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  • 4 disciplinas
  • 219 assuntos

Resultados: 18.995 questões

Página 90 de 950

  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    “There are no data standards” (lines 73-74) can be correctly rewritten as
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e78a282-92
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    “They settled on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent” (lines 66-67) is a/an
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e740aa6-92
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    In the sentence “They've put their best estimate, as accurate as they could be with this data, he said, and used ranges, which underscores that...” (lines 83-86), the underlined verbs are, respectively,
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e669148-92
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    A high percentage of the USA's exported recyclable waste goes to countries that
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e57cf21-92
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    The article mentions that half of the American recyclable waste is
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e55a361-92
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    As to the use of plastic by Americans, the text mentions that it
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e4d60d4-92
  • Linguagens

    Português


    Imagem da questão de Português, FGV 2020, Interpretação de Textos
    (www.fotografia.folha.uol.com.br)

    O efeito de humor da charge decorre
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 6634348b-05
  • Linguagens

    Português

    Leia a fábula "O gato e a barata", de Millôr Fernandes, para responder à questão.

         A baratinha velha subiu pelo pé do copo que, ainda com um pouco de vinho, tinha sido largado a um canto da cozinha, desceu pela parte de dentro e começou a lambiscar o vinho. Dada a pequena distância que nas baratas vai da boca ao cérebro, o álcool lhe subiu logo a este. Bêbada, a baratinha caiu dentro do copo. Debateu-se, bebeu mais vinho, ficou mais tonta, debateu-se mais, bebeu mais, tonteou mais e já quase morria quando deparou com o carão do gato doméstico que sorria de sua aflição, do alto do copo.
         – Gatinho, meu gatinho –, pediu ela – me salva, me salva. Me salva que assim que eu sair daqui eu deixo você me engolir inteirinha, como você gosta. Me salva.
         – Você deixa mesmo eu engolir você? – disse o gato.
         – Me saaaalva! – implorou a baratinha. – Eu prometo. 
        O gato então virou o copo com uma pata, o líquido escorreu e com ele a baratinha que, assim que se viu no chão, saiu correndo para o buraco mais perto, onde caiu na gargalhada. 
         – Que é isso? – perguntou o gato. – Você não vai sair daí e cumprir sua promessa? Você disse que deixaria eu comer você inteira.
         – Ah, ah, ah – riu então a barata, sem poder se conter. – E você é tão imbecil a ponto de acreditar na promessa de uma barata velha e bêbada?
        Moral: Às vezes a autodepreciação nos livra do pelotão.

    (Diana Luz Pessoa de Barros. Teoria semiótica do texto, 2005.)
    Quando um sujeito pratica uma ação sobre si mesmo, dizemos que essa ação tem caráter reflexivo.

    Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome sublinhado atribui caráter reflexivo a uma ação.
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 66314cee-05
  • Linguagens

    Português

    Considere o trecho inicial do conto "Uns sábados, uns agostos", de Caio Fernando Abreu, para responder à questão.

          Eles vinham aos sábados, sem telefonar. Não lembro desde quando criou-se o hábito de virem aos sábados, sem telefonar – e de vez em quando isso me irritava, pensando que se quisesse sair para, por exemplo, passear pelo parque ou tomar uma dessas lanchas de turismo que fazem excursões pelas ilhas, não poderia porque eles bateriam com as caras na porta fechada e ficariam ofendidos (eles eram sensíveis) e talvez não voltassem nunca mais. E como, aos sábados, eu jamais faria coisas como ir ao parque ou andar nessas tais lanchas que fazem excursões pelas ilhas, era obrigado a esperá-los, trancado em casa. Certamente os odiava um pouco enquanto não chegavam: um ódio de ter meus sábados totalmente dependentes deles, que não eram eu, e que não viveriam a minha vida por mim – embora eu nunca tivesse conseguido aprender como se vive aos sábados, se é que existe uma maneira específica de atravessá-los.  
    [...]
         E afinal, chovesse ou fizesse sol, sagradamente lá estavam eles, aos sábados. Naturalmente chovesse-ou-fizesse-sol é apenas isso que se convencionou chamar força de expressão, já que há muito tempo não fazia sol, talvez por ser agosto − mas de certa forma é sempre agosto nesta cidade, principalmente aos sábados.
          Não é que fossem chatos. Na verdade, eu nunca soube que critérios de julgamento se pode usar para julgar alguém definitivamente chato, irremediavelmente burro ou irrecuperavelmente desinteressante. Sempre tive uma dificuldade absurda para arrumar prateleiras. Acontece que não tínhamos nada em comum, não que isso tenha importância, mas nossas famílias não se conheciam, então não podíamos falar sobre os meus pais ou os avós deles, sobre os meus tios ou os seus sobrinhos ou qualquer outra dessas combinações genealógicas. Também não sabia que tipo de trabalho faziam, se é que faziam alguma coisa, nem sequer se liam, se estudavam, iam ao cinema, assistiam à televisão ou com que se ocupavam, enfim, além de me visitar aos sábados.

    (Caio Fernando Abreu. Mel e girassóis, 1988. Adaptado.) 
    Considerado o contexto do primeiro parágrafo, o verbo sublinhado indica um acontecimento habitual, frequente, no passado, na frase:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 661ffbd9-05
  • Linguagens

    Português

    Considere o trecho inicial do conto "Uns sábados, uns agostos", de Caio Fernando Abreu, para responder à questão.

          Eles vinham aos sábados, sem telefonar. Não lembro desde quando criou-se o hábito de virem aos sábados, sem telefonar – e de vez em quando isso me irritava, pensando que se quisesse sair para, por exemplo, passear pelo parque ou tomar uma dessas lanchas de turismo que fazem excursões pelas ilhas, não poderia porque eles bateriam com as caras na porta fechada e ficariam ofendidos (eles eram sensíveis) e talvez não voltassem nunca mais. E como, aos sábados, eu jamais faria coisas como ir ao parque ou andar nessas tais lanchas que fazem excursões pelas ilhas, era obrigado a esperá-los, trancado em casa. Certamente os odiava um pouco enquanto não chegavam: um ódio de ter meus sábados totalmente dependentes deles, que não eram eu, e que não viveriam a minha vida por mim – embora eu nunca tivesse conseguido aprender como se vive aos sábados, se é que existe uma maneira específica de atravessá-los.  
    [...]
         E afinal, chovesse ou fizesse sol, sagradamente lá estavam eles, aos sábados. Naturalmente chovesse-ou-fizesse-sol é apenas isso que se convencionou chamar força de expressão, já que há muito tempo não fazia sol, talvez por ser agosto − mas de certa forma é sempre agosto nesta cidade, principalmente aos sábados.
          Não é que fossem chatos. Na verdade, eu nunca soube que critérios de julgamento se pode usar para julgar alguém definitivamente chato, irremediavelmente burro ou irrecuperavelmente desinteressante. Sempre tive uma dificuldade absurda para arrumar prateleiras. Acontece que não tínhamos nada em comum, não que isso tenha importância, mas nossas famílias não se conheciam, então não podíamos falar sobre os meus pais ou os avós deles, sobre os meus tios ou os seus sobrinhos ou qualquer outra dessas combinações genealógicas. Também não sabia que tipo de trabalho faziam, se é que faziam alguma coisa, nem sequer se liam, se estudavam, iam ao cinema, assistiam à televisão ou com que se ocupavam, enfim, além de me visitar aos sábados.

    (Caio Fernando Abreu. Mel e girassóis, 1988. Adaptado.) 
    Ao dizer "força de expressão" (2° parágrafo), o narrador informa que não se devem tomar as palavras em seu sentido
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 661ceb9f-05
  • Linguagens

    Português

    Leia o texto de Teresinha Costa para responder à questão.

         Em História social da criança e da família, Philippe Ariès faz um estudo na Europa, no período compreendido entre a Idade Média e o século XX, para demonstrar como a definição de criança se modificou no decorrer do tempo de acordo com parâmetros ideológicos. Pela análise de pinturas, diários, esculturas e vitrais produzidos na Europa no período anterior aos ideais da Revolução Francesa, Ariès forja a expressão "sentimento da infância" para designar "a consciência da particularidade infantil, essa particularidade que distingue essencialmente a criança do adulto". Esse sentimento vai aparecer a partir apenas do século XVII.
    Na Idade Média, a criança era vista como um pequeno adulto, sem características que a diferenciassem, e desconsiderada como alguém merecedor de cuidados especiais. Isso não significava que as crianças fossem até então desprezadas ou negligenciadas, mas sim que não se tinha consciência de uma série de particularidades intelectuais, comportamentais e emocionais que passaram, então, a ser consideradas como inerentes ou até mesmo naturais às crianças. Ariès comenta, inclusive, que os pintores ocidentais reproduziam crianças vestidas como pequenos adultos, e que somente percebemos se tratar de uma criança devido ao seu tamanho reduzido. Nas sociedades agrárias, a infância era um período rapidamente superado e, tão logo a criança adquiria alguma independência, passava a participar da vida dos adultos e de seus trabalhos, jogos e festas.

    (Psicanálise com crianças, 2010.)
    De acordo com o texto, a pesquisa de Philippe Ariès
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 6612c01b-05
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    What about the artists?

    The Guardian - Wed 14 Oct 2020


    The government is deaf to the plight of freelance musicians and othercreatives


          On Monday, a number of British arts organisations finally heard whether they had received grants from the £1.57bn bailout fund announced in July by the chancellor, Rishi Sunak. Not a moment too soon, institutions such as Wigmore Hall in London, Bristol Old Vic and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra have been given a cash bufferthatshould keep them alive until March.

         The welcome announcement has been marred, though, by the failure of the government to address the question of freelancers and self-employed people in the arts. In an interview with ITV last week, Mr. Sunak was asked what he thought professional musicians ought to do, given that they can’t earn enough to live. He answered that up to 3 million people in the country qualified for help under the self-employed support scheme. Pressed on whether musicians oughttofind differentwork, he mentioned retraining schemes that are "providing new and fresh opportunity”. People must adapt, he said. He added that it was untrue that there was no work for musicians. Music lessons, in his own household at least, were still going on.

         The interviewer’s question was specifically about musicians - a third of whom have been ineligible for the selfemployed support scheme. So even if, as he later asserted, Mr Sunak was talking about the workforce as a whole rather than cultural workers in particular when he spoke of the need to retrain, he certainly gave a strong impression of indifference to and ignorance of musicians’ plight. This was reinforced on Monday when a government-backed advertisement went viral, launching hundreds of derisive parodies. Aiming to recruit workers into cybersecurity roles, it showed a dancer doing up her ballet shoes. It read: "Fatima’s next job could be in cyber (she just doesn’t know it yet)”. 
         The culture secretary, Oliver Dowden, was forced to condemn the advertisement as "crass” as his day of good news descended into farce and contumely. The government seems unable to grasp that putting money into the arts infrastructure is only part of the solution; creatives themselves need to be helped to survive economically too. Though some institutions are putting work on stage - and will be helped to do so in the months to come by the rescue package - these events will necessarily be small-scale, representing a drop in the ocean compared with the industry working at full tilt.
         New digital business models are being explored, but they are in their infancy and are not going to pay next month’s rent. Moreover, performance dates in the diary - that is, employment opportunities for freelancers - amount to perilous bets against the future course of the virus. As infections soar, organisations are bound, quite rightly, to be cautious, particularly in the face of the catastrophic failure of the government’s test-and-trace scheme.
         Meanwhile, musicians and others are certainly "adapting” - often to unskilled, low-paid work, though there is not much of that to go around. The government’s continued implication that musicians and other creative workers - many of whom have trained since childhood for some of the most demanding, competitive and highly skilled work in the economy - are somehow not "viable” is both insulting and ignorant. Underlying Mr Sunak’s remarks was the tired old Tory notion that creative jobs are not "real jobs”, and are undertaken by some fantastical species who are not, in fact, real people. Perhaps the chancellor should ask his family’s music teacher what it’s really like for artists right now - and actually listen to the answer.

    Source: The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2020/oct/14/the-guardian-view-on-saving-thearts-what-about-the-artists, accessed on October21st, 2020.

    Considering the expression of happenings in the past, verbs vary following time precision or imprecision. The example extracted from the editorial that reflects unspecified time is:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 6306fb07-8e
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    What about the artists?

    The Guardian - Wed 14 Oct 2020


    The government is deaf to the plight of freelance musicians and othercreatives


          On Monday, a number of British arts organisations finally heard whether they had received grants from the £1.57bn bailout fund announced in July by the chancellor, Rishi Sunak. Not a moment too soon, institutions such as Wigmore Hall in London, Bristol Old Vic and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra have been given a cash bufferthatshould keep them alive until March.

         The welcome announcement has been marred, though, by the failure of the government to address the question of freelancers and self-employed people in the arts. In an interview with ITV last week, Mr. Sunak was asked what he thought professional musicians ought to do, given that they can’t earn enough to live. He answered that up to 3 million people in the country qualified for help under the self-employed support scheme. Pressed on whether musicians oughttofind differentwork, he mentioned retraining schemes that are "providing new and fresh opportunity”. People must adapt, he said. He added that it was untrue that there was no work for musicians. Music lessons, in his own household at least, were still going on.

         The interviewer’s question was specifically about musicians - a third of whom have been ineligible for the selfemployed support scheme. So even if, as he later asserted, Mr Sunak was talking about the workforce as a whole rather than cultural workers in particular when he spoke of the need to retrain, he certainly gave a strong impression of indifference to and ignorance of musicians’ plight. This was reinforced on Monday when a government-backed advertisement went viral, launching hundreds of derisive parodies. Aiming to recruit workers into cybersecurity roles, it showed a dancer doing up her ballet shoes. It read: "Fatima’s next job could be in cyber (she just doesn’t know it yet)”. 
         The culture secretary, Oliver Dowden, was forced to condemn the advertisement as "crass” as his day of good news descended into farce and contumely. The government seems unable to grasp that putting money into the arts infrastructure is only part of the solution; creatives themselves need to be helped to survive economically too. Though some institutions are putting work on stage - and will be helped to do so in the months to come by the rescue package - these events will necessarily be small-scale, representing a drop in the ocean compared with the industry working at full tilt.
         New digital business models are being explored, but they are in their infancy and are not going to pay next month’s rent. Moreover, performance dates in the diary - that is, employment opportunities for freelancers - amount to perilous bets against the future course of the virus. As infections soar, organisations are bound, quite rightly, to be cautious, particularly in the face of the catastrophic failure of the government’s test-and-trace scheme.
         Meanwhile, musicians and others are certainly "adapting” - often to unskilled, low-paid work, though there is not much of that to go around. The government’s continued implication that musicians and other creative workers - many of whom have trained since childhood for some of the most demanding, competitive and highly skilled work in the economy - are somehow not "viable” is both insulting and ignorant. Underlying Mr Sunak’s remarks was the tired old Tory notion that creative jobs are not "real jobs”, and are undertaken by some fantastical species who are not, in fact, real people. Perhaps the chancellor should ask his family’s music teacher what it’s really like for artists right now - and actually listen to the answer.

    Source: The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2020/oct/14/the-guardian-view-on-saving-thearts-what-about-the-artists, accessed on October21st, 2020.

    The opinion editorial above advances the following position:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 62fe86b3-8e
  • Linguagens

    Literatura

    Texto III

    A pátria que quisera ter era um mito; era um fantasma criado por ele no silêncio do seu gabinete. Nem a física, nem a moral, nem a intelectual, nem a política que julgava existir, havia. A que existia de fato, era a do Tenente Antonino, a do doutor Campos, a do homem do Itamarati.

    Disponível em: https:// docente.ifn.edu.br/franciscoarruda/
    disciplinas/admam3am/triste-fim-de-policarpo-quaresma/view.
    Acesso 15/11/2020.

    No trecho da obra "Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma”, a reflexão acerca da noção de pátria propõe uma:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 6275295f-8e
  • Linguagens

    Português

    Texto II

    A história da literatura brasileira é em grande parte a história de uma imposição cultural que foi aos poucos gerando expressão literária diferente, embora em correlação estreita com os centros civilizadores da Europa. Esta imposição atuou também no sentido mais forte da palavra, isto é, como instrumento colonizador, destinado a impor e manter a ordem política e social estabelecida pela Metrópole, através inclusive das classes dominantes locais.

    CANDIDO, Antonio. Iniciação à Literatura Brasileira. Rio de
    Janeiro: Outro sobre Azul, 2015.

    Um fator considerado relevante na opinião de Antonio Candido acerca do processo de formação literária do Brasil é:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 627008ac-8e
  • Linguagens

    Português

    NÃO SE COME DINHEIRO
    Ailton Krenak

         Quando falo de humanidade não estou falando só Homo sapiens, me refiro a uma imensidão de seres que nós excluímos desde sempre: caçamos a baleia, tiramos barbatanas de tubarão, matamos leão e o penduramos na parede para mostrar que somos mais bravos que ele. Além da matança de todos os outros humanos que nós achamos que não tinham nada, que estavam aí só para nos suprir com roupa, comida, abrigo. Somos a praga do planeta, uma espécie de ameba gigante. Ao longo da história, os humanos, aliás, esse clube exclusivo da humanidade - que está na declaração universal dos direitos humanos e nos protocolos das instituições -, foram devastando tudo ao seu redor. É como se tivessem elegido uma casta, a humanidade, e todos que estão fora dela são as sub-humanidades. Não são só os caiçaras, quilombolas e os povos indígenas, mas toda vida que deliberadamente largamos à margem do caminho. E o caminho é o progresso: essa ideia prospectiva de que estamos indo para algum lugar. Há um horizonte, estamos indo para lá, e vamos largando no percurso tudo o que não interessa; o que sobra, a sub-humanidade - alguns de nós fazemos parte dela.
         É incrível que esse vírus que está aí agora esteja atingindo só as pessoas. Foi uma manobra fantástica do organismo da Terra (...) dizer: "Respirem agora, eu quero ver.” [...] Estamos sendo lembrados de que somos tão vulneráveis que, se cortarem nosso ar poralguns minutos, nós morremos. Não é preciso nenhum sistema bélico complexo para apagar essa tal humanidade: se extingue com a mesma facilidade que os mosquitos de uma sala depois de aplicado um aerossol. Nós não estamos com nada: essa é a declaração da Terra.
         E, se nós não estamos com nada, deveríamos ter contato com a experiência de estar vivos para além dos aparatos tecnológicos que podemos inventar. A ideia da economia, por exemplo, essa coisa invisível a não ser por aquele emblema de cifrão. Pode ser uma ficção afirmar que se a economia não estiver funcionando plenamente nós morremos. Nós poderíamos colocar todos os dirigentes do banco central em um cofre gigante e deixá-los vivendo lá, qual economia deles. Ninguém come dinheiro.
         Hoje de manhã eu vi um indígena norte-americano do conselho dos anciãos do povo lakota falar sobre o coronavírus. É um homem de uns setenta e poucos anos, chamado Wakya Um Manee, também conhecido como Vernon Foster.
    (Vernon, que é um típico nome americano, pois quando os colonos chegaram na América, além de proibirem as línguas nativas, mudavam os nomes das pessoas.) Pois, repetindo as palavras de um ancestral, ele dizia: "quando o último peixe estiver nas águas e a última árvore for removida da Terra, só então o homem perceberá que ele não é capaz de comer seu dinheiro”.

    KRENAK, Ailton. Não se come dinheiro. In: Avida não é útil.
    SP: Companhia das Letras, 2020. Adaptado.
    O texto I apresenta uma estrutura predominantemente:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 626ca0ab-8e
  • Linguagens

    Português

    NÃO SE COME DINHEIRO
    Ailton Krenak

         Quando falo de humanidade não estou falando só Homo sapiens, me refiro a uma imensidão de seres que nós excluímos desde sempre: caçamos a baleia, tiramos barbatanas de tubarão, matamos leão e o penduramos na parede para mostrar que somos mais bravos que ele. Além da matança de todos os outros humanos que nós achamos que não tinham nada, que estavam aí só para nos suprir com roupa, comida, abrigo. Somos a praga do planeta, uma espécie de ameba gigante. Ao longo da história, os humanos, aliás, esse clube exclusivo da humanidade - que está na declaração universal dos direitos humanos e nos protocolos das instituições -, foram devastando tudo ao seu redor. É como se tivessem elegido uma casta, a humanidade, e todos que estão fora dela são as sub-humanidades. Não são só os caiçaras, quilombolas e os povos indígenas, mas toda vida que deliberadamente largamos à margem do caminho. E o caminho é o progresso: essa ideia prospectiva de que estamos indo para algum lugar. Há um horizonte, estamos indo para lá, e vamos largando no percurso tudo o que não interessa; o que sobra, a sub-humanidade - alguns de nós fazemos parte dela.
         É incrível que esse vírus que está aí agora esteja atingindo só as pessoas. Foi uma manobra fantástica do organismo da Terra (...) dizer: "Respirem agora, eu quero ver.” [...] Estamos sendo lembrados de que somos tão vulneráveis que, se cortarem nosso ar poralguns minutos, nós morremos. Não é preciso nenhum sistema bélico complexo para apagar essa tal humanidade: se extingue com a mesma facilidade que os mosquitos de uma sala depois de aplicado um aerossol. Nós não estamos com nada: essa é a declaração da Terra.
         E, se nós não estamos com nada, deveríamos ter contato com a experiência de estar vivos para além dos aparatos tecnológicos que podemos inventar. A ideia da economia, por exemplo, essa coisa invisível a não ser por aquele emblema de cifrão. Pode ser uma ficção afirmar que se a economia não estiver funcionando plenamente nós morremos. Nós poderíamos colocar todos os dirigentes do banco central em um cofre gigante e deixá-los vivendo lá, qual economia deles. Ninguém come dinheiro.
         Hoje de manhã eu vi um indígena norte-americano do conselho dos anciãos do povo lakota falar sobre o coronavírus. É um homem de uns setenta e poucos anos, chamado Wakya Um Manee, também conhecido como Vernon Foster.
    (Vernon, que é um típico nome americano, pois quando os colonos chegaram na América, além de proibirem as línguas nativas, mudavam os nomes das pessoas.) Pois, repetindo as palavras de um ancestral, ele dizia: "quando o último peixe estiver nas águas e a última árvore for removida da Terra, só então o homem perceberá que ele não é capaz de comer seu dinheiro”.

    KRENAK, Ailton. Não se come dinheiro. In: Avida não é útil.
    SP: Companhia das Letras, 2020. Adaptado.
    No trecho "Foi uma manobra fantástica do organismo da Terra (...) dizer: "Respirem agora, eu quero ver”, a fala atribuída à Terra revela que:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 626a01cd-8e
  • Linguagens

    Português

    NÃO SE COME DINHEIRO
    Ailton Krenak

         Quando falo de humanidade não estou falando só Homo sapiens, me refiro a uma imensidão de seres que nós excluímos desde sempre: caçamos a baleia, tiramos barbatanas de tubarão, matamos leão e o penduramos na parede para mostrar que somos mais bravos que ele. Além da matança de todos os outros humanos que nós achamos que não tinham nada, que estavam aí só para nos suprir com roupa, comida, abrigo. Somos a praga do planeta, uma espécie de ameba gigante. Ao longo da história, os humanos, aliás, esse clube exclusivo da humanidade - que está na declaração universal dos direitos humanos e nos protocolos das instituições -, foram devastando tudo ao seu redor. É como se tivessem elegido uma casta, a humanidade, e todos que estão fora dela são as sub-humanidades. Não são só os caiçaras, quilombolas e os povos indígenas, mas toda vida que deliberadamente largamos à margem do caminho. E o caminho é o progresso: essa ideia prospectiva de que estamos indo para algum lugar. Há um horizonte, estamos indo para lá, e vamos largando no percurso tudo o que não interessa; o que sobra, a sub-humanidade - alguns de nós fazemos parte dela.
         É incrível que esse vírus que está aí agora esteja atingindo só as pessoas. Foi uma manobra fantástica do organismo da Terra (...) dizer: "Respirem agora, eu quero ver.” [...] Estamos sendo lembrados de que somos tão vulneráveis que, se cortarem nosso ar poralguns minutos, nós morremos. Não é preciso nenhum sistema bélico complexo para apagar essa tal humanidade: se extingue com a mesma facilidade que os mosquitos de uma sala depois de aplicado um aerossol. Nós não estamos com nada: essa é a declaração da Terra.
         E, se nós não estamos com nada, deveríamos ter contato com a experiência de estar vivos para além dos aparatos tecnológicos que podemos inventar. A ideia da economia, por exemplo, essa coisa invisível a não ser por aquele emblema de cifrão. Pode ser uma ficção afirmar que se a economia não estiver funcionando plenamente nós morremos. Nós poderíamos colocar todos os dirigentes do banco central em um cofre gigante e deixá-los vivendo lá, qual economia deles. Ninguém come dinheiro.
         Hoje de manhã eu vi um indígena norte-americano do conselho dos anciãos do povo lakota falar sobre o coronavírus. É um homem de uns setenta e poucos anos, chamado Wakya Um Manee, também conhecido como Vernon Foster.
    (Vernon, que é um típico nome americano, pois quando os colonos chegaram na América, além de proibirem as línguas nativas, mudavam os nomes das pessoas.) Pois, repetindo as palavras de um ancestral, ele dizia: "quando o último peixe estiver nas águas e a última árvore for removida da Terra, só então o homem perceberá que ele não é capaz de comer seu dinheiro”.

    KRENAK, Ailton. Não se come dinheiro. In: Avida não é útil.
    SP: Companhia das Letras, 2020. Adaptado.
    "Ao longo da história, os humanos, aliás, esse clube exclusivo da humanidade...”

    O uso do vocábulo aliás marca entre as partes da frase uma relação de:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 626762c3-8e
  • Linguagens

    Português

    NÃO SE COME DINHEIRO
    Ailton Krenak

         Quando falo de humanidade não estou falando só Homo sapiens, me refiro a uma imensidão de seres que nós excluímos desde sempre: caçamos a baleia, tiramos barbatanas de tubarão, matamos leão e o penduramos na parede para mostrar que somos mais bravos que ele. Além da matança de todos os outros humanos que nós achamos que não tinham nada, que estavam aí só para nos suprir com roupa, comida, abrigo. Somos a praga do planeta, uma espécie de ameba gigante. Ao longo da história, os humanos, aliás, esse clube exclusivo da humanidade - que está na declaração universal dos direitos humanos e nos protocolos das instituições -, foram devastando tudo ao seu redor. É como se tivessem elegido uma casta, a humanidade, e todos que estão fora dela são as sub-humanidades. Não são só os caiçaras, quilombolas e os povos indígenas, mas toda vida que deliberadamente largamos à margem do caminho. E o caminho é o progresso: essa ideia prospectiva de que estamos indo para algum lugar. Há um horizonte, estamos indo para lá, e vamos largando no percurso tudo o que não interessa; o que sobra, a sub-humanidade - alguns de nós fazemos parte dela.
         É incrível que esse vírus que está aí agora esteja atingindo só as pessoas. Foi uma manobra fantástica do organismo da Terra (...) dizer: "Respirem agora, eu quero ver.” [...] Estamos sendo lembrados de que somos tão vulneráveis que, se cortarem nosso ar poralguns minutos, nós morremos. Não é preciso nenhum sistema bélico complexo para apagar essa tal humanidade: se extingue com a mesma facilidade que os mosquitos de uma sala depois de aplicado um aerossol. Nós não estamos com nada: essa é a declaração da Terra.
         E, se nós não estamos com nada, deveríamos ter contato com a experiência de estar vivos para além dos aparatos tecnológicos que podemos inventar. A ideia da economia, por exemplo, essa coisa invisível a não ser por aquele emblema de cifrão. Pode ser uma ficção afirmar que se a economia não estiver funcionando plenamente nós morremos. Nós poderíamos colocar todos os dirigentes do banco central em um cofre gigante e deixá-los vivendo lá, qual economia deles. Ninguém come dinheiro.
         Hoje de manhã eu vi um indígena norte-americano do conselho dos anciãos do povo lakota falar sobre o coronavírus. É um homem de uns setenta e poucos anos, chamado Wakya Um Manee, também conhecido como Vernon Foster.
    (Vernon, que é um típico nome americano, pois quando os colonos chegaram na América, além de proibirem as línguas nativas, mudavam os nomes das pessoas.) Pois, repetindo as palavras de um ancestral, ele dizia: "quando o último peixe estiver nas águas e a última árvore for removida da Terra, só então o homem perceberá que ele não é capaz de comer seu dinheiro”.

    KRENAK, Ailton. Não se come dinheiro. In: Avida não é útil.
    SP: Companhia das Letras, 2020. Adaptado.
    "Quando falo de humanidade não estou falando só Homo sapiens, me refiro a uma imensidão de seres que nós excluímos desde sempre: caçamos baleia, tiramos barbatanas de tubarão, matamos leão e o penduramos na parede para mostrar que somos mais bravos que ele.”

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