Prova de 2019: Centro de Estudos Superiores de Maceió - Centro Universitário — questões com gabarito

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In a prospective, randomised, controlled trial to determine whether comprehensive lifestyle changes affect coronary atherosclerosis after 1 year, 28 patients were assigned to an experimental group (low-fat vegetarian diet, stopping smoking, stress management training, and moderate exercise) and 20 to a usual-care control group. 195 coronary artery lesions were analysed by quantitative coronary angiography. The average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 40.0 (SD 16.9)% to 37.8 (16.5)% in the experimental group yet progressed from 42.7 (15.5)% to 46.1 (18.5)% in the control group. When only lesions greater than 50% stenosed were analysed, the average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 61.1 (8.8)% to 55.8 (11.0)% in the experimental group and progressed from 61.7 (9.5)% to 64.4 (16.3)% in the control group. Overall, 82% of experimental-group patients had an average change towards regression. Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression of even severe coronary atherosclerosis after only 1 year, without use of lipidlowering drugs

The research conducted showed that

Read the text below and answer the following  question based on it.

In a prospective, randomised, controlled trial to determine whether comprehensive lifestyle changes affect coronary atherosclerosis after 1 year, 28 patients were assigned to an experimental group (low-fat vegetarian diet, stopping smoking, stress management training, and moderate exercise) and 20 to a usual-care control group. 195 coronary artery lesions were analysed by quantitative coronary angiography. The average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 40.0 (SD 16.9)% to 37.8 (16.5)% in the experimental group yet progressed from 42.7 (15.5)% to 46.1 (18.5)% in the control group. When only lesions greater than 50% stenosed were analysed, the average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 61.1 (8.8)% to 55.8 (11.0)% in the experimental group and progressed from 61.7 (9.5)% to 64.4 (16.3)% in the control group. Overall, 82% of experimental-group patients had an average change towards regression. Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression of even severe coronary atherosclerosis after only 1 year, without use of lipidlowering drugs

In “Comprehensive lifestyle changes may be able to bring about regression…” may expresses:

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Humans are constantly learning new things. This ability helps us to grow and adapt to new situations daily. But a new study suggests that different learning mechanisms actually shape how the brain stores memories.

As humans, we have not only survived, but thrived throughout time thanks to our ability to learn and adapt to new situations.

Learning itself is a complex process, and there are different types of learning mechanisms through which the brain stores new information and updates old information.

In general terms, there are two ways of learning that humans use to acquire new information in the long term.

One is by association, or through experience. This is when we learn new things incidentally, just because we happened to come across them, or because we are in a new environment that we are learning to navigate little by little.

The other one is learning by reinforcement. This is when we purposefully set out to learn new information — when we take a language course, for example.

A new study conducted by researchers from the Department of Experimental Psychology, the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, and the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences — all in Oxford, United Kingdom — indicates that different learning mechanisms have links to memories stored in different parts of the brain.

The researchers add that not only do we store information differently depending on how we acquire it, but that it may be more or less easy for us to lose or change this information for the same reason.

The researchers also explain that the findings indicate that the brain can store information learned through reinforcement for a long time, while other types of information remain more available for updates.

"We also learned that some of this knowledge is very persistent, and the brain does not forget about it even when it becomes irrelevant, while knowledge acquired through an alternative learning mechanism is more flexible and can more easily be changed to new knowledge," notes KleinFlügge.

When it comes to unlearning or forgetting information, the researchers also note that information acquired incidentally through associations is easier to discard than information acquired through goal-oriented learning.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326826.php> Acessado em 29 de outubro de 2019.

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

Humans are constantly learning new things. This ability helps us to grow and adapt to new situations daily. But a new study suggests that different learning mechanisms actually shape how the brain stores memories.

As humans, we have not only survived, but thrived throughout time thanks to our ability to learn and adapt to new situations.

Learning itself is a complex process, and there are different types of learning mechanisms through which the brain stores new information and updates old information.

In general terms, there are two ways of learning that humans use to acquire new information in the long term.

One is by association, or through experience. This is when we learn new things incidentally, just because we happened to come across them, or because we are in a new environment that we are learning to navigate little by little.

The other one is learning by reinforcement. This is when we purposefully set out to learn new information — when we take a language course, for example.

A new study conducted by researchers from the Department of Experimental Psychology, the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, and the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences — all in Oxford, United Kingdom — indicates that different learning mechanisms have links to memories stored in different parts of the brain.

The researchers add that not only do we store information differently depending on how we acquire it, but that it may be more or less easy for us to lose or change this information for the same reason.

The researchers also explain that the findings indicate that the brain can store information learned through reinforcement for a long time, while other types of information remain more available for updates.

"We also learned that some of this knowledge is very persistent, and the brain does not forget about it even when it becomes irrelevant, while knowledge acquired through an alternative learning mechanism is more flexible and can more easily be changed to new knowledge," notes KleinFlügge.

When it comes to unlearning or forgetting information, the researchers also note that information acquired incidentally through associations is easier to discard than information acquired through goal-oriented learning.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326826.php> Acessado em 29 de outubro de 2019.

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

Humans are constantly learning new things. This ability helps us to grow and adapt to new situations daily. But a new study suggests that different learning mechanisms actually shape how the brain stores memories.

As humans, we have not only survived, but thrived throughout time thanks to our ability to learn and adapt to new situations.

Learning itself is a complex process, and there are different types of learning mechanisms through which the brain stores new information and updates old information.

In general terms, there are two ways of learning that humans use to acquire new information in the long term.

One is by association, or through experience. This is when we learn new things incidentally, just because we happened to come across them, or because we are in a new environment that we are learning to navigate little by little.

The other one is learning by reinforcement. This is when we purposefully set out to learn new information — when we take a language course, for example.

A new study conducted by researchers from the Department of Experimental Psychology, the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, and the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences — all in Oxford, United Kingdom — indicates that different learning mechanisms have links to memories stored in different parts of the brain.

The researchers add that not only do we store information differently depending on how we acquire it, but that it may be more or less easy for us to lose or change this information for the same reason.

The researchers also explain that the findings indicate that the brain can store information learned through reinforcement for a long time, while other types of information remain more available for updates.

"We also learned that some of this knowledge is very persistent, and the brain does not forget about it even when it becomes irrelevant, while knowledge acquired through an alternative learning mechanism is more flexible and can more easily be changed to new knowledge," notes KleinFlügge.

When it comes to unlearning or forgetting information, the researchers also note that information acquired incidentally through associations is easier to discard than information acquired through goal-oriented learning.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326826.php> Acessado em 29 de outubro de 2019.

Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.

Humans are constantly learning new things. This ability helps us to grow and adapt to new situations daily. But a new study suggests that different learning mechanisms actually shape how the brain stores memories.

As humans, we have not only survived, but thrived throughout time thanks to our ability to learn and adapt to new situations.

Learning itself is a complex process, and there are different types of learning mechanisms through which the brain stores new information and updates old information.

In general terms, there are two ways of learning that humans use to acquire new information in the long term.

One is by association, or through experience. This is when we learn new things incidentally, just because we happened to come across them, or because we are in a new environment that we are learning to navigate little by little.

The other one is learning by reinforcement. This is when we purposefully set out to learn new information — when we take a language course, for example.

A new study conducted by researchers from the Department of Experimental Psychology, the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, and the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences — all in Oxford, United Kingdom — indicates that different learning mechanisms have links to memories stored in different parts of the brain.

The researchers add that not only do we store information differently depending on how we acquire it, but that it may be more or less easy for us to lose or change this information for the same reason.

The researchers also explain that the findings indicate that the brain can store information learned through reinforcement for a long time, while other types of information remain more available for updates.

"We also learned that some of this knowledge is very persistent, and the brain does not forget about it even when it becomes irrelevant, while knowledge acquired through an alternative learning mechanism is more flexible and can more easily be changed to new knowledge," notes KleinFlügge.

When it comes to unlearning or forgetting information, the researchers also note that information acquired incidentally through associations is easier to discard than information acquired through goal-oriented learning.

Adaptado de: < https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326826.php> Acessado em 29 de outubro de 2019.

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Disponivel em: <https://caveviews.blogs.com/cave_news/2010/08/webmdeffect.html>. Acessado em 19 de outubro de 2019.

The patient’s assertion

Para a Época Moderna, o conceito de burocracia – entendido como a estrutura político-administrativa do Estado – pode ser útil para compreender o fortalecimento das monarquias europeias. Com a Dinastia dos Habsburgos, o Estado moderno espanhol ficou conhecido, entre os historiadores, como “governo de papel”, e Felipe II, como “rei papeleiro”, pois

Os países industrializados capitalistas, no século XIX, dominaram territórios e populações na África e na Ásia, com o objetivo de ampliar os mercados consumidores e explorar matérias-primas. Este processo ficou conhecido como Imperialismo. Neste mesmo período, foi possível verificar o desenvolvimento de várias áreas da Ciência, uma vez que

As políticas econômicas neoliberais aplicadas em países como Chile, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos, nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, serviram para a realização, em 1989, do Consenso de Washington, que preconizou uma série de medidas a serem adotadas por países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Entre as diretrizes, definidas no Consenso é possível destacar:

Os Tupis designavam Tapuias aos povos indígenas que não falavam sua língua, ou não compartilhavam sua cultura, caso dos povos de tronco linguístico Macro-Jê, também chamados pelos portugueses de “gente Bárbara”.

Sobre essa percepção dos Tupis acerca dos povos Macro-Jê, pode-se afirmar que:

A quase completa ocupação das terras litorâneas do Brasil, para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, pode ser considerada como uma das principais motivações para que a atividade pecuária, no século XVIII, se expandisse pelas terras mais longínquas dos Sertões.

Dentre os desdobramentos dessa ocupação, é possível salientar:

A partir dos anos 1930, a feijoada foi convertida em um “prato nacional” e, a capoeira, antes reprimida e criminalizada, passou a ser reconhecida como uma modalidade esportiva oficial. Essa valorização de elementos da cultura de matriz africana, contudo, convergiu com um projeto de poder fortemente nacionalista e autoritário, que se institucionalizou no Brasil durante

O romance “Vidas Secas” , 1938, do escritor, jornalista e político, natural de Alagoas, Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953), encerra uma severa crítica social, característica do Movimento Modernista, na sua segunda fase literária, denominada:

A poluição afeta a todos, ricos e pobres, com o efeito estufa e o buraco na camada de ozônio. Mas a poluição cotidiana afeta mais duramente os trabalhadores, que, intoxicados e ensurdecidos nos seus locais de trabalho, sob o efeito da poluição térmica das elevadas temperaturas dos altos fornos, perdem a cada semana parte de sua capacidade pulmonar por causa dos gases químicos, do pó da sílica e do asbesto.

(MINC, Carlos. Ecologia e Cidadania. São Paulo, Editora Moderna, 200

Sobre o tema abordado acima, é correto dizer que: 

1) o asbesto é um tipo de pó, oriundo da trituração do granito e do gnaisse, muito empregado na construção civil, mas provoca a moléstia asbestose, que consiste numa fibrose hepática, com repercussões nos pulmões daqueles que o aspiram.

2) muitos trabalhadores do setor secundário são expostos a processos intensivos de produção, sobre os quais, muitas vezes, não detêm qualquer controle, e cuja intensidade e duração são determinadas pela maximização dos lucros.

3) com o acúmulo de gases, como o CO2, o óxido nitroso, o metano e o nitrato de prata, maior quantidade de calor é retida na atmosfera, acarretando o aumento da temperatura na baixa troposfera.

4) os efeitos principais da radiação ultravioleta, em face da redução ou destruição do O3 estratosférico, recaem sobre a saúde dos seres humanos, a vida marinha e a vegetação, posto que o ozônio atua como um filtro para essa radiação.

5) numa região intensamente industrializada, a poluição atmosférica aumenta exponencialmente, atingindo a saúde humana, quando sistemas atmosféricos convectivos se instalam sobre ambientes urbanos.

Está(ão) correto(s)

Observe a figura a seguir, na qual estão representados alguns elementos importantes da dinâmica da atmosfera terrestre, indicados pelos números 1, 2, 3 e 4.

Assinale a alternativa que contém as denominações correspondentes aos números 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente

A ordem econômica, fundada na valorização do trabalho humano e na livre iniciativa, tem por fim, segundo a Constituição Brasileira, assegurar a todos existência digna e justiça social, conforme os seguintes princípios

De acordo com os diversos elementos geológicos e de relevo observados abaixo, é correto afirmar que esta figura é uma ilustração didática de:

A criação de bovinos desempenha um papel relevante no agronegócio brasileiro, ou seja, vincula-se à cadeia produtiva da agropecuária e representa um elemento na pauta de exportações do país. Sobre esses assuntos, é correto afirmar que:

1) o agronegócio corresponde ao conjunto de atividades ligadas à agropecuária, que inclui, também, fornecedores de equipamentos e serviços à zona rural e à industrialização de seus produtos.

2) a ocupação do território nacional foi, em grande parte, consequência da expansão da área utilizada por diferentes atividades agropecuárias, como, por exemplo, a pecuária bovina, no Nordeste brasileiro.

3) a cadeia da carne bovina destaca-se no contexto da economia rural brasileira, ocupando vasta área do território nacional e respondendo pela geração de emprego e renda de milhões de trabalhadores brasileiros.

4) as atividades de gerenciamento na pecuária de corte se relacionam diretamente com os processos de planejamento, organização, direção, mas não há necessidade do controle das atividades de manejo reprodutivo e, sim, dos aspectos nutricional e sanitário dos rebanhos.

5) as grandes transformações socioeconômicas, políticas, culturais e tecnológicas decorrentes da globalização aumentaram a complexidade da atividade agropecuária, mas, paradoxalmente, não interferiram nos processos de tomada de decisão nesse setor.

Estão corretas:

Em algumas cidades, a arquitetura urbana moderna contrasta com a arquitetura antiga. Convivem, numa mesma paisagem, momentos históricos diferentes. Sobretudo em cidades dos países subdesenvolvidos, o moderno, sinônimo de riqueza, contrasta com a pobreza (falta de infraestrutura, cortiços etc.).

(Adaptado de TERRA, Lygia e COELHO, Marcos de Amorim. Geografia Geral. São Paulo, Editora Moderna)

Esse fenômeno referido no texto é corretamente denominado de: