“justice, each getting what he or she is due. Formal justice is the impartial and consistent application of principles, whether…

“justice, each getting what he or she is due. Formal justice is the impartial and consistent application of principles, whether or not the principles themselves are just. Substantive justice is closely associated with rights, i.e., with what individuals can legitimately demand of one another or what they can legitimately demand of their government (e.g., with respect to the protection of liberty or the promotion of equality).

Retributive justice concerns when and why punishment is justified. Debate continues over whether punishment is justified as retribution for past wrongdoing or because it deters future wrongdoing. Those who stress retribution as the justification for punishment usually believe human beings have libertarian free will, while those who stress deterrence usually accept determinism.

At least since Aristotle, justice has commonly been identified both with obeying law and with treating everyone with fairness. But if law is, and justice is not, entirely a matter of convention, then justice cannot be identified with obeying law.”

The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. General Editor Robert Audi, Cambridge, U.K.: C.U.P., 1999. p.456.

Conforme o verbete, a justiça substantiva pode ser definida como a