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The World Might Be Running Low on Americans
The world has been stricken by scarcity. Our post-pandemic pantry has run bare of gasoline, lumber, microchips, chicken wings, ketchup packets, cat food, used cars and Chickfil-A sauce. Like the Great Toilet Paper Scare of 2020, though, many of these shortages are the consequence of near-term, Covid-related disruptions. Soon enough there will again be a chicken wing in every pot and more than enough condiments to go with it.
But there is one recently announced potential shortage that should give Americans great reason for concern. It is a shortfall that the nation has rarely had to face, and nobody quite knows how things will work when we begin to run out.
I speak, of course, of all of us: The world may be running low on Americans — most crucially, tomorrow’s working-age, childbearing, idea-generating, community-building young Americans. Late last month, the Census Bureau released the first results from its 2020 count, and the numbers confirmed what demographers have been warning of for years: The United States is undergoing “demographic stagnation,” transitioning from a relatively fast-growing country of young people to a slow-growing, older nation.
Many Americans might consider slow growth a blessing. Your city could already be packed to the gills, the roads clogged with traffic and housing prices shooting through the roof. Why do we need more folks? And, anyway, aren’t we supposed to be conserving resources on a planet whose climate is changing? Yet demographic stagnation could bring its own high costs, among them a steady reduction in dynamism, productivity and a slowdown in national and individual prosperity, even a diminishment of global power.
And there is no real reason we have to endure such a transition, not even an environmental one. Even if your own city is packed like tinned fish, the U.S. overall can accommodate millions more people. Most of the counties in the U.S. are losing working-age adults; if these declines persist, local economies will falter, tax bases will dry up, and local governments will struggle to maintain services. Growth is not just an option but a necessity — it’s not just that we can afford to have more people, it may be that we can’t afford not to.
But how does a country get more people? There are two ways: Make them, and invite them in. Increasing the first is relatively difficult — birthrates are declining across the world, and while family-friendly policies may be beneficial for many reasons, they seem to do little to get people to have more babies. On the second method, though, the United States enjoys a significant advantage — people around the globe have long been clamoring to live here, notwithstanding our government’s recent hostility to foreigners. This fact presents a relatively simple policy solution to a vexing long-term issue: America needs more people, and the world has people to send us. All we have to do is let more of them in.
For decades, the United States has enjoyed a significant economic advantage over other industrialized nations — our population was growing faster, which suggested a more youthful and more prosperous future. But in the last decade, American fertility has gone down. At the same time, there has been a slowdown in immigration.
The Census Bureau’s latest numbers show that these trends are catching up with us. As of April 1, it reports that there were 331,449,281 residents in the United States, an increase of just 7.4 percent since 2010 — the second-smallest decade-long growth rate ever recorded, only slightly ahead of the 7.3 percent growth during the Depression-struck 1930s.
The bureau projects that sometime next decade — that is, in the 2030s — Americans over 65 will outnumber Americans younger than 18 for the first time in our history. The nation will cross the 400-million population mark sometime in the late 2050s, but by then we’ll be quite long in the tooth — about half of Americans will be over 45, and one fifth will be older than 85.
The idea that more people will lead to greater prosperity may sound counterintuitive — wouldn’t more people just consume more of our scarce resources? Human history generally refutes this simple intuition. Because more people usually make for more workers, more companies, and most fundamentally, more new ideas for pushing humanity forward, economic studies suggest that population growth is often an important catalyst of economic growth.
A declining global population might be beneficial in some ways; fewer people would most likely mean less carbon emission, for example — though less than you might think, since leading climate models already assume slowing population growth over the coming century. And a declining population could be catastrophic in other ways. In a recent paper, Chad Jones, an economist at Stanford, argues that a global population decline could reduce the fundamental innovativeness of humankind. The theory is simple: Without enough people, the font of new ideas dries up, Jones argues; without new ideas, progress could be imperiled.
There are more direct ways that slow growth can hurt us. As a country’s population grows heavy with retiring older people and light with working younger people, you get a problem of too many eaters and too few cooks. Programs for seniors like Social Security and Medicare may suffer as they become dependent on ever-fewer working taxpayers for funding. Another problem is the lack of people to do all the work. For instance, experts predict a major shortage of health care workers, especially home care workers, who will be needed to help the aging nation.
In a recent report, Ali Noorani, the chief executive of the National Immigration Forum, an immigration-advocacy group, and a co-author, Danilo Zak, say that increasing legal immigration by slightly more than a third each year would keep America’s ratio of working young people to retired old people stable over the next four decades.
As an immigrant myself, I have to confess I
find much of the demographic argument in favor
of greater immigration quite a bit too anodyne.
Immigrants bring a lot more to the United States
than simply working-age bodies for toiling in
pursuit of greater economic growth. I also believe
that the United States’ founding idea of universal
equality will never be fully realized until we
recognize that people outside our borders are as
worthy of our ideals as those here through an
accident of birth.
Texto 3
Retrato
Cecília Meireles

Texto 2
Mulher (Sexo Frágil)

Texto 2
Mulher (Sexo Frágil)

A carroça sem cavalo
Conta-se que, em noites frias de inverno, descia um forte nevoeiro trazido pelo mar e, nessa noite, ouviam-se muitos barulhos estranhos. Os moradores da cidade de São Francisco, que é a cidade mais antiga de Santa Catarina, eram acordados de madrugada com um barulho perturbador. Ao abrirem a janela de casa, os moradores assustavam-se com a cena: viam uma carroça andando sem cavalo e sem ninguém puxando... Andava sozinha! Na carroça, havia objetos barulhentos, como panelas, bules, inclusive alguns objetos amarrados do lado de fora da carroça. O medo dominou a pequena cidade. Conta-se ainda que um carroceiro foi morto a coices pelo seu cavalo, por maltratar o animal. Nas noites de manifestação da assombração, a carroça saía de um nevoeiro, assustava a população e, depois de um tempo, voltava a desaparecer no nevoeiro.
Disponível em: www.gazetaonline.com.br. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2017 (adaptado).
Considerando-se que os diversos gêneros que circulam na sociedade cumprem uma função
social específica, esse texto tem por função
Indústria cultural da felicidade
Tornou-se perigoso o emprego da palavra felicidade desde seu mau uso pela propaganda. Os que se negam a usá-la acreditam liberar os demais dos desvios das falsas necessidades, das bugigangas que se podem comprar em shoppings grã-finos ou em camelôs na beira da calçada, que, juntos, sustentam a indústria cultural da felicidade à qual foi reduzido o que, antes, era o ideal ético de uma vida justa. Infelicidade poderia ser o nome próprio desse novo estado da alma humana que se perdeu de si ao perder-se do sentido do que está a fazer. Desespero é um termo ainda mais agudo quando se trata da perda do sentido das ações pela perda da capacidade de reflexão sobre o que se faz. A felicidade publicitária está ao alcance dos dedos e não promete um depois. Resulta disso a massa de “desesperados” trafegando como zumbis nos shoppings e nas farmácias do país em busca de alento.
TIBURI, M. Disponível em: http://revistacult.uol.com.br. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2014 (adaptado).
Ao reprovar a ação da indústria da felicidade e um comportamento humano, o texto associa a

Disponível em: www.ricmais.com.br. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2011 (adaptado).
De acordo com as intenções comunicativas e os recursos linguísticos que se destacam,
determinadas funções são atribuídas à linguagem. A função que predomina nesse texto é a
conativa, uma vez que ele
O que dizer de um corpo flácido, gordo, considerado deselegante nos dias de hoje, mas que era, há não muito tempo, considerado sensual e inspirador por pintores clássicos? Como entender o conceito de saúde, associado antigamente a um corpo robusto, até mesmo gordo, e atualmente relacionado a um corpo magro? E o corpo já não tão jovem, sobre o qual é imposta uma série de “consertos” e “reparos” para parecer mais jovem? O que se pode dizer é que o corpo é uma síntese da cultura, pois, através do seu corpo, o ser humano vai assimilando e se apropriando dos valores, normas e costumes sociais, em um processo de incorporação.
DAOLIO, J. Os significados do corpo na cultura e as implicações para a educação física. Movimento, n. 2, 1995 (adaptado).
As mudanças das representações sobre o corpo ao longo da história são provenientes da

GOAL
GOAL has worked to improve access to food for highly vulnerable and food-insecure
households in many districts of Zimbabwe. We identify such households, supply them with
monthly food rations, and conduct monthly post-distribution monitoring. GOAL works in the
same districts, to improve access to food for the most vulnerable primary school children during
the peak hungry months. The emphasis is on orphans and vulnerable children. GOAL provides
short-term food security support to other vulnerable households by increasing the availability of
grain, and by helping enhance their ability to meet basic needs.
Disponível em: www.goal.ie. Acesso em: 5 dez. 2012 (adaptado).
Tendo como público-alvo crianças órfãs e em situações de vulnerabilidade, a organização não
governamental GOAL tem atuado no Zimbábue para
Texto 3
The lessons Italy has learned about its COVID-19 outbreak could help the rest of the world
Only carefully conducted epidemiological studies will bring to light exactly how and why COVID-19 took off in northern Italy with such speed. But in the midst of the emergency, experts say there are already lessons to be gleaned from Italy's fatal errors — and urgent messages for other parts of the world.
"The biggest mistake we made was to admit patients infected with COVID-19 into hospitals throughout the region," said Carlo Borghetti, the vice- premier of Lombardy, an economically crucial region with a population of 10 million.
"We should have immediately set up separate structures exclusively for people sick with coronavirus. I recommend the rest of the world do this, to not send COVID patients into health-care facilities that are still uninfected."
Already, Italian cities in other regions are doing this, as well as field hospitals in Milan and Bergamo, Lombardy, which are almost complete.
However, the virus was not only spread to "clean" — i.e. infection-free — hospitals by admitting positive patients. In early March, as the number of infected was doubling every few days, authorities allowed overwhelmed hospitals to transfer those who tested positive but weren't gravely ill into assistedliving facilities for the elderly.
"It was like throwing a lit match onto a haystack," said Borghetti, who spoke out against the directive at the time. "Some facilities refused to take in the positive patients. For those that did [take them in], it was devastating."
Along with the tragic misstep of putting infected people under the same roof as clusters of the most physically vulnerable, Borghetti and others point to a deeper structural factor that accelerated the outbreak in northern Italy: a highly centralized health-care system with large hospitals as its focus.
From: shorturl.at/cMRTW. Accesses on 04/09/2020




