Prova de 2021: Universidade de São Paulo (USP) — questões com gabarito

        Fatbergs are a growing scourge infesting cities around the world— some are more than 800 feet long and weigh more than four humpback whales. These gross globs, which can cause sewer systems to block up and even overflow, have been plaguing the U.S., Great Britain and Australia for the past decade, forcing governments and utilities companies to send workers down into the sewers armed with water hoses, vacuums and scrapers with the unenviable task of prying them loose.  

        "It is hard not to think of [fatbergs] as a tangible symbol of the way we live now, the ultimate product of our disposable, out of sight, out of mind culture," wrote journalist Tim Adams in The Guardian. 

        At their core, fatbergs are the accumulation of oil and grease that's been poured down the drain, congealing around flushed nonbiological waste like tampons, condoms and baby wipes. When fat sticks to the side of sewage pipes, the wipes and other detritus get stuck, accumulating layer upon layer of gunk in a sort of slimy snowball effect. 

        Fatbergs also collect other kinds of debris—London fatbergs have been cracked open to reveal pens, false teeth and even watches. 

        Restaurants are a big contributor to fatbergs: Thames Water, the London utilities company, found nine out of 10 fast-food eateries lacked adequate grease traps to stop fat from entering the sewers. Homeowners also contribute to the problem by pouring grease and fat down the sink. 

        Even though its component materials are soft, fatbergs themselves can be tough as rocks. Researchers have found a host of dangerous bacteria in fatbergs, including listeria and e.coli. 

        Fatbergs are notorious for their fetid smell, which can make even the hardiest sewer workers gag, and chipping away at one can release noxious gases. 

        The key to fatberg prevention is remembering the four Ps: Pee, poo, puke and (toilet) paper are the only things that should be flushed. 

Newsweek, 14 March, 2019. Adaptado.

        Fatbergs are a growing scourge infesting cities around the world— some are more than 800 feet long and weigh more than four humpback whales. These gross globs, which can cause sewer systems to block up and even overflow, have been plaguing the U.S., Great Britain and Australia for the past decade, forcing governments and utilities companies to send workers down into the sewers armed with water hoses, vacuums and scrapers with the unenviable task of prying them loose.  

        "It is hard not to think of [fatbergs] as a tangible symbol of the way we live now, the ultimate product of our disposable, out of sight, out of mind culture," wrote journalist Tim Adams in The Guardian. 

        At their core, fatbergs are the accumulation of oil and grease that's been poured down the drain, congealing around flushed nonbiological waste like tampons, condoms and baby wipes. When fat sticks to the side of sewage pipes, the wipes and other detritus get stuck, accumulating layer upon layer of gunk in a sort of slimy snowball effect. 

        Fatbergs also collect other kinds of debris—London fatbergs have been cracked open to reveal pens, false teeth and even watches. 

        Restaurants are a big contributor to fatbergs: Thames Water, the London utilities company, found nine out of 10 fast-food eateries lacked adequate grease traps to stop fat from entering the sewers. Homeowners also contribute to the problem by pouring grease and fat down the sink. 

        Even though its component materials are soft, fatbergs themselves can be tough as rocks. Researchers have found a host of dangerous bacteria in fatbergs, including listeria and e.coli. 

        Fatbergs are notorious for their fetid smell, which can make even the hardiest sewer workers gag, and chipping away at one can release noxious gases. 

        The key to fatberg prevention is remembering the four Ps: Pee, poo, puke and (toilet) paper are the only things that should be flushed. 

Newsweek, 14 March, 2019. Adaptado.

        If you take a look at my smartphone, you’ll know that I like to order out. But am I helping the small local businesses? You would think that if you own a restaurant you’d be thrilled to have an outsourced service that would take care of your delivery operations while leveraging their marketing might to expand your businesses’ brand. However, restaurant owners have complained of lack of quality control once their food goes out the door. They don’t like that the delivery people are the face of their product when it gets into the customer’s hand. Some of the delivery services have been accused of listing restaurants on their apps without the owners’ permission, and oftentimes publish menu items and prices that are incorrect or out of date.

        But there is another reason why restaurant owners aren’t fond of delivery services. It’s the costs, which, for some, are becoming unsustainable. Even with the increased revenues from the delivery services, the fees wind up killing a restaurant’s margins to the extent that it’s at best marginally profitable. Therefore, some restaurants are pushing harder to drive orders from their own websites and offering special deals for customers that use their in-house delivery people.

        The simple fact is that these delivery apps are here to stay. They are enormously popular and have significantly grown. I believe that restaurant owners that resist these apps are hurting their brands by missing out on potential customers. The good news is that the delivery platforms are not as evil as some would portray them. They have some skin in the game. They are competing against other services. They want their listed restaurants to profit. Maybe instead of fighting, the nation’s restaurant industry needs to proactively embrace the delivery service industry and figure out ways to profitably work together.

The Guardian. 02 December, 2020. Adaptado.

        If you take a look at my smartphone, you’ll know that I like to order out. But am I helping the small local businesses? You would think that if you own a restaurant you’d be thrilled to have an outsourced service that would take care of your delivery operations while leveraging their marketing might to expand your businesses’ brand. However, restaurant owners have complained of lack of quality control once their food goes out the door. They don’t like that the delivery people are the face of their product when it gets into the customer’s hand. Some of the delivery services have been accused of listing restaurants on their apps without the owners’ permission, and oftentimes publish menu items and prices that are incorrect or out of date.

        But there is another reason why restaurant owners aren’t fond of delivery services. It’s the costs, which, for some, are becoming unsustainable. Even with the increased revenues from the delivery services, the fees wind up killing a restaurant’s margins to the extent that it’s at best marginally profitable. Therefore, some restaurants are pushing harder to drive orders from their own websites and offering special deals for customers that use their in-house delivery people.

        The simple fact is that these delivery apps are here to stay. They are enormously popular and have significantly grown. I believe that restaurant owners that resist these apps are hurting their brands by missing out on potential customers. The good news is that the delivery platforms are not as evil as some would portray them. They have some skin in the game. They are competing against other services. They want their listed restaurants to profit. Maybe instead of fighting, the nation’s restaurant industry needs to proactively embrace the delivery service industry and figure out ways to profitably work together.

The Guardian. 02 December, 2020. Adaptado.

        If you take a look at my smartphone, you’ll know that I like to order out. But am I helping the small local businesses? You would think that if you own a restaurant you’d be thrilled to have an outsourced service that would take care of your delivery operations while leveraging their marketing might to expand your businesses’ brand. However, restaurant owners have complained of lack of quality control once their food goes out the door. They don’t like that the delivery people are the face of their product when it gets into the customer’s hand. Some of the delivery services have been accused of listing restaurants on their apps without the owners’ permission, and oftentimes publish menu items and prices that are incorrect or out of date.

        But there is another reason why restaurant owners aren’t fond of delivery services. It’s the costs, which, for some, are becoming unsustainable. Even with the increased revenues from the delivery services, the fees wind up killing a restaurant’s margins to the extent that it’s at best marginally profitable. Therefore, some restaurants are pushing harder to drive orders from their own websites and offering special deals for customers that use their in-house delivery people.

        The simple fact is that these delivery apps are here to stay. They are enormously popular and have significantly grown. I believe that restaurant owners that resist these apps are hurting their brands by missing out on potential customers. The good news is that the delivery platforms are not as evil as some would portray them. They have some skin in the game. They are competing against other services. They want their listed restaurants to profit. Maybe instead of fighting, the nation’s restaurant industry needs to proactively embrace the delivery service industry and figure out ways to profitably work together.

The Guardian. 02 December, 2020. Adaptado.

Lying, thinking

Last night

How to find my soul a home

Where water is not thirsty

And bread loaf is not stone

I came up with one thing

And I don't believe I'm wrong

That nobody,

But nobody

Can make it out here alone

                        Alone - Maya Angelou

Os versos do poema 

Considerando os elementos visuais e verbais da figura, é possível interpretar a fala da mulher como 

Um bom café deve ser preparado a uma temperatura pouco acima de 80ºC. Para evitar queimaduras na boca, deve ser consumido a uma temperatura mais baixa. Uma xícara contém 60 mL de café a uma temperatura de 80ºC. Qual a quantidade de leite gelado (a uma temperatura de 5ºC) deve ser misturada ao café para que a temperatura final do café com leite seja de 65ºC? 

Note e adote:

Considere que o calor específico e a densidade do café e do leite sejam idênticos.

Uma bola de bilhar vermelha está inicialmente em repouso a 40 cm de duas das bordas (lateral e superior da figura) de uma mesa de bilhar, como mostra a figura. Uma bola branca de mesma massa e tamanho é lançada em direção à vermelha com velocidade  paralela à borda lateral.

As duas bolas colidem e, algum tempo depois, a bola vermelha está prestes a cair na caçapa posicionada na junção das duas bordas. No mesmo instante, a bola branca toca a borda superior da mesa a uma distância d da bola vermelha, conforme figura. 

O valor de d é aproximadamente: 

Note e adote:

Despreze efeitos dissipativos (como deslizamentos com atrito) e considere a colisão entre as bolas como sendo perfeitamente elástica. Considere que o diâmetro das bolas seja muito menor que as distâncias mencionadas e que não ocorram outras colisões intermediárias.

Considere a situação indicada na figura, em que um motor, com o auxílio de uma polia, ergue verticalmente uma caixa de massa 12 kg. A caixa contém materiais frágeis e deve ser erguida com velocidade constante. Qual é a magnitude da força vertical que o motor deve exercer para realizar a tarefa? 

Note e adote:

Despreze efeitos de atrito.

Aceleração da gravidade: g = 10 m/s2 .

Um componente eletrônico tem curva característica mostrada no gráfico a seguir: 

A resistência elétrica do componente na região em que ele se comporta como um resistor ôhmico vale aproximadamente: 

O canhão de Newton, esquematizado na figura, é um experimento mental imaginado por Isaac Newton para mostrar que sua lei da gravitação era universal. Disparando o canhão horizontalmente do alto de uma montanha, a bala cairia na Terra em virtude da força da gravidade. Com uma maior velocidade inicial, a bala iria mais longe antes de retornar à Terra. Com a velocidade certa, o projétil daria uma volta completa em torno da Terra, sempre “caindo” sob ação da gravidade, mas nunca alcançando a Terra. Newton concluiu que esse movimento orbital seria da mesma natureza do movimento da Lua em torno da Terra. 

Qual deveria ser a velocidade inicial de um projétil lançado horizontalmente do alto do Everest (a uma distância aproximada de 6.400 km do centro da Terra) para colocá-lo em órbita em torno da Terra? 

Note e adote:

Despreze a resistência do ar.

Aceleração da gravidade: g = 10 m/s2

Uma mancha de petróleo com mais de 3000 km de extensão se espalhou por praias e manguezais da costa da região nordeste e parte do sudeste, atingindo áreas marinhas protegidas como o Parque Nacional Marinho de Abrolhos, um dos principais bancos de corais e berço de biodiversidade do Atlântico Sul. Desde que foi detectada pela primeira vez, no dia 30 de agosto de 2019, a mancha de petróleo atingiu cerca de 900 locais em mais de 127 municípios em 11 estados. A origem do petróleo está estimada em algum local a leste do litoral do estado de Pernambuco, distante, aproximadamente, 600 km da linha de costa.

Disponível em https://www.wwf.org.br/. 2019. Adaptado.

Com base em seus conhecimentos sobre o litoral brasileiro e as correntes marítimas superficiais que margeiam a costa, assinale a alternativa correta que aponta o fator que contribuiu para a dispersão do petróleo. 

Eventos climáticos extremos marcaram este ano com vários exemplos no mundo, atingindo populações inteiras, tanto em ambientes rurais como urbanos. Dentre esses eventos, pode-se destacar as inundações na Alemanha no mês de julho, com regiões acometidas por fortes chuvas. 

Área urbana de Schuld, Oeste da Alemanha, antes (à esquerda) e depois (à direita) da inundação de julho/2021. Disponível em https://www.dw.com/.

Um dos motivos que podem ser relacionados ao evento de inundação da área destacada é: 

No dia 23 de março de 2021 o mega navio Ever Given, de 220.000 toneladas e 400 m de comprimento, encalhou no Canal de Suez no Egito em rota para o porto de Rotterdam, Holanda, ficando atravessado e preso pelas extremidades. O navio reflutuou no dia 29 do mesmo mês em razão das condições de vento e maré, além da operação promovida por rebocadores. 

Disponível em https://www.noaa.gov/, https://edition.cnn.com/ e https://www.tide-forecast.com/. Adaptados.

Com base nos dados fornecidos e em seus conhecimentos, podese atribuir o reflutuamento do Ever Given às seguintes condições: 

Uma forma de conservação do Cerrado é a prática de queimadas controladas que simulam o ciclo natural do fogo. Observe a imagem que retrata os efeitos visuais de uma queimada controlada em um trecho de Cerrado da Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara, no interior do estado de São Paulo.

Nessa área foram conduzidos experimentos com queimadas controladas, e os resultados sugerem que essa prática é benéfica para a flora, cujas plantas rebrotam rapidamente depois da passagem do fogo. Nos grupos vegetais em que as queimadas produziram mais efeitos positivos foi registrado até um discreto aumento de espécies vegetais. Antes das queimadas, os pesquisadores contabilizaram 38 espécies de gramíneas e 68 de outras ervas. Depois, esses números subiram para 44 e 74, respectivamente. 

  Durigan G et al. (2020), Front. For. Glob. Change, 3:13,    doi:10.3389/ffgc.2020.00013. Adaptado.

No bioma Cerrado, de acordo com a informação do texto, a prática de queimadas controladas 

Tempo diário dedicado ao trabalho de cuidado

Quanto mulheres e homens gastam diariamente com serviços de cuidado remunerado ou não remunerado

Fonte: El trabajo de cuidados y los trabajadores del cuidado para um futuro com trabajo decente / OIT (2019). Adaptado.

Conforme definição da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), o trabalho de cuidado envolve dois tipos de atividades: as diretas, como alimentar um bebê ou cuidar de um doente, e as indiretas, como cozinhar ou limpar. O gráfico apresenta a desigualdade de gênero no trabalho de cuidado no mundo, expressa pela diferença entre homens e mulheres quanto ao tempo e à remuneração. A partir dos dados apresentados, é correto afirmar que as regiões com maior e menor desigualdade são, respectivamente: