Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

Leia o texto para responder às questões

Prescriptions for fighting epidemics 

    Epidemics have plagued humanity since the dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that could kill more than 300 million people would come round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both highly lethal and spread easily among humans. Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed in farms, an animal disease can become a human one.
    A front-runner for global pandemics is the seasonal influenza virus, which mutates so much that a vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route.

                                                                                                     (www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.)

                   Fake news could ruin social media, but there’s still hope

by: Guðrun í Jákupsstovu

Camille Francois, director of research and analysis at Graphika, told the audience of her talk at TNW Conference:

“Disinformation campaigns, or fake news is a concept we’ve known about for years, but few people realize how varied the concept can be and how many forms it comes in. When the first instances of fake news started to surface, they were connected with bots. These flooded conversations with alternative stories in order to create noise and, in turn, silence what was actually being said”.

According to Francois, today’s disinformation campaigns are far more varied than just bots – and much harder to detect. For example, targeted harassment campaigns are carried out against journalists and human-rights activists who are critical of governments or big organizations.

“We see this kind of campaigns happening at large scale in countries like the Philippines, Turkey, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The point of these campaigns is to flood the narrative these people try to create with so much noise that their original message gets silenced, their reputation gets damaged, and their credibility undermined. I call this patriotic trolling.”

There are also examples of disinformation campaigns mobilizing people. This was evident during the US elections in 2016 when many fake events suddenly started popping up on Facebook. One Russian Facebook page “organized” an anti-Islam event, while another “organized” a pro-Islam demonstration. The two fake events gathered activists to the same street in Texas, leading to a stand-off.

Francois explains how amazed she is that, in spite of social media being the main medium for these different disinformation campaigns, actual people also still use it to protest properly.

If we look at countries, like Turkey – where there’s a huge amount of censorship and smear campaigns directed at human right defenders and journalists – citizens around the world and in those places still use social media to denounce corruption, to organize human rights movements and this proves that we still haven’t lost the battle of who owns social media.

This is an ongoing battle, and it lets us recognize the actors who are trying to remove the option for people to use social media for good. But everyday you still have people all over the world turning to social media to support their democratic activities. This gives me hope and a desire to protect people’s ability to use social media for good, for denouncing corruption and protecting human rights.

Adapted from:<https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2018/05/25/> . Access 09 Oct. 2018.

Glossary

bot: (short for "robot"): um programa automático que roda na Internet; to flood: inundar; trolling: fazer postagem deliberadamente ofensiva para provocar alguém; popping up: surgir, aparecer; stand-off: impasse: smear campaigns: campanhas de difamação.

                                         T E X T

                          Can you learn in your sleep?

      Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

      Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

      The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

      New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

      For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

      However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

      Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

      Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

      To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

      "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

      Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

      "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

      Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

      Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

      So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

                                         T E X T

                          Can you learn in your sleep?

      Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

      Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

      The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

      New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

      For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

      However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

      Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

      Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

      To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

      "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

      Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

      "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

      Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

      Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

      So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

                                             TEXTO 3

Sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil

Capitão América: Guerra Civil encontra Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) liderando o recém-formado time de Vingadores em seus esforços continuados para proteger a humanidade. Mas, depois que um novo incidente envolvendo os Vingadores resulta num dano colateral, a pressão política se levanta para instaurar um sistema de contagem liderado por um órgão governamental para supervisionar e dirigir a equipe.

O novo status quo divide os Vingadores, resultando em dois campos: um liderado por Steve Rogers e seu desejo de que os Vingadores permaneçam livres para defender a humanidade sem a interferência do governo; o outro seguindo a surpreendente decisão de Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) em apoio à supervisão e contagem do governo.

Capitão América 3 tem direção dos irmãos Joe e Anthony Russo, produção de Kevin Feige e grande elenco formado por Scarlett Johansson (Viúva Negra), Sebastian Stan (Soldado Invernal), Anthony Mackie (Falcão), Emily Van Camp (Agente 13), Don Cheadle (Máquina de Combate), Jeremy Renner (Gavião Arqueiro), Chadwick Boseman (Pantera Negra), Paul Bettany (Visão), Elizabeth Olsen (Feiticeira Escarlate), Pail Rudd (Homem-Formiga), Frank Grillo (Ossos Cruzados), William Hurt (General Thunderbolt) e Daniel Brühl (Barão Zenom).

Disponível em: http://www.adorocinema.com/noticias/filmes/noticia118069/. Acesso em: 02.11.2018.

Sobre a configuração linguística e textual da sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil, atente para as seguintes assertivas.

I. Como forma de incitar o leitor a assistir ao filme, a sinopse conta detalhadamente o enredo em seu início e desenvolvimento, mas não o seu fim.

II. A descrição é a estrutura preponderante na organização dos enunciados da sinopse.

III. Com vistas a divulgar o filme, a sinopse procura, em certa medida, persuadir o leitor a interessar-se pela obra resumida.

IV. Embora a sinopse relate fatos passados já acontecidos nas cenas do filme, o tempo verbal que predomina na sinopse é o presente do indicativo para conferir atualidade ao que está sendo contado.

Está correto apenas o que se afirma em

Leia o que se afirma a seguir sobre a voz poética presente nos versos do poema Mulher Proletária:

I. O enunciador do poema apresenta a mulher proletária como um ser subjugado aos ditames da burguesia industrializada.

II. No poema, a mulher trabalhadora é reificada, sendo vista, assim, não como mãe ou esposa, mas como máquina presa à lógica de produção do sistema burguês capitalista.

III. Há uma voz no poema que denuncia a depreciação da mulher no mundo do trabalho como pessoa humana, em favor da necessidade de superprodução mercantil, sustentadora das desigualdades sociais.

IV. Vê-se, no poema, a emergência de uma voz alinhada com a visão de orientação marxista que defende que a sociedade capitalista se ergue na malbaratada oferta de mão de obra do trabalhador para a indústria mercantil.

Está correto o que se diz em

E grita a piranha cor de palha, irritadíssima:

– Tenho dentes de navalha, e com um pulo de ida‐e‐volta resolvo a questão!...

– Exagero... – diz a arraia – eu durmo na areia, de ferrão a prumo, e sempre há um descuidoso que vem se espetar.

– Pois, amigas, – murmura o gimnoto*, mole, carregando a bateria – nem quero pensar no assunto: se eu soltar três pensamentos elétricos, bate‐poço, poço em volta, até vocês duas boiarão mortas...

*peixe elétrico.

Esse texto, extraído de Sagarana, de Guimarães Rosa,

O povo que chupa o caju, a manga, o cambucá e a jabuticaba, pode falar uma língua com igual pronúncia e o mesmo espírito do povo que sorve o figo, a pera, o damasco e a nêspera?  

                  José de Alencar. Bênção Paterna. Prefácio a Sonhos d’ouro.

A graciosa ará, sua companheira e amiga, brinca junto dela. Às vezes sobe aos ramos da árvore e de lá chama a virgem pelo nome, outras remexe o uru de palha matizada, onde traz a selvagem seus perfumes, os alvos fios do crautá, as agulhas da juçara com que tece a renda e as tintas de que matiza o algodão.

                                                                           José de Alencar. Iracema.

Glossário:

“ará”: periquito; “uru”: cesto; “crautá”: espécie de bromélia; “juçara”: tipo de palmeira espinhosa. 

TEXTO I

Também chamados impressões ou imagens fotogramáticas [...], os fotogramas são, numa definição genérica, imagens realizadas sem a utilização da câmera fotográfica, por contato direto de um objeto ou material com uma superfície fotossensível exposta a uma fonte de luz. Essa técnica, que nasceu junto com a fotografia e serviu de modelo a muitas discussões sobre a ontologia da imagem fotográfica, foi profundamente transformada pelos artistas da vanguarda, nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Representou mesmo, ao lado das colagens, fotomontagens e outros procedimentos técnicos, a incorporação definitiva da fotografia à arte moderna e seu distanciamento da representação figurativa.

COLUCCI, M. B. Impressões fotogramáticas e vanguardas: as experiências de Man Ray. Studium, n. 2, 2000.

No fotograma de Man Ray, o “distanciamento da representação figurativa” a que se refere o Texto I manifesta-se na

Dia 20/10

É preciso não beber mais. Não é preciso sentir vontade de beber e não beber: é preciso não sentir vontade de beber. É preciso não dar de comer aos urubus. É preciso fechar para balanço e reabrir. É preciso não dar de comer aos urubus. Nem esperanças aos urubus. É preciso sacudir a poeira. É preciso poder beber sem se oferecer em holocausto. É preciso. É preciso não morrer por enquanto. É preciso sobreviver para verificar. Não pensar mais na solidão de Rogério, e deixá-lo. É preciso não dar de comer aos urubus. É preciso enquanto é tempo não morrer na via pública.

TORQUATO NETO. In: MENDONÇA, J. (Org.) Poesia (im)popular brasileira. São Bernardo do Campo: Lamparina Luminosa, 2012.

O processo de construção do texto formata uma mensagem por ele dimensionada, uma vez que

                        More than 100 South African gold miners

                                treated for smoke inhalation

      JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) – Hundreds of South African gold mine workers were rescued and over 100 treated for smoke inhalation after an underground fire, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) said on Thursday.

      Safety is a huge issue in South Africa’s dangerous deep-level mines and a focus for investors. A spate of deaths at SibanyeStillwater’s gold operations, including a seismic event that killed seven miners in early May, has highlighted the risks.

      In the latest incident, more than 600 miners were initially trapped after a fire broke out at a mine east of Johannesburg operated by unlisted Gold One, NUM said.

      This comes almost two weeks after five miners died in an underground fire at a South African copper mine operated by unlisted Palabora Mining Company in Limpopo.

      Company officials could not immediately be reached for comment.

      “As the NUM, we vehemently condemn this kind of incident as it is becoming a trend”, the union said in a statement.

(Disponível em:<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-mining-fire/more-than-100-south-african-gold-miners-treated-for-smoke-inhalation-idUSKBN1KG294  .)

      O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 41 a 45.

Com base no texto, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

1. Na frase “Os animais falantes e as fadas madrinhas não procuram confortar as crianças, e sim dotá-las de ferramentas para viver, em vez de incutir rígidos patrões de conduta, e estimular seu raciocínio moral”, a vírgula depois de “conduta” pode ser suprimida sem alteração do sentido.

2. Na frase “A ganhadora do prêmio Nobel, admiradora de Andersen – cuja coragem se destacava por ter criado finais tristes –, ressalta a importância de se assustar...”, a vírgula depois do segundo travessão pode ser corretamente suprimida.

3. No trecho “...não só encapsulam os mitos duradouros de uma cultura, como também contêm uma explicação geral do mundo...”, a vírgula depois de “cultura” pode ser corretamente suprimida.

Assinale a alternativa correta.