Espanhol
Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de LecturaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
Questões do ENEM: Linguagens e nível difícil
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4.735 questões encontradas. Mostrando a página 157 de 237.
91A1CFB6-B7 918A2272-B7 Espanhol
Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de LecturaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
A través del título del texto el Señor Torres afirmaB04015AB-B7 Português
Coesão e coerênciaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTextoO conto que vem a seguir é classificado como fantástico. O conto fantástico se constitui de uma narrativa em que se chocam o plano do natural e o plano do sobrenatural (vocábulo que indica somente o que não é natural, não tem conotação religiosa). Nesse conflito, o âmbito do sobrenatural invade o âmbito do natural, geralmente desestruturando-o. O desfecho de uma narrativa fantástica não deve proporcionar, ao contrário do desfecho da narrativa de mistério, um esclarecimento, no texto, para o fato sobrenatural.A LUA“Seja aquela uma noite solitária, e não digna de louvor.” (Jó, III, 7)
Murilo Rubião. Contos reunidos. p. 133-135.
Atente ao que se diz sobre “O invisível andava pelas minhas mãos” (linha 87-88).I. Há, no enunciado em destaque, um desvio no nível textual quando se atribui ao “invisível” a faculdade de andar.II. Construiu-se em “O invisível andava pelas minhas mãos” uma metáfora de grande alcance sensorial.III. Com o processo descrito anteriormente, ocorreu uma intensificação da sensação tátil. Mas, como é o “invisível” que se torna palpável, há uma ênfase na dificuldade de, no meio da escuridão, a personagem narradora visualizar Cris, apesar de ela sentir que ele deve estar por perto.Está correto o que se diz emB03AEADD-B7 Português
Interpretação de TextosUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTextoO conto que vem a seguir é classificado como fantástico. O conto fantástico se constitui de uma narrativa em que se chocam o plano do natural e o plano do sobrenatural (vocábulo que indica somente o que não é natural, não tem conotação religiosa). Nesse conflito, o âmbito do sobrenatural invade o âmbito do natural, geralmente desestruturando-o. O desfecho de uma narrativa fantástica não deve proporcionar, ao contrário do desfecho da narrativa de mistério, um esclarecimento, no texto, para o fato sobrenatural.A LUA“Seja aquela uma noite solitária, e não digna de louvor.” (Jó, III, 7)Murilo Rubião. Contos reunidos. p. 133-135.
O texto literário possibilita mais de uma leitura: uma no plano superficial e outra ou outras no plano mais profundo. Apliquemos esta teoria no texto em estudo. Quando o narrador-personagem mata Cris, sai do corpo do morto a lua. Atente ao que se diz sobre o fenômeno.I. Uma leitura mais superficial do texto indicaria que o surgimento da lua nas mãos de Cris supriria a falta de luz naquela rua.II. Uma leitura mais profunda do texto seria no campo simbólico: a lua representaria a transformação, o crescimento, a passagem da vida à morte.Sobre as declarações acima, pode-se afirmar corretamente queB0259186-B7 Português
Interpretação de TextosUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTextoO conto que vem a seguir é classificado como fantástico. O conto fantástico se constitui de uma narrativa em que se chocam o plano do natural e o plano do sobrenatural (vocábulo que indica somente o que não é natural, não tem conotação religiosa). Nesse conflito, o âmbito do sobrenatural invade o âmbito do natural, geralmente desestruturando-o. O desfecho de uma narrativa fantástica não deve proporcionar, ao contrário do desfecho da narrativa de mistério, um esclarecimento, no texto, para o fato sobrenatural.A LUA“Seja aquela uma noite solitária, e não digna de louvor.” (Jó, III, 7)Murilo Rubião. Contos reunidos. p. 133-135.
Observe o que se diz sobre a técnica da narrativa em foco.I. A narrativa é feita em primeira pessoa, por um narrador que, sendo também personagem, narra somente de sua perspectiva. A narrativa em primeira pessoa é apropriada ao conto fantástico porque quem narra é a mesma pessoa que viveu o episódio narrado. Não o ouviu de terceiros.II. A narrativa é feita por um narrador personagem onisciente, que penetra no interior das outras personagens e consegue ler seus pensamentos. Essa técnica narrativa não é apropriada ao conto fantástico, uma vez que o narrador, sendo consciente de tudo, sabe qual o mistério que dá sustentação ao sobrenatural.III. A narração é feita da perspectiva da personagem não-narradora. Essa personagem, participando dos acontecimentos, segue as outras personagens e pode narrar tudo o que elas fazem e até prever o que estão escondendo e guardando para ser revelado somente no final, o que aumenta a sensação do mistério.Está correto o que se diz somente emB013E741-B7 Português
Interpretação de TextosUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTextoCINEMA
Nélson Werneck Sodré. Síntese de História da Cultura Brasileira. Extraído da 15ª edição, de 1988. p. 79-80; 91-92. Texto adaptado.
Nas linhas 12 e 13, o locutor emprega dois modalizadores: “pode (ser)” e “deve (ser)”. Atente ao que se diz sobre esse uso.I. Com o uso do “pode (ser)”, o locutor expressa possibilidade; com o uso do “deve (ser)”, indica obrigatoriedade.II. O emprego dessas duas expressões modalizadoras, do modo como aparecem no texto, é um recurso linguístico para valorizar a segunda: “deve (ser)”.III. Expressões como a primeira atenuam a responsabilidade do locutor; expressões como a segunda maximizam a responsabilidade do locutor.Está correto o que se diz emB00352A5-B7 Português
Coesão e coerênciaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTextoCINEMA
Nélson Werneck Sodré. Síntese de História da Cultura Brasileira. Extraído da 15ª edição, de 1988. p. 79-80; 91-92. Texto adaptado.A oração “Exigindo a alfabetização” (linha 7) poderia ser substituída, sem prejuízo da compreensão do texto, por
4CE6C978-B7 Espanhol
Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de LecturaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
Esta noticia sobre la peregrinación anual de los musulmanes nos informa también:
4CD10393-B7 Espanhol
Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de LecturaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
De acuerdo con la noticia, la Señora Gillard
4CC88F99-B7 Espanhol
Flexão do Nome | Flexíon de las PalabrasUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
La expresión “sus primeros pasos” (línea 4), en el singular está correcta en
4CC4656C-B7 Espanhol
Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de LecturaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
La noticia sobre el zoológico de San Diego añade todavía que la cría de oso panda64C38BA5-B7 Português
Análise sintáticaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTexto 2
(O texto 2 foi extraído da obra Capitães da areia, de Jorge Amado, que conta a triste história de um grupo de crianças e adolescentes que vivem na rua, conhecidos como “capitães da areia”. À noite, recolhem-se para dormir num velho trapiche abandonado. O grupo pratica pequenos furtos para sobreviver, e seus membros se unem para defender-se da perseguição da polícia. Quando presos, são encaminhados para reformatórios, onde sofrem toda sorte de abusos.
O grupo, formado somente de meninos, recebeu, um dia, uma menina chamada Dora, de treze para catorze anos, cuja mãe morrera. Com o irmão, Zé Fuinha, ela foi para a rua, onde conheceu a turma dos Capitães da Areia e nela se integrou. Dora, uma menina loura e bonita, disposta para o trabalho, acabou conquistando todos: era mãe para os pequenos, e amiga e irmã para os mais velhos, alguns dos quais se apaixonaram por ela. Mas ela amava mesmo era o chefe dos Capitães, o valente Pedro Bala. Presa e recolhida a um orfanato, até que o namorado a resgatasse e a levasse para o velho trapiche, adoeceu e morreu. Horas antes de morrer, pediu a Pedro Bala que a fizesse mulher. Ele hesitou porque a via muito doente, mas, por fim, atendeu ao seu pedido. Na manhã seguinte, ela estava morta.
O capítulo que você vai ler narra a reação desesperada de Pedro Bala logo depois que levam o corpo de sua amada para alto mar, onde finalmente repousará.)
No trecho que vai da linha 96 à linha 100, pode-se detectar, entre os três períodos, relações de64B72313-B7 Português
Interpretação de TextosUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTexto 1
Cem anos de Jorge Amado, o contador de histórias
Por Rachel Bertol, no Valor Econômico
Atente aos comentários feitos entre as linhas 58 e 63, e ao que se pode concluir deles.
I. O cinema é uma arte menor.
II. Foi perniciosa a influência do cinema sobre a literatura.
III. O cinema enfatiza a história.
Está correto o que se diz em
64B36A6A-B7 Português
Interpretação de TextosUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTexto 1
Cem anos de Jorge Amado, o contador de histórias
Por Rachel Bertol, no Valor Econômico
Considerando-se a abordagem do texto sobre os problemas enfrentados pela crítica literária, estabelecem-se as seguintes conclusões:
I. Determinar as consequências da centralização da literatura na história.
II. Mensurar a influência do partido comunista sobre o sucesso dos escritores a ele filiados.
III. Demarcar os limites entre a boa literatura que traz ingredientes populares e a literatura que peca pelo apelo ao popular.
Está correto o que se diz apenas em
9E47BF3D-B7 Inglês
Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTEXT
MORE and more retired people are heading back to the nearest classroom — as students and, in some cases, teachers — and they are finding out that school can be lovelier the second time around. Some may be thinking of second careers, but most just want to keep their minds stimulated, learn something new or catch up with a subject they were always curious about but never had time for.
For many, at least part of the motivation is based on widespread reports that exercising the brain may preserve it, forestalling mental decline and maybe even Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Is there any truth to it? And if there is, what type of learning is best suited to the older brain?
Many studies do find that being mentally active is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease. But the standard caveat applies: association does not prove cause and effect, and there is always the chance that the mentally active people who never got Alzheimer’s simply had healthier brains to begin with. Even, so, researchers say, there is no harm in telling people to try to stay engaged.
“When you and I are having this conversation, you’re taking notes, thinking, remembering pieces of it, trying to relate it to other things,” said Arthur Toga, a professor of neurology and director of the laboratory of neuroimaging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “You’re changing the circuitry in your brain. That is because you have changed something in your brain to retain that memory.”
Dr. Toga elaborated: “The conversation requires nerve cells in the brain to fire, and when they fire they are using energy. More oxygen and sugar must be delivered, by increased blood flow to those regions.
“Why would that be good? If you are vasodilating, delivering more blood to certain regions of the brain, that is important. It increases the longevity and the health of those circuits. In adults, if I ask you to perform tasks you’ve never done before, the amount of brain it takes for you to try and do it is far greater than the amount of brain it takes for you to do something you’re already good at. So yes, exercising the brain is good.” Playing video games probably qualifies as a type of brain exercise, he said, though older people might not sharpen their skills as fast as younger ones do.
Dr. Toga warned that while using the brain might help avert some of the mental slowing that normally comes with aging, it had its limits. “I do not believe that it forestalls degenerative disease, however,” he said. “That’s a different process.”
But research continues. Dr. William Jagust, a professor of public health and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, said there were two main theories that tried to explain why exercising the brain might make it more resistant to disease. One is the “cognitive reserve” theory, which says that if the brain is in the best possible shape with extensive neuronal connections from being used a lot, it may be able to withstand the onset of Alzheimer’s disease for a while and symptoms may take longer to develop.
A hallmark of Alzheimer’s is deposits in the brain of an abnormal form of a protein called amyloid. “A paper we published showed that people who were more cognitively active over their whole life span had less amyloid,” Dr. Jagust said.
“My interpretation is that people who are more cognitively active have more efficient brains,” Dr. Jagust said. “What seems to happen in aging is that older people seem to have less efficient brains.” A scan of brain activity on a 20- year-old being asked to remember something will show less activity needed than in an 80-year-old asked to perform the same task.
“Older people seem to activate or bring on line brain areas that young people don’t use,” Dr. Jagust said. “They have to work their brains harder. So people who stay cognitively active may use their brains more efficiently.” That way, they may generate fewer amyloid deposits. But he emphasized that being mentally active throughout life — not just in old age — was what mattered.
Nonetheless, Dr. Jagust acknowledged, “this is all theoretical.”
It is a good idea to try something new.
“A variety of things is important,” Dr. Toga said. “We try to encourage people to do certain things because it couldn’t hurt and may be good.Retaining lots of social interaction is really important. It involves so much of the brain. You have to interpret facial expressions and understand new concepts.
[...]
One of the largest programs for retirees is at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay (it is not associated with Osher). Called Learning in Retirement, it is sponsored by the university, with more than 1,000 members and more than 240 courses a year. Michael W. Murphy, who spent more than 30 years as an English professor, said this program had brought him some of the greatest joy he had experienced in the classroom. Since 2001, when he stepped down from his post as acting dean at the university, he has been teaching poetry and other subjects to Learning in Retirement members. It is an unpaid position. “I’ve always enjoyed teaching, and the idea of teaching without having to read papers, correct tests and worst of all, give out grades, was really appealing,” Dr. Murphy said.
To his delight, the students actually want to be there. They take the time to tell him how much they appreciate him and sometimes even break into applause after his lectures. The students include doctors, lawyers, professors and highschool dropouts. “The biggest problem I had teaching 18-year-olds was a kind of general apathy,” Dr. Murphy said. “They were looking forward to a career in high finance and I was trying to teach them to appreciate Tennyson. The fact that these people show up, and toddle in or waddle in, some with their walkers or wheelchairs, it’s heartwarming.”
www.nytimes.com/, March 7, 2012
One cause of Dr. Murphy’s delight is the fact that in the “Learning in Retirement” program9E438FC1-B7 Inglês
Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTEXT
MORE and more retired people are heading back to the nearest classroom — as students and, in some cases, teachers — and they are finding out that school can be lovelier the second time around. Some may be thinking of second careers, but most just want to keep their minds stimulated, learn something new or catch up with a subject they were always curious about but never had time for.
For many, at least part of the motivation is based on widespread reports that exercising the brain may preserve it, forestalling mental decline and maybe even Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Is there any truth to it? And if there is, what type of learning is best suited to the older brain?
Many studies do find that being mentally active is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease. But the standard caveat applies: association does not prove cause and effect, and there is always the chance that the mentally active people who never got Alzheimer’s simply had healthier brains to begin with. Even, so, researchers say, there is no harm in telling people to try to stay engaged.
“When you and I are having this conversation, you’re taking notes, thinking, remembering pieces of it, trying to relate it to other things,” said Arthur Toga, a professor of neurology and director of the laboratory of neuroimaging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “You’re changing the circuitry in your brain. That is because you have changed something in your brain to retain that memory.”
Dr. Toga elaborated: “The conversation requires nerve cells in the brain to fire, and when they fire they are using energy. More oxygen and sugar must be delivered, by increased blood flow to those regions.
“Why would that be good? If you are vasodilating, delivering more blood to certain regions of the brain, that is important. It increases the longevity and the health of those circuits. In adults, if I ask you to perform tasks you’ve never done before, the amount of brain it takes for you to try and do it is far greater than the amount of brain it takes for you to do something you’re already good at. So yes, exercising the brain is good.” Playing video games probably qualifies as a type of brain exercise, he said, though older people might not sharpen their skills as fast as younger ones do.
Dr. Toga warned that while using the brain might help avert some of the mental slowing that normally comes with aging, it had its limits. “I do not believe that it forestalls degenerative disease, however,” he said. “That’s a different process.”
But research continues. Dr. William Jagust, a professor of public health and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, said there were two main theories that tried to explain why exercising the brain might make it more resistant to disease. One is the “cognitive reserve” theory, which says that if the brain is in the best possible shape with extensive neuronal connections from being used a lot, it may be able to withstand the onset of Alzheimer’s disease for a while and symptoms may take longer to develop.
A hallmark of Alzheimer’s is deposits in the brain of an abnormal form of a protein called amyloid. “A paper we published showed that people who were more cognitively active over their whole life span had less amyloid,” Dr. Jagust said.
“My interpretation is that people who are more cognitively active have more efficient brains,” Dr. Jagust said. “What seems to happen in aging is that older people seem to have less efficient brains.” A scan of brain activity on a 20- year-old being asked to remember something will show less activity needed than in an 80-year-old asked to perform the same task.
“Older people seem to activate or bring on line brain areas that young people don’t use,” Dr. Jagust said. “They have to work their brains harder. So people who stay cognitively active may use their brains more efficiently.” That way, they may generate fewer amyloid deposits. But he emphasized that being mentally active throughout life — not just in old age — was what mattered.
Nonetheless, Dr. Jagust acknowledged, “this is all theoretical.”
It is a good idea to try something new.
“A variety of things is important,” Dr. Toga said. “We try to encourage people to do certain things because it couldn’t hurt and may be good.Retaining lots of social interaction is really important. It involves so much of the brain. You have to interpret facial expressions and understand new concepts.
[...]
One of the largest programs for retirees is at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay (it is not associated with Osher). Called Learning in Retirement, it is sponsored by the university, with more than 1,000 members and more than 240 courses a year. Michael W. Murphy, who spent more than 30 years as an English professor, said this program had brought him some of the greatest joy he had experienced in the classroom. Since 2001, when he stepped down from his post as acting dean at the university, he has been teaching poetry and other subjects to Learning in Retirement members. It is an unpaid position. “I’ve always enjoyed teaching, and the idea of teaching without having to read papers, correct tests and worst of all, give out grades, was really appealing,” Dr. Murphy said.
To his delight, the students actually want to be there. They take the time to tell him how much they appreciate him and sometimes even break into applause after his lectures. The students include doctors, lawyers, professors and highschool dropouts. “The biggest problem I had teaching 18-year-olds was a kind of general apathy,” Dr. Murphy said. “They were looking forward to a career in high finance and I was trying to teach them to appreciate Tennyson. The fact that these people show up, and toddle in or waddle in, some with their walkers or wheelchairs, it’s heartwarming.”
www.nytimes.com/, March 7, 2012
The “Learning in Retirement” program of the university of Wisconsin9E3C2F86-B7 Inglês
Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTEXT
MORE and more retired people are heading back to the nearest classroom — as students and, in some cases, teachers — and they are finding out that school can be lovelier the second time around. Some may be thinking of second careers, but most just want to keep their minds stimulated, learn something new or catch up with a subject they were always curious about but never had time for.
For many, at least part of the motivation is based on widespread reports that exercising the brain may preserve it, forestalling mental decline and maybe even Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Is there any truth to it? And if there is, what type of learning is best suited to the older brain?
Many studies do find that being mentally active is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease. But the standard caveat applies: association does not prove cause and effect, and there is always the chance that the mentally active people who never got Alzheimer’s simply had healthier brains to begin with. Even, so, researchers say, there is no harm in telling people to try to stay engaged.
“When you and I are having this conversation, you’re taking notes, thinking, remembering pieces of it, trying to relate it to other things,” said Arthur Toga, a professor of neurology and director of the laboratory of neuroimaging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “You’re changing the circuitry in your brain. That is because you have changed something in your brain to retain that memory.”
Dr. Toga elaborated: “The conversation requires nerve cells in the brain to fire, and when they fire they are using energy. More oxygen and sugar must be delivered, by increased blood flow to those regions.
“Why would that be good? If you are vasodilating, delivering more blood to certain regions of the brain, that is important. It increases the longevity and the health of those circuits. In adults, if I ask you to perform tasks you’ve never done before, the amount of brain it takes for you to try and do it is far greater than the amount of brain it takes for you to do something you’re already good at. So yes, exercising the brain is good.” Playing video games probably qualifies as a type of brain exercise, he said, though older people might not sharpen their skills as fast as younger ones do.
Dr. Toga warned that while using the brain might help avert some of the mental slowing that normally comes with aging, it had its limits. “I do not believe that it forestalls degenerative disease, however,” he said. “That’s a different process.”
But research continues. Dr. William Jagust, a professor of public health and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, said there were two main theories that tried to explain why exercising the brain might make it more resistant to disease. One is the “cognitive reserve” theory, which says that if the brain is in the best possible shape with extensive neuronal connections from being used a lot, it may be able to withstand the onset of Alzheimer’s disease for a while and symptoms may take longer to develop.
A hallmark of Alzheimer’s is deposits in the brain of an abnormal form of a protein called amyloid. “A paper we published showed that people who were more cognitively active over their whole life span had less amyloid,” Dr. Jagust said.
“My interpretation is that people who are more cognitively active have more efficient brains,” Dr. Jagust said. “What seems to happen in aging is that older people seem to have less efficient brains.” A scan of brain activity on a 20- year-old being asked to remember something will show less activity needed than in an 80-year-old asked to perform the same task.
“Older people seem to activate or bring on line brain areas that young people don’t use,” Dr. Jagust said. “They have to work their brains harder. So people who stay cognitively active may use their brains more efficiently.” That way, they may generate fewer amyloid deposits. But he emphasized that being mentally active throughout life — not just in old age — was what mattered.
Nonetheless, Dr. Jagust acknowledged, “this is all theoretical.”
It is a good idea to try something new.
“A variety of things is important,” Dr. Toga said. “We try to encourage people to do certain things because it couldn’t hurt and may be good.Retaining lots of social interaction is really important. It involves so much of the brain. You have to interpret facial expressions and understand new concepts.
[...]
One of the largest programs for retirees is at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay (it is not associated with Osher). Called Learning in Retirement, it is sponsored by the university, with more than 1,000 members and more than 240 courses a year. Michael W. Murphy, who spent more than 30 years as an English professor, said this program had brought him some of the greatest joy he had experienced in the classroom. Since 2001, when he stepped down from his post as acting dean at the university, he has been teaching poetry and other subjects to Learning in Retirement members. It is an unpaid position. “I’ve always enjoyed teaching, and the idea of teaching without having to read papers, correct tests and worst of all, give out grades, was really appealing,” Dr. Murphy said.
To his delight, the students actually want to be there. They take the time to tell him how much they appreciate him and sometimes even break into applause after his lectures. The students include doctors, lawyers, professors and highschool dropouts. “The biggest problem I had teaching 18-year-olds was a kind of general apathy,” Dr. Murphy said. “They were looking forward to a career in high finance and I was trying to teach them to appreciate Tennyson. The fact that these people show up, and toddle in or waddle in, some with their walkers or wheelchairs, it’s heartwarming.”
www.nytimes.com/, March 7, 2012
According to Dr. Jagust, the theory of “cognitive reserve” states that if the brain is in good shape with many neuronal connections from being really active, it may9E334C7B-B7 Inglês
Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTEXT
MORE and more retired people are heading back to the nearest classroom — as students and, in some cases, teachers — and they are finding out that school can be lovelier the second time around. Some may be thinking of second careers, but most just want to keep their minds stimulated, learn something new or catch up with a subject they were always curious about but never had time for.
For many, at least part of the motivation is based on widespread reports that exercising the brain may preserve it, forestalling mental decline and maybe even Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Is there any truth to it? And if there is, what type of learning is best suited to the older brain?
Many studies do find that being mentally active is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease. But the standard caveat applies: association does not prove cause and effect, and there is always the chance that the mentally active people who never got Alzheimer’s simply had healthier brains to begin with. Even, so, researchers say, there is no harm in telling people to try to stay engaged.
“When you and I are having this conversation, you’re taking notes, thinking, remembering pieces of it, trying to relate it to other things,” said Arthur Toga, a professor of neurology and director of the laboratory of neuroimaging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “You’re changing the circuitry in your brain. That is because you have changed something in your brain to retain that memory.”
Dr. Toga elaborated: “The conversation requires nerve cells in the brain to fire, and when they fire they are using energy. More oxygen and sugar must be delivered, by increased blood flow to those regions.
“Why would that be good? If you are vasodilating, delivering more blood to certain regions of the brain, that is important. It increases the longevity and the health of those circuits. In adults, if I ask you to perform tasks you’ve never done before, the amount of brain it takes for you to try and do it is far greater than the amount of brain it takes for you to do something you’re already good at. So yes, exercising the brain is good.” Playing video games probably qualifies as a type of brain exercise, he said, though older people might not sharpen their skills as fast as younger ones do.
Dr. Toga warned that while using the brain might help avert some of the mental slowing that normally comes with aging, it had its limits. “I do not believe that it forestalls degenerative disease, however,” he said. “That’s a different process.”
But research continues. Dr. William Jagust, a professor of public health and neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, said there were two main theories that tried to explain why exercising the brain might make it more resistant to disease. One is the “cognitive reserve” theory, which says that if the brain is in the best possible shape with extensive neuronal connections from being used a lot, it may be able to withstand the onset of Alzheimer’s disease for a while and symptoms may take longer to develop.
A hallmark of Alzheimer’s is deposits in the brain of an abnormal form of a protein called amyloid. “A paper we published showed that people who were more cognitively active over their whole life span had less amyloid,” Dr. Jagust said.
“My interpretation is that people who are more cognitively active have more efficient brains,” Dr. Jagust said. “What seems to happen in aging is that older people seem to have less efficient brains.” A scan of brain activity on a 20- year-old being asked to remember something will show less activity needed than in an 80-year-old asked to perform the same task.
“Older people seem to activate or bring on line brain areas that young people don’t use,” Dr. Jagust said. “They have to work their brains harder. So people who stay cognitively active may use their brains more efficiently.” That way, they may generate fewer amyloid deposits. But he emphasized that being mentally active throughout life — not just in old age — was what mattered.
Nonetheless, Dr. Jagust acknowledged, “this is all theoretical.”
It is a good idea to try something new.
“A variety of things is important,” Dr. Toga said. “We try to encourage people to do certain things because it couldn’t hurt and may be good.Retaining lots of social interaction is really important. It involves so much of the brain. You have to interpret facial expressions and understand new concepts.
[...]
One of the largest programs for retirees is at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay (it is not associated with Osher). Called Learning in Retirement, it is sponsored by the university, with more than 1,000 members and more than 240 courses a year. Michael W. Murphy, who spent more than 30 years as an English professor, said this program had brought him some of the greatest joy he had experienced in the classroom. Since 2001, when he stepped down from his post as acting dean at the university, he has been teaching poetry and other subjects to Learning in Retirement members. It is an unpaid position. “I’ve always enjoyed teaching, and the idea of teaching without having to read papers, correct tests and worst of all, give out grades, was really appealing,” Dr. Murphy said.
To his delight, the students actually want to be there. They take the time to tell him how much they appreciate him and sometimes even break into applause after his lectures. The students include doctors, lawyers, professors and highschool dropouts. “The biggest problem I had teaching 18-year-olds was a kind of general apathy,” Dr. Murphy said. “They were looking forward to a career in high finance and I was trying to teach them to appreciate Tennyson. The fact that these people show up, and toddle in or waddle in, some with their walkers or wheelchairs, it’s heartwarming.”
www.nytimes.com/, March 7, 2012
One of the conclusions reached by Dr. Jagust related to the brain was that
9D818B04-B7 Português
Conjunções: Relação de causa e consequênciaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosContextualização para o texto III
(Ronald de Carvalho foi um dos escritores brasileiros que tiveram participação ativa na famigerada Semana de Arte Moderna, na qual pronunciou a conferência intitulada “A pintura e escultura moderna no Brasil”. Era um poeta de tendência conservadora, “indeciso entre o Simbolismo e o Parnasianismo”, conforme diz Agripino Grieco e como denunciam suas duas primeiras obras — Luz Gloriosa e Poemas e sonetos. Em 1922, porém, publica Epigramas Irônicos e Sentimentais, onde se pode encontrar uma teoria do verso moderno. Segundo Júlio de Carvalho, Ronald de Carvalho mostra, nessa obra, haver adquirido “consciência de que o poeta rompe em cada poema com uma série de códigos: o da língua, o da arte poética, etc.”.)Ronald de Carvalho foi um dos escritores brasileiros que tiveram participação ativa na famigerada Semana de Arte Moderna, na qual pronunciou a conferência intitulada “A pintura e escultura moderna no Brasil”. Era um poeta de tendência conservadora, “indeciso entre o Simbolismo e o Parnasianismo”, conforme diz Agripino Grieco e como denunciam suas duas primeiras obras — Luz Gloriosa e Poemas e sonetos. Em 1922, porém, publica Epigramas Irônicos e Sentimentais, onde se pode encontrar uma teoria do verso moderno. Segundo Júlio de Carvalho, Ronald de Carvalho mostra, nessa obra, haver adquirido “consciência de que o poeta rompe em cada poema com uma série de códigos: o da língua, o da arte poética, etc.”.)
TEXTO III
Assinale V ou F conforme sejam verdadeiras ou falsas as afirmações feitas sobre o poema:( ) Os dois primeiros versos têm valor de afirmação.( ) O texto pode ser considerado um metapoema.( ) As aspas usadas nos versos 3 e 4 (Linhas 181-183) e nos versos 15 e 16 (Linhas 195- 197) justificam-se por corresponderem esses versos às vozes do outro.( ) O emprego do mas no verso 6 (Linha 185) introduz uma oposição: a voz do poeta modernista opõe-se à voz do poeta parnasiano.( ) O sujeito lírico desautoriza a palavra do poeta parnasiano, usando uma palavra semelhante à desse poeta.( ) o enunciador fala ao enunciatário, que é o poeta passadista, na segunda pessoa do singular.Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:9D74A4CD-B7 Português
Coesão e coerênciaUECE · 2012DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritosTEXTO II
Leia o que se diz sobre alguns elementos do texto.
I. O pronome eles (Linha 159) refere-se à expressão essa gente (Linhas 157-158), por meio de uma relação ideológica.
II. O pronome isso (Linha 167) refere-se ao vocábulo justo (Linha 167).
III. Na expressão maldades moças (Linha 170), moças funciona como determinante de maldades.
Está correto o que se afirma em