Questões de Linguagens do ENEM

O autoepitáfio de Leminski, publicado na obra Toda Poesia, relaciona a sua produção com a (o):

Os textos referem-se ao contexto histórico do final do século XIX. A partir desse cenário e da obra de Machado de Assis, é possível afirmar que a sociedade dessa época

Read the film review below and answer the questions that follow.

INSIDE JOB – REVIEW - 4/5 STARS

How did the financial crash of 2008 happen? This documentary, narrated by Matt Damon, does a good job of explaining a complex story of credit and discredit.

(…)

This film is as gripping as any thriller. Aided by some fascinating interviews, Ferguson lays out an awful story. In the 1980s, the markets and financial services were deregulated, and the driving force for this liberalisation was Alan Greenspan, formidable chairman of the US federal reserve board from 1987 to 2006. Banks and loan companies were freer to gamble with their depositors' money; they were themselves freer to borrow more; they were free to offer investors dizzyingly complex financial instruments, with income streams from different debts bundled up, including high-interest home loans offered to high-risk borrowers – the so-called "sub-prime" market that offered mouthwateringly high returns.

(…)

Perhaps the most sensational aspect of this film is Ferguson's contention that the crash corrupted the discipline of economics itself. Distinguished economists from America's Ivy League universities were drafted in by banks to compose reports sycophantically supporting reckless deregulation. They were massively paid for these consultancies. The banks bought the prestige of the academics, and their universities' prestige, too. Ferguson speaks to many of these economists, who clearly thought they were going to be interviewed as wry, dispassionate observers. It is really something to see the expression of shock, outrage and fear on their faces as they realise they're in the dock. One splutters with vexation; another gives vent to a ripe Freudian slip. Asked by Ferguson if he has any regrets about his behaviour, he says: "I have no comments … uh, no regrets."

This is what Ferguson means by "inside job". There is a revolving door between the banks and the higher reaches of government, and to some extent the groves of academe. Bank CEOs become government officials, creating laws convenient for their once and future employers.

Perhaps only the pen of Tom Wolfe could do justice to these harassed, bald, middle-aged masters of the universe, as they appear in Ferguson's film. The director shows how their body-language is always the same: somehow more guilty-looking when they are in the White House rose garden in their career pomp, being introduced to the press, than when they are facing openly hostile Senate hearings. They look uneasy, shifty, in weirdly ill-fitting suits, as if they are oppressed by the scrutiny, and worn out, possibly, by the strain of suppressing their own scruples. Their financial capacity far outstrips their capacity for enjoying themselves. They look very unhappy. Occasionally, British figures including Mervyn King and Alistair Darling are to be glimpsed in these photos, reminding us that we Brits have been ardent deregulators, as well.

(…)

I was reminded of Michael Lewis's Liar's Poker, his very funny book about the financial mentality of the 80s boom. He noted that if a regular person won the lottery, he might roll around on the floor, kicking his legs up with glee, but when bankers won their arbitrary lottery, they instead became solemn, pompous, overwhelmed with their own importance and stateliness. Their recklessness and excess coexisted with an almost priestly sense of worth. Even more than rich lawyers, rich bankers felt that their money proved their superior cleverness and also moral worthiness as the generators of prosperity. Yet that prosperity didn't trickle down very far.

Read the film review below and answer the questions that follow.

INSIDE JOB – REVIEW - 4/5 STARS

How did the financial crash of 2008 happen? This documentary, narrated by Matt Damon, does a good job of explaining a complex story of credit and discredit.

(…)

This film is as gripping as any thriller. Aided by some fascinating interviews, Ferguson lays out an awful story. In the 1980s, the markets and financial services were deregulated, and the driving force for this liberalisation was Alan Greenspan, formidable chairman of the US federal reserve board from 1987 to 2006. Banks and loan companies were freer to gamble with their depositors' money; they were themselves freer to borrow more; they were free to offer investors dizzyingly complex financial instruments, with income streams from different debts bundled up, including high-interest home loans offered to high-risk borrowers – the so-called "sub-prime" market that offered mouthwateringly high returns.

(…)

Perhaps the most sensational aspect of this film is Ferguson's contention that the crash corrupted the discipline of economics itself. Distinguished economists from America's Ivy League universities were drafted in by banks to compose reports sycophantically supporting reckless deregulation. They were massively paid for these consultancies. The banks bought the prestige of the academics, and their universities' prestige, too. Ferguson speaks to many of these economists, who clearly thought they were going to be interviewed as wry, dispassionate observers. It is really something to see the expression of shock, outrage and fear on their faces as they realise they're in the dock. One splutters with vexation; another gives vent to a ripe Freudian slip. Asked by Ferguson if he has any regrets about his behaviour, he says: "I have no comments … uh, no regrets."

This is what Ferguson means by "inside job". There is a revolving door between the banks and the higher reaches of government, and to some extent the groves of academe. Bank CEOs become government officials, creating laws convenient for their once and future employers.

Perhaps only the pen of Tom Wolfe could do justice to these harassed, bald, middle-aged masters of the universe, as they appear in Ferguson's film. The director shows how their body-language is always the same: somehow more guilty-looking when they are in the White House rose garden in their career pomp, being introduced to the press, than when they are facing openly hostile Senate hearings. They look uneasy, shifty, in weirdly ill-fitting suits, as if they are oppressed by the scrutiny, and worn out, possibly, by the strain of suppressing their own scruples. Their financial capacity far outstrips their capacity for enjoying themselves. They look very unhappy. Occasionally, British figures including Mervyn King and Alistair Darling are to be glimpsed in these photos, reminding us that we Brits have been ardent deregulators, as well.

(…)

I was reminded of Michael Lewis's Liar's Poker, his very funny book about the financial mentality of the 80s boom. He noted that if a regular person won the lottery, he might roll around on the floor, kicking his legs up with glee, but when bankers won their arbitrary lottery, they instead became solemn, pompous, overwhelmed with their own importance and stateliness. Their recklessness and excess coexisted with an almost priestly sense of worth. Even more than rich lawyers, rich bankers felt that their money proved their superior cleverness and also moral worthiness as the generators of prosperity. Yet that prosperity didn't trickle down very far.

Em relação à banda larga, todos os cidadãos estadunidenses devem ter

O termo “banda larga” é usado no texto para referir-se a

As políticas regulatórias mencionadas no texto têm por função

Segundo o texto, o serviço de banda larga em áreas remotas pode

Em relação às mulheres, o livro de Katty Kay discute

A pesquisa realizada pelas autoras mostrou que

A conclusão da autora em relação ao momento atual é que as mulheres podem

O Correio da UNESCO publicou o texto de Ruth Benedict

TEXTO 1

(1) A crise da saúde no Brasil vem de longa data e continua presente. Frequentemente, nos deparamos com notícias de filas de pacientes nos hospitais públicos, além da falta de leitos, equipamentos etc. E, no meio da crise, está a população que precisa de atendimento, e estão os médicos que, quase sempre, atuam em condições precárias.

(2) Independente do jogo de empurra-empurra, há escassez de recursos financeiros, materiais e humanos, para manter os serviços de saúde operando com eficiência. Problemas, como atraso no repasse dos pagamentos do Ministério da Saúde, baixos valores pagos pelo SUS aos procedimentos médico-hospitalares consolidam o entrave no setor. O mundo econômico da saúde é cruel. Segundo estatísticas oficiais, são gastos R$ 31 bilhões para cuidar de 35 milhões de segurados, enquanto todo o SUS, para suprir o direito à saúde de mais de 145 milhões de brasileiros, gasta quase a mesma quantia. Por essas razões, nos encontramos no 124º lugar no ranking da OMS em qualidade de saúde.

(3) É difícil para qualquer especialista apontar apenas um motivo para tal crise. Mesmo com a evolução do contexto político-social pelo qual o Brasil passou, pouco mudou. Na realidade, em 500 anos de Brasil, independentemente do regime vigente, a saúde nunca ocupou lugar de destaque. Só se olhou atentamente para o setor quando certas epidemias representaram eminentes ameaças à sociedade.

(4) É assim desde o Brasil Colônia, quando o país não dispunha de um modelo de atenção à saúde e nem mesmo do interesse em criá-lo, por parte do governo colonizador. As noções empíricas (a cargo dos curandeiros) eram a opção. Com a vinda da família real ao Brasil, se fez necessária a organização de uma estrutura sanitária mínima, capaz de dar suporte ao poder que se instalava no Rio de Janeiro. A carência de médicos no Brasil Colônia e no Brasil Império era enorme. Para se ter uma ideia, no Rio, em 1789, só existiam quatro médicos exercendo a profissão. Em outros estados, eram mesmo inexistentes, o que fez com que proliferassem pelo país os Boticários, a quem cabia a manipulação das fórmulas prescritas pelos médicos.

(5) Veio a República, e o Brasil continuou o mesmo. No início do século passado, a cidade do Rio apresentava um quadro sanitário caótico, com doenças graves que acometiam a população, como varíola, malária e febre amarela. Isso gerou sérias consequências tanto para a saúde coletiva quanto para o comércio exterior, já que navios estrangeiros evitavam atracar no porto do Rio. Poderíamos escrever muito mais sobre o tema e chegaríamos à mesma conclusão: em pleno século XXI, no Brasil, pouco se evoluiu em política de saúde.

(6) Dados do Conselho Federal de Medicina revelam que a má distribuição de médicos no país ainda persiste. São 65,9% deles atuando nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, onde se concentra apenas cerca de 25% da população.

(7) É a saúde continuando um sistema embrionário e contraditório, pois nos destacamos mundialmente por nossas pesquisas pioneiras, no combate a Aids, por exemplo, mas não conseguimos dar atendimento básico à maioria do povo.

Qualquer ‘ação de linguagem’ tem, explícita ou implicitamente, um ‘propósito comunicativo’, uma intenção. Em relação ao Texto 1, pode-se entender que a intenção do autor foi:

Ao ler o artigo de Ruth Benedict, a autora francesa