Todas as questões do ENEM

O centro de sustentação do Estado Novo estava corporificado funcional e pessoalmente na figura de Vargas – o único civil a comandar uma ditadura no Brasil, garantida pelas forças armadas, em especial pelo Exército, e apoiada numa política de massas [...].

SCHWARCZ, Lilia M.; STARLING, Heloisa M. Brasil: uma biografia. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2015. p. 374.

Entre 1937 e 1945, o Brasil foi governado ditatorialmente por Getúlio Vargas. Tal período ficou conhecido como Estado Novo. Sobre a política trabalhista desse período, assinale a alternativa correta.

“O homem do Iluminismo não é apenas o sujeito cognoscente do século XVII celebrizado pela afirmação cartesiana penso, logo existo: é também aquilo que se pode conhecer; é sujeito, mas também objeto do conhecimento.”

ALMEIDA, Silvio. Racismo estrutural. São Paulo: Sueli Carneiro; Editora Jandaíra, 2020, p. 25-26.

O texto reflete sobre a construção das noções de “homem” e de “raça” na modernidade. Nesse contexto, o Iluminismo

A reflexão sobre a produção do espaço urbano demanda ponderar o aprofundamento das diferenças socioespaciais nesse espaço, de modo que diferentes grupos, a depender de suas posições sociais e econômicas, se apropriam de maneiras distintas das relações, estruturas e processos da vida urbana. Enquanto alguns grupos optam por se afastarem, e até pelo isolamento socioespacial, por meio da escolha de seus lugares de residência, por exemplo, em condomínios fechados de alto padrão. Para outros, esse afastamento é imposto, tendo de ocupar áreas na cidade com pouca infraestrutura e que dificultam o acesso, a mobilidade e o usufruto de serviços essenciais. Neste último caso, pode-se citar alguns conjuntos habitacionais destinados a população de baixa renda.

Os processos mencionados no enunciado são 

Os movimentos migratórios ocorrem no interior dos países e de um país a outro, resultando, dentre outros aspectos, na problemática dos refugiados no mundo. Segundo a Agência da ONU para Refugiados (ACNUR), pessoas que estão fora de seu país de origem devido a fundados temores de perseguição relacionados a questões de raça, religião, nacionalidade, pertencimento a um determinado grupo social ou opinião política, como também devido à grave e generalizada violação de direitos humanos e aos conflitos armados são classificadas como refugiados. As anamorfoses geográficas são um tipo de representação cartográfica que permitem visualizar de forma mais evidente a espacialidade de fenômenos, por exemplo, o migratório, como pode ser verificado nas figuras I e II. 

Dísponivel em: IBGE Educa - https://educa.ibge.gov.br/professoresleduca-recursos/20815. Acesso em: 02 jun. 2023

Nota: São considerados deslocados internos as pessoas que foram forçadas a deixar suas casas ou residências habituais para evitar os efeitos de conflitos armados, situações de violência generalizadas, violação de direitos humanos ou desastres naturais ou ocasionados pelo homem e que permaneceram em seus países de origem.

Interprete as figuras I e II e assinale a alternativa correta.

As projeções cartográficas podem ser classificadas quanto à manutenção ou não de certas propriedades geométricas da área representada, pois suas construções variam a depender do tipo de superfície que se utiliza, conforme demonstram as seguintes figuras.

 Disponível em: https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/handle/ri/19766. Acesso em: 27 maio 2023 (adaptado).

Com relação às projeções cartográficas, assinale a alternativa correta.

O avanço da tecnologia ao longo dos anos permitiu revolucionar a forma como consumimos, interagimos e nos mantemos informados. Sua aplicação pode ser útil, por exemplo, na resolução de problemas sociais e ambientais. Desta forma, sempre que há uma menção a respeito das características presentes nas novas tecnologias é comum a identificação, principalmente das suas virtudes, como a capacidade de se conectar pessoas, entreter e facilitar as nossas vidas. Com base no texto introdutório, assinale a alternativa correta em relação aos requisitos e às contribuições que as novas tecnologias podem apresentar para um desenvolvimento social transformador do mundo em um lugar mais justo, igualitário, sustentável e próspero a todos.

Evidências científicas mostram que maiores quantidades e intensidades mais altas de atividade física estão associadas a múltiplos resultados benéficos para a saúde. As evidências também mostram que a atividade física reduz o risco de depressão e que as intervenções de atividade física reduzem os sintomas depressivos em crianças e adolescentes com e sem depressão severa. A atividade física tem efeitos positivos na função cognitiva e nos resultados acadêmicos (por exemplo, memória, função executiva e desempenho escolar, respectivamente) em crianças e adolescentes. A atividade física também está associada a resultados benéficos na composição corporal em crianças e adolescentes.

CHAPUT, Jean-Philippe et al. 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: summary of the evidence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, v. 17, p. 1-9, 2020.

A importância de um estilo de vida ativo para a saúde durante todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento humano é bem evidenciado na literatura científica. No entanto, as práticas corporais para saúde devem focalizar o exercício com esses objetivos. Considerando todos os componentes da aptidão física relacionados à saúde, assinale a alternativa correta para indicação de exercícios físicos. 

É o registro integral da fala do personagem, do modo como ele a diz. Isso equivale a afirmar que o personagem fala diretamente, sem a interferência do narrador, que se limita a introduzi-la.

Exemplo: Ela andava e pensava: – Droga! Estou tão cansada!

É o registro indireto da fala do personagem através do narrador, isto é, o narrador é o intermediário entre o instante da fala do personagem e o leitor, de modo que a linguagem do discurso indireto é a do narrador.

Exemplo: Ela andava e pensava que (a vida) era uma droga e que estava cansada.

● DISCURSO INDIRETO LIVRE

É um registro de fala ou de pensamento de personagem, que consiste num meio-termo entre o discurso direto e o indireto, porque apresenta expressões típicas do personagem, mas também a mediação do narrador.

Exemplo: Ela andava (e pensava). Droga! Estava tão cansada.

GANCHO, Cândida Vilares. Como analisar narrativas. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 2006. p. 14.

[...] Acordou antes do sol. Supervisionou o desjejum. Só faltou estudar linha por linha, algarismo por algarismo. Uma barbada. E assim chegou ao primeiro ponto. Esse vestibular é uma vergonha. No meu tempo, nem exame de admissão ao ginásio era tão fácil. E a gente fazia antes dos 11 anos de idade. Olhe aqui as perguntas de história do Brasil. Cinco opções. O mais rematado cretino, cego, surdo, mudo e já defunto, acerta na mosca. Veja o que chamam de matemática. O caixeiro da padaria é um Einstein, sem essa maquininha de esvaziar cabeça. Pois bem. Os dois se viram no maior aperto.

[...] Vai ver que passa. E acaba um bom administrador de empresa. Aí toca o negócio da família. Então por que o cretino cismou de ser músico? Se ao menos tivesse talento! A menina é uma tonta. Ainda bem que saiu de moda a tal de psicologia. Olhar vago, fala em informática. E toda sua filosofia consiste na obsessão da dieta. Sabe o que queria fazer? Adiar a prova por causa do horóscopo. Do horóscopo! Mais calmo, aceitou o drink e me perguntou pelo verbo “haver” na forma impessoal. Ainda ontem, ouvi um deputado dizer que “houveram” várias versões [...].

Disponível em: https://cronicabrasileira.org.br/cronicas/7030/vestibular-do-pai. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2023 (fragmento).

Após considerar as definições propostas por Gancho (2006), em relação aos tipos de discurso utilizados em narrativas, assinale a alternativa correta sobre a crônica Vestibular do pai (1992), de Otto Lara Resende.

Faz dez anos que a paranaense Lady Daiane de Vargas Flores cuida em tempo integral da mãe, que sofre de demência. Dona Maria Joana tem 68 anos e já não fala, não anda nem se alimenta sozinha.

“Ela virou um bebê total”, explica Daiane, 39 anos, à BBC News Brasil [...]. “Quando você vai ganhar um bebê, quer que a sua mãe esteja ao seu lado. Mas, comigo, o que aconteceu é que virei órfã de mãe e passei a ter uma filha a mais.”

[...]

Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, uma pesquisa do centro Pew estimou que quase um em cada quatro adultos americanos potencialmente se encaixa nessa definição [...]. Dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílio Contínua (Pnad Contínua) do IBGE em 2019 apontam que 54,1 milhões de brasileiros com 14 anos ou mais cuidavam de outros moradores da sua casa ou de outros parentes, mas não se sabe ao certo quantos cuidam de duas gerações ao mesmo tempo [...]. Há uma combinação de motivos por trás desse fenômeno global: como as pessoas estão tendo filhos mais tarde, e seus pais estão vivendo mais, muitas se veem lidando com os cuidados das duas gerações. Ao mesmo tempo, as famílias ficaram menores — e há menos pessoas com as quais dividir essas tarefas.

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c3g7ppnwn0zo. Acesso em: 20 jul. 2023 (adaptado).

Assinale a alternativa que traz em destaque exemplo de pronome relativo.

Projeto de lei pode fazer com que as mulheres passem a ser consideradas como contratações de risco

Por José Pastore

Com frequência, os legisladores, com a boa intenção de proteger as mulheres e conquistar o seu voto, acabam criando tantas dificuldades que o resultado final é uma verdadeira desproteção. Esse é o espírito do Projeto de Lei 1.558/2021 da Câmara dos Deputados que busca igualar o salário das mulheres ao dos homens. O projeto impõe ao empregador multa em favor da empregada no valor de cinco vezes a diferença verificada entre o seu salário e o dos empregados na mesma função durante todo o período de contratação. Isso vai causar uma verdadeira explosão de ações trabalhistas.

Atentem bem para a insegurança jurídica aqui embutida. Digamos que uma mulher, gerente de banco em uma pequena agência do interior ganhe menos do que seu colega que é gerente de uma grande agência numa região metropolitana. O nome da função é o mesmo. A empresa também é a mesma. Mas as responsabilidades são completamente diferentes. O projeto de lei não leva isso em conta, mas o mercado de trabalho considera muito a complexidade da função para definir a remuneração.

É evidente que a nova regra, se aprovada, vai provocar mais conflitos, mais despesas e mais desgastes emocionais. Não sei se os parlamentares avaliaram bem o valor da multa. Dou um exemplo para mostrar a extravagância. Para uma gerente que ganhe R$ 4 mil mensais e para a qual o auditor fiscal ou o juiz fixe o percentual de 30% referente à alegada diferença de remuneração ao longo de cinco anos de trabalho na empresa, o valor da multa chegará a R$ 520 mil. Se a funcionária tiver 20 anos na empresa, a multa ultrapassará os R$ 2 milhões, mais a correção dos débitos trabalhistas.

Está aí um irrecusável convite para judicializar o assunto e abalar a saúde financeira das empresas, pois nenhuma delas fez provisão desses montantes quando contrataram as referidas funcionárias, uma vez que essa regra não existia. Se esse projeto virar lei, temo que as mulheres passem a ser consideradas como contratações de risco, o que poderá levar os empregadores a evitá-las. Todos sairão perdendo.

Artigo originalmente publicado no Correio Braziliense em 3 de março de 2023.

Disponível em: https://www.fecomercio.com.br/noticia/quando-a-protecao-desprotege-as-mulheres. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2023 (adaptado).

Considerando gêneros textuais, como artigo, conto, crônica, etc., assinale a alternativa correta.

Disponible in: https://www.google.com/search?q=cartum+animais+em+ingles&tbm. Access in: May, 24 2023.

Which of the following statement best expresses the information presented in the cartoon?

Ultra-processed products now make up 60% of our diet – and they’re killing us

Strange as it may seem, food has replaced tobacco as the leading cause of early death globally. Each year,more people die in America from illnesses caused by poor diet than were killed fighting in every war in US history combined. In the UK the situation is equally 1. dire. Officially, the health effects of food are entirely due to its nutritional content – the amount of fat, salt, sugar and fibre it contains. The current system leaves it up to you to read the detailed information on the pack and decide how much to eat based on recommended values, and if you have children, you’ll need to know the values for them too. This is nigh-on impossible for most people – but even if you were able to calculate exactly how much fat, salt and sugar you were consuming in each 2. mouthful, you would still be neglecting one vital determinant of health – how the food was processed. You might feel like you’ve heard all this before. People have expressed concern about “processed food” for a long time, but it’s not always been an easy concept to 3. pin down. After all, we have been processing food for hundreds of thousands of years. The human diet was invented by primarily female domestic scientists who modified plants and animals by milling, shaking, pounding and grinding them, or altering them via fermentation and heat, before salting, smoking and drying them for preservation. Food processing has shaped almost every aspect of our bodies: we have the shortest guts of any animal our size because part of their job is outsourced to our kitchens. We are the only animal that must process its food to survive. Processing is fine.

But just over a decade ago a team of scientists in Brazil noticed a 4. paradox in the data from their national nutrition surveys. Obesity had gone from being rare, to being the country’s dominant public health problem – even though people were buying less oil and sugar. What theywere eating more of was industrially processed food: biscuits, emulsified breads, confectionary and so on. The team developed a definition that distinguished between traditional food, whole or processed, and these items, which they termed ultra processed foods, or UPFs for short.

Disponible in: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/15/the-big-idea-why-we-need-a-new-definition-of-junk-food. Access in: May, 15 2023 (adapted).

Choose the alternative whose bold words have similar meanings in the sentences.

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

The author argues that among all forms of phone communication, the one that can be a frequent cause of embarrassment to the individuals involved is

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

As to the rapid changes in the implicit rules/norms of phone communication, some people may feel bewildered and misunderstood, and this frequently happens when there is a

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

Besides talking to an expert on etiquette, the author mentions that other groups of individuals provided information for the writing of the guiding tips presented in the text, who were

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

When calling a person who does not answer, the suggestion presented in the text is that the caller

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

When considering the use of speakerphone amongst other people, the author of the text makes the point against it and argues that headphones, instead, could be used, but that would be only a partial solution because 

    Phone calls have been around for 147 years, the iPhone 16 years and FaceTime video voice mails about a week. Not surprisingly, how we make calls has changed drastically alongside advances in technology. Now people can have conversations in public on their smartwatches, see voice mails transcribed in real time and dial internationally midday without stressing about the cost.

    The phone norms also change quickly, causing some people to feel left behind or confused. The unwritten rules of chatting on the phone differ wildly between generations, leading to misunderstandings and frustration on all sides.

    We spoke to an etiquette expert and people of all ages about their own phone pet peeves to come up with the following guidance to help everyone navigate phone calls in 2023. These will vary depending on your relationship, your age and the context of the call. The closer you are to someone, the less the rules apply. Go ahead, FaceTime your mom with no warning while brushing your teeth.

    Tips to help you be a better phone caller:

    Voice mails are an artifact of the days before text messages. If you have information that needs to be communicated in an accurate, timely manner, you’re far better off putting it into writing as a text or email.

    The exceptions for the no-voice-mail rule are calling people who would love to hear your voice no matter what you’re saying, or sharing some kind of audio experience. Think besties and immediate family members singing happy birthday, a dispatch from friends at a Taylor Swift concert or a simple “I love you.”

    If you have a long juicy story you want to tell, consider sending it in a voice memo instead. It’s the best medium for a monologue.

    Calling someone without warning can feel stressful to the recipient. Instead, text them ahead of time to ask if they’re free to talk now, if they can you call when they’re free, or if they can pick a time they’d like to chat. If it’s someone you call regularly, find out what their ideal times are, like after work or only on Sunday afternoons.

    Wording and context are key for these pre-call texts. A simple “call me” text can feel urgent and make someone think there’s an emergency. Clarify if it’s urgent or just to catch-up. If it’s about a specific topic, mention it in the text what it is you’d like to talk about so they can be prepared.

    These steps are especially necessary for video calls. Catching someone on video at an unexpected time can be embarrassing for all involved. You should almost never start a FaceTime or other video call without warning.

    You don’t need to answer the phone. The responsibility isn’t only on the person dialing. Just because someone is calling you out of the blue does not mean you have to pick up. If you’re in a restaurant, using the bathroom or in a meeting, mute the call and get back to them at a convenient time. “We all have control of our phones and can decide if it’s the right time to answer it,” said Lizzie Post, etiquette expert and co-president at the Emily Post Institute.

    To be even more polite, send them a text. Smartphones will let you send an automated text response when you can’t answer.

    Many things don’t need to be a phone call at all. When you’re trying to decide on the best method of communication, consider what it is you want to say. Anything requiring nuance like opinions or emotional matters are best done over the phone, including arguments, catching up or connecting on a personal level. Factual updates, coordinating plans or anything that is more cut and dried often work best in writing. If something is complicated and will drag on too long as a text chain, go ahead and ask if they can talk.

    “Nobody has a good fight via text message,” says Post. “I get that sometimes it feels better to fight via text because you’re not actually confronting the person, but you get through it a lot faster on the phone.” If someone doesn’t answer your call, do not hang up and immediately call them again.

    If they have not responded to your text about the call they missed, do not send them an email about it. If it is an emergency, clearly state that right away in a text message.

    Voice mails are dead. Long live the video voice mail. Apple recently introduced a new feature in its iOS 17 update that lets you leave a video message when someone doesn’t answer your FaceTime call. It’s silly and fun and should be used that way, but keep in mind not everyone will find them delightful.

    It’s generally considered bad form to use speakerphone in public. Whether it’s a regular call, video call or smartwatch call, use headphones or save it for later. Headphones only solve half of the problem, however, as people still have to hear your side of the conversation. If you’re in a crowded area, like an office or store, be aware of other people’s personal space and your own volume.

    Video calls in public are also a sensitive issue. There are strangers around you who did not consent to being on camera, and they might also see something they’re not supposed to on your screen. Frame your shots accordingly.

    Phone calls aren’t dead! While hopping on the phone may be less common or involve more planning than it used to, it’s still a wonderful way to communicate. Talking to a person in real time can strengthen relationships, improve mental health and lessen loneliness.

Adapted from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/2023/09/25/

According to the text, conversations on the telephone can, among other aspects,

Atente para o seguinte excerto: “[...] O golpe de estado, na grande maioria dos casos, é uma reação contra as soluções revolucionárias ou reformistas, em andamento ou projetadas. Por isso, envolve a restauração e o endurecimento de estruturas arcaicas. Isto é, o golpe de estado sempre inaugura um estilo de poder autoritário e implica na cristalização da estrutura de apropriação”.

(IANNI, Octavio. O colapso do populismo no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1968.)

Com base nesse texto de Ianni, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.

Charles Wright Mills, sociólogo norte-americano que produziu sua obra entre os anos 1940 e 1950, buscava estudar, a partir dos conceitos de classe social e status, os processos, estratégias e mecanismos de dominação em uma sociedade. Mills em suas pesquisas demonstrava as lógicas sociais das estruturas de poder e como estas eram mantidas pelas elites norte-americanas para a manutenção da sociedade que lhes favorecia.

Considerando essa perspectiva de Mills, avalie as seguintes proposições sociológicas:

I. As elites são compostas por pessoas cujas posições de classe social lhes permitem influenciar e tomar decisões que afetam toda a sociedade.

II. As elites do poder não são solitárias e necessitam de conselheiros, políticos e formadores de opinião para capitanearem seus interesses e escolhas.

III. O status social das elites tem uma íntima relação com a posição na estrutura social e com o reconhecimento de que são uma classe superior na sociedade.

IV. Os estratos sociais dominantes conseguem se manter como elite do poder porque buscam uniões matrimoniais com todas as outras classes sociais.

É correto o que se afirma em