Todas as questões do ENEM

Dias depois da morte de D. Mariquinha, Seu Lula, todo de luto, reuniu os negros no pátio da casa-grande e falou para eles. A voz não era mais aquela voz mansa de outros tempos. Agora Seu Lula era o dono de tudo. O feitor, o negro Deodato, recebera as suas instruções aos gritos. Seu Lula não queria vadiação naquele engenho. Agora, todas as tardes, os negros teriam que rezar as ave-marias. Negro não podia mais andar de reza para S. Cosme e S. Damião. Aquilo era feitiçaria. [...]

E o feitor Deodato, com a proteção do senhor, começou a tratar a escravatura como um carrasco. O chicote cantava no lombo dos negros, sem piedade. Todos os dias chegavam negros chorando aos pés de D. Amélia, pedindo valia, proteção contra o chicote do Deodato. A fama da maldade do feitor espalhara-se pela várzea. O senhor de engenho do Santa Fé tinha um escravo que matava negro na peia. [...] E o Santa Fé foi ficando assim o engenho sinistro da várzea.

RÊGO, J. L. Fogo morto. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1989.

A condição dos trabalhadores escravizados do Santa Fé torna-se exponencialmente aflitiva após a morte da senhora do engenho. Nessa passagem, o sofrimento a que se submetem é intensificado pela reação à

Disponível em: www.vidasimples.uol.com.br. Acesso em: 6 dez. 2017 (adaptado).

A apropriação das informações produzidas na imagem do GPS, nesse texto, tem o propósito de

Porta dos Fundos: contrato vitalício

    Diretor: Ian SBF;

    Tempo: 1 h 46 min;

    Brasil, 2016. 

   O primeiro filme do grupo humorístico Porta dos Fundos, conhecido por seus mais de 12 milhões de assinantes no YouTube, estreou para o público brasileiro que curte as esquetes na internet. O desafio do grupo foi transformar os vídeos curtos em um longa para o cinema, que, apesar de grande investimento do elenco e dos produtores, não empolga tanto. O enredo conta com a dupla Rodrigo (F. Porchat) e Miguel (G. Duvivier), que, vencedores em Cannes, no auge de suas carreiras, decidem assinar um contrato vitalício em que o ator Rodrigo deverá participar de todos os filmes do produtor Miguel. A produção do filme maluco conta com o ótimo elenco do Porta dos Fundos: uma famosa blogueira, um jornalista de fofoca, um agente de celebridades, uma diretora de elenco radical, um detetive, um ajudante e atores. O ponto forte do filme é satirizar justamente o mundo das celebridades da internet e do cinema, ou seja, eles mesmos neste momento.

Disponível em: www.criticasdefilmes.com.br. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2017 (adaptado).

Nesse texto, um trecho que traz uma marca linguística da função avaliativa da resenha é 

    Durante cinco minutos, a banda norte-americana Atomic Tom deixou de lado microfones, guitarras, baixo e bateria. Mas eles não fizeram um show acústico como pode parecer. Eles utilizaram quatro aparelhos de telefone celular, cada um substituindo um instrumento, por meio de quatro aplicativos diferentes: Shred, Drum Meister, Pocket Guitar e Microphone. 

   Os quatro membros da banda embarcaram no metrô de Nova Iorque, ligaram seus celulares e começaram a tocar a música Take me Out sem nenhum tipo de anúncio, filmando a apresentação com outros aparelhos de telefone. O vídeo resultante foi sucesso no YouTube com mais de 2 milhões de visualizações.

Disponível em: www.tecmundo.com.br. Acesso em: 6 jun. 2018 (adaptado). 

A apresentação da banda Atomic Tom revela

TEXTO I

Cinema Novo

O filme quis dizer: “Eu sou o samba”

A voz do morro rasgou a tela do cinema

E começaram a se configurar

Visões das coisas grandes e pequenas

Que nos formaram e estão a nos formar

Todas e muitas: Deus e o diabo, vidas secas, os fuzis,

Os cafajestes, o padre e a moça, a grande feira, o desafio

Outras conversas, outras conversas sobre os jeitos do Brasil

VELOSO, C.; GIL, G. In: Tropicália 2. Rio de Janeiro: Polygram, 1993 (fragmento).

TEXTO II

O cinema brasileiro partiu da consciência do subdesenvolvimento e da necessidade de superá-lo de maneira total, em sentido estético, filosófico, econômico: superar o subdesenvolvimento com os meios do subdesenvolvimento. Tropicalismo é o nome dessa operação; por isso existe um cinema antes e depois do Tropicalismo. Agora nós não temos mais medo de afrontar a realidade brasileira, a nossa realidade, em todos os sentidos e a todas as profundidades.

ROCHA, G. Tropicalismo, antropologia, mito, ideograma. In: Revolução do Cinema Novo. Rio de Janeiro: Alhambra; Embrafilme, 1981 (adaptado).

Uma das aspirações do Cinema Novo, movimento cinematográfico brasileiro dos anos 1960, incorporadas pela letra da canção e detectáveis no texto de Glauber Rocha, está na

Disponível em: www.pmf.sc.gov.br. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2017.

Nesse texto, o entrelaçamento de vários gêneros textuais é um mecanismo discursivo para

Disponível em: www.toxel.com. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2012.

A observação dos elementos verbais e visuais do anúncio leva-nos à compreensão de que o objetivo da companhia de abastecimento de água de Denver é

Women in Theatre: Why Do So Few Make It to the Top?

An all-female Julius Caesar (A Shakespeare play) has just hit the stage, but it's a rarity in theatre. In a special report, Charlotte Higgins asks leading figures why women are still underrepresented at every level of the business — and what needs to change.

HIGGINS, C. Disponível em: www.guardian.co.uk. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2012.

O vocábulo “rarity” tem um papel central na abordagem do assunto desse texto, que destaca a

If Women Had Their Own Currency, Here’s What It Would Be Worth

Charlotte Alter @charlottealter Maya Rhodan @m_rhodan July 31, 2014

   After a little girl asked President Obama why there aren’t any women on U.S. currency, he said that adding some female faces to our cash sounded like a "pretty good idea". Almost immediately, all of our fantasies came alive on the web. What would, let’s say, Ruth Bader Ginsburg look like on a $20 bill? Where would we spend our Beyoncé $10 bill first? Will our grandmas give us a Susan B. Anthony $5 bill on our birthdays and tell us not to spend it all at once?

  But then we remembered: because of the wage gap, a dollar for a woman is not the same as a dollar for a man. Although the true extent of the gender pay gap is widely disputed even among feminists, President Obama said in the 2014 State of the Union that women make only 77¢ for every dollar a man makes.

Disponível em: http://time.com. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2014 (adaptado). 

Bienalsur: una invitación a cruzar las fronteras

   Un dedo nos señala, acusador. Lo vemos en la estación de tren, en el museo, en puertas, ventanas y vidrieras. ¿Quién fue?, grita en silencio la obra de Graciela Sacco. Ése es el intimidante título elegido por la artista rosarina para este proyecto, con el que participará de la primera edición de Bienalsur. No estará sola: unos 300 colegas y curadores se sumarán en más de 30 ciudades de 16 países a esta ambiciosa iniciativa impulsada desde Buenos Aires.

   "La bienal intenta ser una herramienta de integración regional", dijo a LA NACION su director general, Aníbal Jozami. El rector de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero (Untref) se inspiró en las memorias de Jean Monnet, considerado uno de los "padres" de la Unión Europea. "Él dijo que si la Unión Europea hubiera empezado por una integración cultural en lugar de económica, el resultado hubiera sido mucho mejor − agregó −. Uno de los objetivos de Bienalsur es crear canales de comunicación que permitan a la gente sentirse parte de un mismo circuito." 

Disponível em: www.lanacion.com.ar. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2017

No hablarás con acento andaluz en el telediario de las 9

   Hace unos días salió publicado que el obispado de Salamanca ha pedido a las hermandades de Semana Santa que eviten usar expresiones andaluzas durante las procesiones arguyendo que "suenan mal".

   Aunque es una noticia aparentemente local y sin otro interés que el de seguir los cotilleos de los cofrades y capillitas salmantinos, lo cierto es que recoge uno de los estereotipos lingüísticos más extendidos: lo mal que hablan los andaluces.

   Lo que los hablantes percibimos subjetivamente como acentos buenos y malos suele ser producto de la influencia cultural y del poder recalcitrante que dejaron ciertas regiones históricamente hegemónicas. El habla de Castilla se convirtió en la de prestigio porque era la forma de hablar propia del lugar de donde emanaba el poder. El acento de la clase dominante pasó a tener prestigio social y se convirtió a ojos del conjunto de los hablantes en deseable, mientras que las formas de hablar de las zonas alejadas de los centros de poder pasaron a ser consideradas provincianas y propias de gentes pobres e incultas.

   La televisión tiene un enorme poder en lo que a representación y normalización cultural se refiere. De la misma manera que esperamos que la televisión pública recoja los distintos intereses y sensibilidades de la población, sería muy deseable ver reflejado y celebrado todo el abanico de diversidad lingüística de la sociedad en que vivimos y abandonar de una vez el monocultivo del castellano central que copa nuestras pantallas. Y hoy, día de Andalucía, es un buen día para reclamarlo.

MELLADO, E. A. Disponível em: www.eldiario.es. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2017. 

Texto 5 

Coronavirus has swept through tribes, killing elders and inflicting irreparable damage on tribal history, culture and medicine

   When Bep Karoti Xikrin fell ill with Covid-19, he refused to go to a hospital. The 64-year-old chief of a Xikrin indigenous village in Brazil’s Amazon was plagued by headaches and fatigue and struggled for breath. But, according to his daughter Bekuoi Raquel, he was afraid that if he were admitted to hospital he might never return.

   Instead, he died in his village – and with him, was lost decades of knowledge and leadership. “He knew so much about things we haven’t even experienced,” said Bekuoi, 21. “Everyone admired him. He was very loved.”

   As Brazil’s confirmed overall death toll from Covid-19 passes 50,000, the virus is scything through the country’s indigenous communities, killing chiefs, elders and traditional healers – and raising fears that alongside the toll of human lives, the pandemic may inflict irreparable damage on tribal knowledge of history, culture and natural medicine.

   The Munduruku people alone have lost 10 sábios, or wise ones. “We always say they are living libraries,” said Alessandra Munduruku, a tribal leader. “It’s been very painful.”

   The victims include prominent figures such as Paulinho Paiakan, a Kayapó leader who fought alongside rock star Sting against the Belo Monte dam.

   The indigenous organisation Apib has logged at least 332 Covid-19 deaths, and 7,208 coronavirus cases across 110 communities. “We are facing extermination,” said its executive coordinator, Dinamam Tuxá.

   Indigenous leaders such as Tuxá say the government of the far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro, is failing to protect the country’s 900,000 indigenous people – many of whom live in small communities, where dozens often share the same house.

   Tuxá said Brazil’s Funai indigenous agency has taken too long to send emergency food kits to people isolating in their villages, forcing them to risk infection by traveling to nearby towns for emergency government payments. Funai said it had delivered 82,000 basic food kits and 43,000 hygiene kits.

   Some leaders even blame government health workers for bringing the virus. Katia Silene Akrãtikatêjê, 51, a chief from the Gavião tribe in Pará state, believes she caught Covid-19 after a government health team visited their village to give flu vaccines. “Everyone got sick from there on,” she said.

From: shorturl.at/finAM. Accessed on 07/01/2020

Texto 4

Coronavirus is 10 times deadlier than swine flu: WHO

   COVID-19, the disease caused by coronavirus, is officially 10 times deadlier than the H1N1 swine flu strain that ripped across much of the world in 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed Monday.

   The only way to truly halt the spread is a vaccine, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a briefing from Geneva. More than 1.8 million people have been infected so far worldwide, and at least 115,000 have died.

   “Evidence from several countries is giving us a clearer picture about this virus, how it behaves, how to stop it and how to treat it,” Tedros said. “We know that COVID-19 spreads fast, and we know that it is deadly – 10 times deadlier than the 2009 flu pandemic.”

   While swine flu, as it was popularly known, killed 18,500 people, the true toll may have been closer to between 151,700 and 575,400, Agence France Presse (AFP) reported, citing The Lancet.

   “We know that the virus can spread more easily in crowded environments like nursing homes,” Tedros continued. “We know that early case finding, testing, isolating, caring for every case, and tracing every contact is essential for stopping transmission.”

   Pointing out that in some countries cases are doubling every three to four days, the disease accelerates fast but “decelerates much more slowly,” Tedros said. “In other words, the way down is much slower than the way up,” he said. “That means control measures must be lifted slowly and with control.”

   Tedros cautioned that restarting the shutdown portions of the economy in the U.S. and other countries whose leaders have been anxious to loosen restrictions could prove deadly. He also exhorted everyone around the world to work together, as several development ministers from the United Kingdom, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden had done in a recent joint editorial.

Texto 4

Coronavirus is 10 times deadlier than swine flu: WHO

   COVID-19, the disease caused by coronavirus, is officially 10 times deadlier than the H1N1 swine flu strain that ripped across much of the world in 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed Monday.

   The only way to truly halt the spread is a vaccine, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a briefing from Geneva. More than 1.8 million people have been infected so far worldwide, and at least 115,000 have died.

   “Evidence from several countries is giving us a clearer picture about this virus, how it behaves, how to stop it and how to treat it,” Tedros said. “We know that COVID-19 spreads fast, and we know that it is deadly – 10 times deadlier than the 2009 flu pandemic.”

   While swine flu, as it was popularly known, killed 18,500 people, the true toll may have been closer to between 151,700 and 575,400, Agence France Presse (AFP) reported, citing The Lancet.

   “We know that the virus can spread more easily in crowded environments like nursing homes,” Tedros continued. “We know that early case finding, testing, isolating, caring for every case, and tracing every contact is essential for stopping transmission.”

   Pointing out that in some countries cases are doubling every three to four days, the disease accelerates fast but “decelerates much more slowly,” Tedros said. “In other words, the way down is much slower than the way up,” he said. “That means control measures must be lifted slowly and with control.”

   Tedros cautioned that restarting the shutdown portions of the economy in the U.S. and other countries whose leaders have been anxious to loosen restrictions could prove deadly. He also exhorted everyone around the world to work together, as several development ministers from the United Kingdom, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden had done in a recent joint editorial.

Texto 3

The lessons Italy has learned about its COVID-19 outbreak could help the rest of the world

   Only carefully conducted epidemiological studies will bring to light exactly how and why COVID-19 took off in northern Italy with such speed. But in the midst of the emergency, experts say there are already lessons to be gleaned from Italy's fatal errors — and urgent messages for other parts of the world.

   "The biggest mistake we made was to admit patients infected with COVID-19 into hospitals throughout the region," said Carlo Borghetti, the vice- premier of Lombardy, an economically crucial region with a population of 10 million.

   "We should have immediately set up separate structures exclusively for people sick with coronavirus. I recommend the rest of the world do this, to not send COVID patients into health-care facilities that are still uninfected."

   Already, Italian cities in other regions are doing this, as well as field hospitals in Milan and Bergamo, Lombardy, which are almost complete.

   However, the virus was not only spread to "clean" — i.e. infection-free — hospitals by admitting positive patients. In early March, as the number of infected was doubling every few days, authorities allowed overwhelmed hospitals to transfer those who tested positive but weren't gravely ill into assistedliving facilities for the elderly.

   "It was like throwing a lit match onto a haystack," said Borghetti, who spoke out against the directive at the time. "Some facilities refused to take in the positive patients. For those that did [take them in], it was devastating."

   Along with the tragic misstep of putting infected people under the same roof as clusters of the most physically vulnerable, Borghetti and others point to a deeper structural factor that accelerated the outbreak in northern Italy: a highly centralized health-care system with large hospitals as its focus.

From: shorturl.at/cMRTW. Accesses on 04/09/2020

Texto 2 

   Boris Johnson should have taken his own medicine - The British prime minister tested positive for Covid-19 and went into isolation, but not before doing untold damage and setting a bad example.

   Boris Johnson, the prime minister of Britain, on Friday announced that he had tested positive for the coronavirus. In a brief video released on Twitter, he shared the basics: Having developed “mild symptoms — that’s to say, a temperature and a persistent cough” — he underwent testing and received the bad news. He will now be “selfisolating” until the illness has run its course.

   Looking mostly healthy, if typically disheveled, Mr. Johnson stressed that he would continue to “lead the national fightback” from his home via teleconferencing. He urged the British public to abide by the three-week lockdown put into place on Monday.

   The more effectively people stick with social distancing, the faster the nation and its National Health Service (N.H.S.) will “bounce back,” he said, before closing with the plea, “Stay at home, protect the N.H.S and save lives.” It was a responsible, no- drama message. If only the prime minister had displayed such leadership sooner, he — and who knows how many others — might have been spared this illness.

From: shorturl.at/dKV23. Accessed on 03/27/2020

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