Prova de 2018: Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE) — questões com gabarito

GIL, Gilberto. Tempo Rei. Disponível em:

https://www.vagalume.com.br/gilberto-gil/tempo-rei.html. Acesso: 22.06.2018.

PAES, José Paulo. Prosas seguidas de Odes

mínimas. São Paulo, Cia. das Letras, 1992.

                                         T E X T

                          Can you learn in your sleep?

      Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

      Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

      The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

      New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

      For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

      However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

      Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

      Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

      To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

      "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

      Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

      "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

      Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

      Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

      So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

                                         T E X T

                          Can you learn in your sleep?

      Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

      Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

      The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

      New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

      For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

      However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

      Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

      Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

      To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

      "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

      Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

      "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

      Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

      Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

      So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

                                             TEXTO 3

Sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil

Capitão América: Guerra Civil encontra Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) liderando o recém-formado time de Vingadores em seus esforços continuados para proteger a humanidade. Mas, depois que um novo incidente envolvendo os Vingadores resulta num dano colateral, a pressão política se levanta para instaurar um sistema de contagem liderado por um órgão governamental para supervisionar e dirigir a equipe.

O novo status quo divide os Vingadores, resultando em dois campos: um liderado por Steve Rogers e seu desejo de que os Vingadores permaneçam livres para defender a humanidade sem a interferência do governo; o outro seguindo a surpreendente decisão de Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) em apoio à supervisão e contagem do governo.

Capitão América 3 tem direção dos irmãos Joe e Anthony Russo, produção de Kevin Feige e grande elenco formado por Scarlett Johansson (Viúva Negra), Sebastian Stan (Soldado Invernal), Anthony Mackie (Falcão), Emily Van Camp (Agente 13), Don Cheadle (Máquina de Combate), Jeremy Renner (Gavião Arqueiro), Chadwick Boseman (Pantera Negra), Paul Bettany (Visão), Elizabeth Olsen (Feiticeira Escarlate), Pail Rudd (Homem-Formiga), Frank Grillo (Ossos Cruzados), William Hurt (General Thunderbolt) e Daniel Brühl (Barão Zenom).

Disponível em: http://www.adorocinema.com/noticias/filmes/noticia118069/. Acesso em: 02.11.2018.

Sobre a configuração linguística e textual da sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil, atente para as seguintes assertivas.

I. Como forma de incitar o leitor a assistir ao filme, a sinopse conta detalhadamente o enredo em seu início e desenvolvimento, mas não o seu fim.

II. A descrição é a estrutura preponderante na organização dos enunciados da sinopse.

III. Com vistas a divulgar o filme, a sinopse procura, em certa medida, persuadir o leitor a interessar-se pela obra resumida.

IV. Embora a sinopse relate fatos passados já acontecidos nas cenas do filme, o tempo verbal que predomina na sinopse é o presente do indicativo para conferir atualidade ao que está sendo contado.

Está correto apenas o que se afirma em

Leia o que se afirma a seguir sobre a voz poética presente nos versos do poema Mulher Proletária:

I. O enunciador do poema apresenta a mulher proletária como um ser subjugado aos ditames da burguesia industrializada.

II. No poema, a mulher trabalhadora é reificada, sendo vista, assim, não como mãe ou esposa, mas como máquina presa à lógica de produção do sistema burguês capitalista.

III. Há uma voz no poema que denuncia a depreciação da mulher no mundo do trabalho como pessoa humana, em favor da necessidade de superprodução mercantil, sustentadora das desigualdades sociais.

IV. Vê-se, no poema, a emergência de uma voz alinhada com a visão de orientação marxista que defende que a sociedade capitalista se ergue na malbaratada oferta de mão de obra do trabalhador para a indústria mercantil.

Está correto o que se diz em

                                           T E X T

      EL TIGRE, Venezuela — Thousands of workers are fleeing Venezuela’s state-owned oil company, abandoning once-coveted jobs made worthless by the worst inflation in the world. And now the hemorrhaging is threatening the nation’s chances of overcoming its long economic collapse.

      Desperate oil workers and criminals are also stripping the oil company of vital equipment, vehicles, pumps and copper wiring, carrying off whatever they can to make money. The double drain — of people and hardware — is further crippling a company that has been teetering for years yet remains the country’s most important source of income.

      The timing could not be worse for Venezuela’s increasingly authoritarian president, Nicolás Maduro, who was re-elected last month in a vote that has been widely condemned by leaders across the hemisphere. Prominent opposition politicians were either barred from competing in the election, imprisoned or in exile.

      But while Mr. Maduro has firm control over the country, Venezuela is on its knees economically, buckled by hyperinflation and a history of mismanagement. Widespread hunger, political strife, devastating shortages of medicine and an exodus of well over a million people in recent years have turned this country, once the economic envy of many of its neighbors, into a crisis that is spilling over international borders.

      If Mr. Maduro is going to find a way out of the mess, the key will be oil: virtually the only source of hard currency for a nation with the world’s largest estimated petroleum reserves. But each month Venezuela produces less of it. Offices at the state oil company are emptying out, crews in the field are at half strength, pickup trucks are stolen and vital materials vanish. All of this is adding to the severe problems at the company that were already acute because of corruption, poor maintenance, crippling debts, the loss of professionals and even a lack of spare parts.

Now workers at all levels are walking away in large numbers, sometimes literally taking pieces of the company with them, union leaders, oil executives and workers say.

      A job with Petróleos de Venezuela, known as Pdvsa, used to be a ticket to the Venezuelan Dream. No more.

      Inflation in Venezuela is projected to reach an astounding 13,000 percent this year, according to the International Monetary Fund. When The New York Times interviewed Mr. Navas in May, the monthly salary for a worker like him was barely enough to buy a whole chicken or two pounds of beef. But with prices going up so quickly, it buys even less now.

      Junior Martínez, 28, who has worked in the oil industry for eight years, is assembling papers, including his diploma as a chemical engineer. His wife and her daughter left three months ago to earn money in Brazil. “I get 1,400,000 bolívars a week and it isn’t even enough to buy a carton of eggs or a tube of toothpaste,”Mr. Martínez said of his salary in bolívars, Venezuela’s currency.

      Mr. Martínez’s father, Ovidio Martínez, 55, recalled growing up here when the oil boom began. He cried as he spoke of his son’s determination to leave the country. “You watch your children leave and you can’t stop them,” the elder Mr. Martínez said, fighting back tears. “In this country, they don’t have a future.”

      In El Tigre, hundreds of people stood in line one recent morning outside a supermarket, many waiting since the evening before to buy whatever food they could.

                                         From: www.nytimes.com/June 14, 2018. Adapted.

Considerando os elementos que compõem a narrativa literária do conto Uma vela para Dario, atente para as seguintes assertivas:

I. O enredo do conto está construído com uma sequência temporal marcada pela organização lógica em que um fato desencadeia outros fatos, numa relação de causa e efeito.

II. O espaço pode ser considerado o elemento do conto mais explorado na narrativa, pois é nele em que se desenvolve todo o enredo sobre o sofrimento e a morte trágica de Dario.

III. O autor do conto é um narrador onisciente que conta a estória em terceira pessoa, observando de longe os fatos e demonstrando conhecer os pensamentos e sentimentos das personagens ao longo de toda a narrativa.

IV. O enredo do conto dá mais importância às ações narradas do que propriamente a nomes ou a características das personagens.

Está correto o que se afirma em