Prova de 2014: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) — questões com gabarito

A  questão, abordam um fragmento de um artigo de Mônica Fantin sobre o uso dos tablets no ensino, postado na seção de blogues do jornal Gazeta do Povo em 16.05.2013:

                                                      Tablets nas escolas


    Ou seja, não é suficiente entregar equipamentos tecnológicos cada vez mais modernos sem uma perspectiva de formação de qualidade e significativa, e sem avaliar os programas anteriores. O risco é de cometer os mesmos equívocos e não potencializar as boas práticas, pois muda a tecnologia, mas as práticas continuam quase as mesmas.

   Com isso, podemos nos perguntar pelos desafios da didática diante da cultura digital: o tablet na sala de aula modifica a prática dos professores e o cotidiano escolar? Em que medida ele modifica as condições de aprendizagem dos estudantes? Evidentemente isso pode se desdobrar em inúmeras outras questões sobre a convergência de tecnologias e linguagens, sobre o acesso às redes na sala de aula e sobre a necessidade de mediações na perspectiva dos novos letramentos e alfabetismos nas múltiplas linguagens.


   Outra questão que é preciso pensar diz respeito aos conteúdos digitais. Os conteúdos que estão sendo produzidos para os tablets realmente oferecem a potencialidade do meio e sua arquitetura multimídia ou apenas estão servindo como leitores de textos com os mesmos conteúdos dos livros didáticos? Quem está produzindo tais conteúdos digitais? De que forma são escolhidos e compartilhados?

   Ou seja, pensar na potencialidade que o tablet oferece na escola — acessar e produzir imagens, vídeos, textos na diversidade de formas e conteúdos digitais — implica em repensar a didática e as possibilidades de experiências e práticas educativas, midiáticas e culturais na escola ao lado de questões econômicas e sociais mais amplas. E isso necessariamente envolve a reflexão crítica sobre os saberes e fazeres que estamos produzindo e compartilhando na cultura digital.

                                                                         (Tablets nas escolas. www.gazetadopovo.com.br. Adaptado.)


No último período do texto, os termos saberes e fazeres são

Segundo as informações presentes na tira, os dois homens

No segundo quadrinho, this stuff refere-se a

O humor da tira decorre

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                                             Urban Development – Solid Waste Management




   Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single largest budget item and largest employer.

   It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health, education or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city surrounded by garbage.

   As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 percent.

   Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost impacts will be most severe in low income countries already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure needs, particularly for their poorest residents.

       Because it is such a major issue, waste management also represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more potent than carbon dioxide. A city's ability to keep solid waste out of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after a heavy storm.

                                                                                                                         (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)

Segundo o texto, a gestão de resíduos sólidos

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                                             Urban Development – Solid Waste Management




   Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single largest budget item and largest employer.

   It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health, education or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city surrounded by garbage.

   As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 percent.

   Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost impacts will be most severe in low income countries already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure needs, particularly for their poorest residents.

       Because it is such a major issue, waste management also represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more potent than carbon dioxide. A city's ability to keep solid waste out of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after a heavy storm.

                                                                                                                         (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)

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                                             Urban Development – Solid Waste Management




   Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single largest budget item and largest employer.

   It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health, education or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city surrounded by garbage.

   As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 percent.

   Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost impacts will be most severe in low income countries already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure needs, particularly for their poorest residents.

       Because it is such a major issue, waste management also represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more potent than carbon dioxide. A city's ability to keep solid waste out of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after a heavy storm.

                                                                                                                         (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)

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                                             Urban Development – Solid Waste Management




   Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single largest budget item and largest employer.

   It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health, education or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city surrounded by garbage.

   As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 percent.

   Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost impacts will be most severe in low income countries already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure needs, particularly for their poorest residents.

       Because it is such a major issue, waste management also represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more potent than carbon dioxide. A city's ability to keep solid waste out of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after a heavy storm.

                                                                                                                         (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)

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                                             Urban Development – Solid Waste Management




   Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single largest budget item and largest employer.

   It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health, education or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city surrounded by garbage.

   As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 percent.

   Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost impacts will be most severe in low income countries already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure needs, particularly for their poorest residents.

       Because it is such a major issue, waste management also represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more potent than carbon dioxide. A city's ability to keep solid waste out of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after a heavy storm.

                                                                                                                         (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)

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     Roma provou ser capaz de ampliar o seu próprio sistema político para incluir as cidades italianas durante sua expansão penisular. Desde o começo ela havia – diferentemente de Atenas – exigido de seus aliados tropas para seus exércitos, e não dinheiro para seu tesouro; desta maneira, diminuindo a carga de sua dominação na paz e unindo-os solidamente em tempo de guerra. Neste ponto, seguia o exemplo de Esparta, embora seu controle militar central das tropas aliadas fosse sempre muito maior.

                                       ( Perry Anderson. Passagens da Antiguidade ao Feudalismo, 1987. Adaptado.)


O texto caracteriza uma das principais estratégias romanas de domínio sobre outros povos e outras cidades:

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     Roma provou ser capaz de ampliar o seu próprio sistema político para incluir as cidades italianas durante sua expansão penisular. Desde o começo ela havia – diferentemente de Atenas – exigido de seus aliados tropas para seus exércitos, e não dinheiro para seu tesouro; desta maneira, diminuindo a carga de sua dominação na paz e unindo-os solidamente em tempo de guerra. Neste ponto, seguia o exemplo de Esparta, embora seu controle militar central das tropas aliadas fosse sempre muito maior.

                                            (Perry Anderson. Passagens da Antiguidade ao Feudalismo, 1987. Adaptado.)


A comparação que o texto estabelece entre Roma e Esparta é pertinente, uma vez que foi comum às duas cidades

Durante o período da presidência de Rodrigues Alves (1902- 1906), o Rio de Janeiro passou por um amplo processo de reurbanização. Um dos objetivos desse processo foi