japão, criaram uma rã transparente, cujas intimidades ficam expostas e podem ser perfeitamente observadas pelo lado de fora. Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando. Outra vantagem é a de que poderão acompanhar uma rã por todo o seu ciclo de vida — o ciclo de vida da rã, claro, não dos cientistas.

    Para chegar à rã transparente, os japoneses, craques em engenharia genética, levaram anos cruzando exemplares de rãs albinas. E agora partiram para aperfeiçoá-la: vão fazer com que qualquer corpo estranho que apareça dentro da rã se acenda. Um tumor, por exemplo. 

     Já no Marrocos, também nesta semana, os cientistas da Universidade de Rabat conseguiram com que um pato nascesse no ovo de uma galinha. Se isso lhe parece meio mixo (afinal, no mesmo dia, em Recife, uma avó deu à luz seus próprios netos, lembra-se?), saiba que a proeza marroquina é considerada mais importante, pelo fato de os palmípedes e os galináceos constituírem famílias diferentes.

     Por coincidência, é o que se está discutindo em Brasília nos últimos dias: um político gerado num ovo destinado a palmípedes pode se baldear no meio do mandato para o terreiro dos galináceos, por ver neste mais oportunidades para ciscar? Em princípio, não. Mas e se o eleitor só quiser saber do pinto ou do pato, e não do ovo de onde ele saiu?

     Essas mudanças nunca são de graça. Assim, sugiro convocar os japoneses para cruzar nossos políticos com as rãs albinas e, com isso, criar políticos transparentes. Quando um deles recebesse um corpo estranho — uma propina, por exemplo —, esse corpo se acenderia. Como um tumor.

(Crônicas para ler na escola, 2010.)

Na frase “os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando” (1° parágrafo), o verbo “viver” foi empregado com a mesma acepção que se verifica em:

Leia o poema de Carlos Drummond de Andrade.

Tudo tem limite

exceto

o amor de Brigitte.

(Rodolfo Witzig Guttilla (org.). Boa companhia − Haicai, 2009.)

Representa uma paráfrase do poema:

Entre 2011 e 2017, caíram, no Brasil, quase 78 milhões de raios, segundo levantamento do INPE. Muitos desses, infelizmente, foram fatais — para se ter ideia, a cada 50 mortes por raio no mundo, uma ocorre no país.

(“9 coisas que você precisa saber sobre raios”.

https://super.abril.com.br, 15.08.2018. Adaptado.)

Os para-raios são essenciais para proteger pessoas e equipamentos elétricos de raios. Essa proteção é baseada

O nível de ruído produzido por turbinas eólicas é, em média, de 50 decibéis. Comparativamente, o nível de ruído produzido em clubes noturnos é, em alguns casos, de 70 decibéis. O nível de ruído β de determinada fonte sonora é calculado, em decibéis, por β = 10 . log(I/I0) , sendo I0 = 10–12 W/m2 a intensidade do limiar audível e I sendo a intensidade sonora da fonte, medida em W/m2 . Considerando as condições citadas, sendo I1 e I2 as intensidades sonoras para os ruídos gerados por um clube noturno e por uma turbina eólica, respectivamente, a razão I1 /I2 é

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

O termostato bimetálico de encosto é muito utilizado para controlar a temperatura em alguns aquecedores elétricos de uso comercial e pode apresentar, em alguns modelos, uma corrente elétrica de 10 A para uma tensão de 250 V. Seu funcionamento baseia-se na dilatação térmica e pode ser representado pelo esquema a seguir, em que a lâmina bimetálica, formada pelos metais A e B, é fixa no suporte de apoio e se curva quando aquecida a uma temperatura T > T0 , afastando- -se da superfície de contato e interrompendo a passagem de corrente elétrica por eles.

Considerando que o modelo de termostato citado no texto fique ligado 24 horas por dia, a energia elétrica consumida diariamente por ele é igual a