Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

Instrução: Leia o texto Status of same-sex marriage para responder a questão.

                                                 Status of same-sex marriage

Argentina

                                                                                                                                    (http://en.wikipedia.org/. Adaptado.)

Com base nas informações do texto, o que podemos inferir a respeito da situação atual dos casais do mesmo sexo na Argentina?

Considere os versos de Gonçalves Dias.

Assim como na prosa de José de Alencar, na poesia de Gonçalves Dias o índio é retratado

Leia o trecho do romance Memórias de um sargento de milícias, de Manuel Antônio de Almeida, para responder à questão.

    Em certas casas os agregados eram muito úteis, porque a família tirava grande proveito de seus serviços [...]; outras vezes porém e estas eram em maior número, o agregado, refinado vadio, era uma verdadeira parasita que se prendia à árvore familiar, que lhe participava da seiva sem ajudá-la a dar os frutos, e o que é mais ainda, chegava mesmo a dar cabo dela. E o caso é que, apesar de tudo, se na primeira hipótese o esmagavam com o peso de mil exigências, se lhe batiam a cada passo com os favores na cara, se o filho mais velho da casa, por exemplo, o tomava por seu divertimento, e à menor e mais justa queixa saltavam-lhe os pais em cima tomando o partido de seu filho, no segundo aturavam quanto desconforto havia com paciência de mártir; o agregado tornava-se quase rei em casa, punha, dispunha, castigava os escravos, ralhava com os filhos, intervinha enfim nos mais particulares negócios.

             (Memórias de um sargento de milícias, 2016.)

Leia o trecho do romance Memórias de um sargento de milícias, de Manuel Antônio de Almeida, para responder à questão.

    Em certas casas os agregados eram muito úteis, porque a família tirava grande proveito de seus serviços [...]; outras vezes porém e estas eram em maior número, o agregado, refinado vadio, era uma verdadeira parasita que se prendia à árvore familiar, que lhe participava da seiva sem ajudá-la a dar os frutos, e o que é mais ainda, chegava mesmo a dar cabo dela. E o caso é que, apesar de tudo, se na primeira hipótese o esmagavam com o peso de mil exigências, se lhe batiam a cada passo com os favores na cara, se o filho mais velho da casa, por exemplo, o tomava por seu divertimento, e à menor e mais justa queixa saltavam-lhe os pais em cima tomando o partido de seu filho, no segundo aturavam quanto desconforto havia com paciência de mártir; o agregado tornava-se quase rei em casa, punha, dispunha, castigava os escravos, ralhava com os filhos, intervinha enfim nos mais particulares negócios.

             (Memórias de um sargento de milícias, 2016.)

Leia o trecho do romance Menino de engenho, de José Lins do Rego, para responder à questão.

     A velha Totonha de quando em vez batia no engenho. E era um acontecimento para a meninada. Ela vivia de contar histórias de Trancoso1 . Pequenina e toda engelhada2 , tão leve que uma ventania poderia carregá-la, andava léguas e léguas a pé, de engenho a engenho, como uma edição viva das Mil e uma noites. Que talento ela possuía para contar as suas histórias, com um jeito admirável de falar em nome de todos os personagens! Sem nem um dente na boca, e com uma voz que dava todos os tons às palavras.

                                                                            (Menino de engenho, 2000.)

1 Trancoso: escritor português do século XVI.

2 engelhada: enrugada.

Leia o trecho do romance Menino de engenho, de José Lins do Rego, para responder à questão.

     A velha Totonha de quando em vez batia no engenho. E era um acontecimento para a meninada. Ela vivia de contar histórias de Trancoso1 . Pequenina e toda engelhada2 , tão leve que uma ventania poderia carregá-la, andava léguas e léguas a pé, de engenho a engenho, como uma edição viva das Mil e uma noites. Que talento ela possuía para contar as suas histórias, com um jeito admirável de falar em nome de todos os personagens! Sem nem um dente na boca, e com uma voz que dava todos os tons às palavras.

                                                                            (Menino de engenho, 2000.)

1 Trancoso: escritor português do século XVI.

2 engelhada: enrugada.

Está em conformidade com as regras de concordância da norma-padrão da língua portuguesa a seguinte frase escrita a partir do texto:

Leia o trecho do conto de Guimarães Rosa para responder à questão.

    A Moça e o Moço, quando entre si, passavam-se um embebido olhar, diferente do dos outros; e radiava em ambos um modo igual, parecido. Eles olhavam um para o outro como os passarinhos ouvidos de repente a cantar, as árvores pé-ante-pé, as nuvens desconcertadas: como do assoprado das cinzas a esplendição das brasas. Eles se olhavam para não-distância, estiadamente, sem saberes, sem caso.

                                                     (“Nenhum, nenhuma”. Primeiras estórias, 1988.)

Leia o trecho do conto de Guimarães Rosa para responder à questão.

    A Moça e o Moço, quando entre si, passavam-se um embebido olhar, diferente do dos outros; e radiava em ambos um modo igual, parecido. Eles olhavam um para o outro como os passarinhos ouvidos de repente a cantar, as árvores pé-ante-pé, as nuvens desconcertadas: como do assoprado das cinzas a esplendição das brasas. Eles se olhavam para não-distância, estiadamente, sem saberes, sem caso.

                                                     (“Nenhum, nenhuma”. Primeiras estórias, 1988.)

Leia o texto para responder à questao.

     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questao.

     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

O termo “however” torna explícita a relação entre o primeiro e segundo parágrafos e indica

Leia o texto para responder à questao.

     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo “People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a

Leia o texto para responder à questao.

     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo “could be a form of hallucination”, o termo sublinhado implica

Leia o texto para responder à questao.

     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o último parágrafo, um argumento a favor da concepção científica da experiência fora do corpo é a

    Consider an experiment by sociologist Devah Pager, who sent pairs of experimenters — one black and one white — to apply for 340 job ads in New York City. She gave them resumes altered to have identical qualifications. She gave them scripts so that the applicants said the same things when handing in their applications. She even dressed them alike. She found that black applicants got half the call backs that white applicants got with the same qualifications.

(Keith Payne. www.scientificamerican.com, 18.07.2019. Adaptado.)

The experiment results suggest the existence of