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Questões de Inglês do ENEM

Questões de Inglês, da área de Linguagens, com gabarito em cada página.

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  • 57 assuntos

Resultados: 5.311 questões

Página 62 de 266

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  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    “…while the earlier one did not” (lines 17-18) is a/an
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e6f1caf-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    The verbs in “...ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management” (lines 24-25) are, respectively,
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e6cb093-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    In the sentence “Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped overseas, he said, data is often not recorded at all” (lines 75-77), the underlined verbs are, respectively,
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e68fbd3-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    The words “recycling” (line 3), “littering” (line 40), and “being” (line 55) are respectively used as
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e63ffd7-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    In “Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who was not involved in the study, said it could offer a more accurate accounting of plastic pollution...” (lines 78- 81), there is an example of
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e61864c-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    Considering the information provided in the text, it is clear that of the total plastic waste in the United States
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7e5a1a6b-92
    Abrir questão de Inglês, UECE 2020
  • Linguagens

    Inglês

    Entre para guardar nos favoritos
    Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

    The United States is using more
    plastic than ever, and waste exported for
    recycling is often mishandled, according
    to a new study.
    The United States contribution
    to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
    significantly larger than previously
    thought, possibly by as much as five
    times, according to a study published
    Friday. The research, published in Science
    Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
    by the same authors. Two factors
    contributed to the sharp increase:
    Americans are using more plastic than
    ever and the current study included
    pollution generated by United States
    exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
    one did not.
    The United States, which does
    not have sufficient infrastructure to
    handle its recycling demands at home,
    exports about half of its recyclable waste.
    Of the total exported, about 88 percent
    ends up in countries considered to have
    inadequate waste management.
    “When you consider how much
    of our plastic waste isn’t actually
    recyclable because it is low-value,
    contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
    not surprising that a lot of it ends up
    polluting the environment,” said the
    study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
    research professor of oceanography at
    Sea Education Association, in a
    statement.
    The study estimates that in
    2016, the United States contributed
    between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
    plastic waste to the oceans through a
    combination of littering, dumping and 
    mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
    that’s almost double the total estimated
    waste in the team’s previous study. At the
    high end, it would be a fivefold increase
    over the earlier estimate.
    Nicholas Mallos, a senior
    director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
    author of the study, said the upper
    estimate would be equal to a pile of
    plastic covering the area of the White
    House Lawn and reaching as high as the
    Empire State Building.
    The ranges are wide partly
    because “there’s no real standard for
    being able to provide good quality data on
    collection and disposal of waste in
    general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
    economist at DSM Environmental
    Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
    author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
    researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
    practices in countries around the world
    and used their “best professional
    judgment” to determine the lowest and
    highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
    escape into the environment. They settled
    on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
    Tony Walker, an associate
    professor at the Dalhousie University
    School for Resource and Environmental
    Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
    analyzing waste data can amount to a
    “data minefield” because there are no
    data standards across municipalities.
    Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
    overseas, he said, data is often not
    recorded at all.
    Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
    was not involved in the study, said it
    could offer a more accurate accounting of
    plastic pollution than the previous study,
    which likely underestimated the United
    States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
    best estimate, as accurate as they can be
    with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
    which underscores that the figures are
    estimates.
    Of the plastics that go into the
    United States recycling system, about 9
    percent of the country’s total plastic
    waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
    be remade into new consumer goods. New
    plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
    that only certain expensive, high-grade
    plastics are profitable to recycle within the
    United States, which is why roughly half
    of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
    abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
    which data is available.
    Since 2016, however, the
    recycling landscape has changed. China
    and many countries in Southeast Asia
    have stopped accepting plastic waste
    imports. And lower oil prices have further
    reduced the market for recycled plastic.
    “What the new study really underscores is
    we have to get a handle on source
    reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
    starts with eliminating unnecessary and
    problematic single-use plastics.”

    From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
    According to the text, the United States
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         The formula for calculating people’s environmental footprint is simple, but widely misunderstood: Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology (I = PAT). The global rate of consumption growth, before the pandemic, was 3% a year. Population growth is 1%. Some people assume this means that the rise in population bears one-third of the responsibility for increased consumption. But population growth is overwhelmingly concentrated among the world’s poorest people, who have scarcely any A or T to multiply their P.
         Yet it is widely used as a blanket explanation of environment breakdown. Panic about population growth enables the people most responsible for the impacts of rising consumption (the affluent) to blame those who are least responsible.

    (George Monbiot. www.theguardian.com, 26.08.2020. Adapted.)
    The text states that
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    Imagem da questão de Inglês, FGV 2020, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    (nytimes.com)

    Shimmering white and gracefully statuesque, the Mount Washington Hotel is a granite fortress, a manmade anomaly among the raw wilderness of the surrounding White Mountains in remote northern New Hampshire, U.S. Even to this day, the hotel is geographically secured by 800,000 acres of the White Mountain National Forest around it. This was the main reason why the Hotel was chosen for a World War Two meeting – a meeting that shaped present-day global economic policies.

    (Linda Laban. www.bbc.com, 26.08.2020. Adapted.)

    The term “this”, which introduces the last sentence in the text, refers to the fact that the Mount Washington Hotel
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    The American embassy escaped the blast in Beirut’s port unscathed. Many Western countries either have missions in the city centre or diplomats who live in the area. The wife of the Dutch ambassador was killed, as was a German diplomat. But America’s embassy sits in the mountain village of Awkar, five miles from the port. Security measures are onerous, a hangover from the bombing of the American embassy in Beirut in 1983, which killed 63 people. It took a week before the ambassador, Dorothy Shea, a career diplomat, toured the port. Even on social media it has been far quieter than other foreign powers.

    (www.economist.com, 13.08.2020. Adapted.)

    The descriptions in the paragraph
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    Read the text to answer question.

    Imagem da questão de Inglês, FGV 2020, Vocabulário | Vocabulary

         We are at the beginning of a long road to rethinking and rebuilding supply chain models to encompass not just financial priorities but also business operations continuity in the most trying of circumstances. Executives from France and Italy, for example, are discussing ways to remake their businesses in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Their specialty is supply chains. They are smart people at the core of the world’s most sophisticated and valuable systems of manufacture, shipment, and inventory, and yet many of their supply systems staggered in the past few months – the byproduct of reliance on old business models.
    (Antonio Gulli. www.forbes.com, 28.07.2020. Adapted.)
    In the fragment “and yet many of their supply systems staggered in the past few months”, the underlined word introduces a
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    Read the text to answer question.

         The image depicts a nearly naked man amid a vast area of rainforest, spear pointed at the helicopter hovering above him – a man defending his territory and people from outside influence. This very scene made front-page news some years ago in the UK. It instantly highlighted the loss of ancestral homelands some tribal communities round the world face.
         Bad news has a way of dominating the headlines, so we're of the opinion that all indigenous communities and their culture are in decline – and that's not true. But the allure of propagating the "disappearing tribe" narrative is strong. It’s frustrating to see journalists who go on assignment with a set story in mind and then seek out quotes, experiences or interviews to fit their predetermined angle.

    (Jonny Bealby. www.newsweek.com, 27.08.2019. Adapted.) 
    In the context of the second paragraph, the expression “the allure of” means
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    Read the text to answer question.

         The image depicts a nearly naked man amid a vast area of rainforest, spear pointed at the helicopter hovering above him – a man defending his territory and people from outside influence. This very scene made front-page news some years ago in the UK. It instantly highlighted the loss of ancestral homelands some tribal communities round the world face.
         Bad news has a way of dominating the headlines, so we're of the opinion that all indigenous communities and their culture are in decline – and that's not true. But the allure of propagating the "disappearing tribe" narrative is strong. It’s frustrating to see journalists who go on assignment with a set story in mind and then seek out quotes, experiences or interviews to fit their predetermined angle.

    (Jonny Bealby. www.newsweek.com, 27.08.2019. Adapted.) 
    In the fragment from the second paragraph “so we’re of the opinion that”, the underlined word refers to
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    Read the text to answer question.

         The image depicts a nearly naked man amid a vast area of rainforest, spear pointed at the helicopter hovering above him – a man defending his territory and people from outside influence. This very scene made front-page news some years ago in the UK. It instantly highlighted the loss of ancestral homelands some tribal communities round the world face.
         Bad news has a way of dominating the headlines, so we're of the opinion that all indigenous communities and their culture are in decline – and that's not true. But the allure of propagating the "disappearing tribe" narrative is strong. It’s frustrating to see journalists who go on assignment with a set story in mind and then seek out quotes, experiences or interviews to fit their predetermined angle.

    (Jonny Bealby. www.newsweek.com, 27.08.2019. Adapted.) 
    . In the text the author expresses his opinion that
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    What about the artists?

    The Guardian - Wed 14 Oct 2020


    The government is deaf to the plight of freelance musicians and othercreatives


          On Monday, a number of British arts organisations finally heard whether they had received grants from the £1.57bn bailout fund announced in July by the chancellor, Rishi Sunak. Not a moment too soon, institutions such as Wigmore Hall in London, Bristol Old Vic and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra have been given a cash bufferthatshould keep them alive until March.

         The welcome announcement has been marred, though, by the failure of the government to address the question of freelancers and self-employed people in the arts. In an interview with ITV last week, Mr. Sunak was asked what he thought professional musicians ought to do, given that they can’t earn enough to live. He answered that up to 3 million people in the country qualified for help under the self-employed support scheme. Pressed on whether musicians oughttofind differentwork, he mentioned retraining schemes that are "providing new and fresh opportunity”. People must adapt, he said. He added that it was untrue that there was no work for musicians. Music lessons, in his own household at least, were still going on.

         The interviewer’s question was specifically about musicians - a third of whom have been ineligible for the selfemployed support scheme. So even if, as he later asserted, Mr Sunak was talking about the workforce as a whole rather than cultural workers in particular when he spoke of the need to retrain, he certainly gave a strong impression of indifference to and ignorance of musicians’ plight. This was reinforced on Monday when a government-backed advertisement went viral, launching hundreds of derisive parodies. Aiming to recruit workers into cybersecurity roles, it showed a dancer doing up her ballet shoes. It read: "Fatima’s next job could be in cyber (she just doesn’t know it yet)”. 
         The culture secretary, Oliver Dowden, was forced to condemn the advertisement as "crass” as his day of good news descended into farce and contumely. The government seems unable to grasp that putting money into the arts infrastructure is only part of the solution; creatives themselves need to be helped to survive economically too. Though some institutions are putting work on stage - and will be helped to do so in the months to come by the rescue package - these events will necessarily be small-scale, representing a drop in the ocean compared with the industry working at full tilt.
         New digital business models are being explored, but they are in their infancy and are not going to pay next month’s rent. Moreover, performance dates in the diary - that is, employment opportunities for freelancers - amount to perilous bets against the future course of the virus. As infections soar, organisations are bound, quite rightly, to be cautious, particularly in the face of the catastrophic failure of the government’s test-and-trace scheme.
         Meanwhile, musicians and others are certainly "adapting” - often to unskilled, low-paid work, though there is not much of that to go around. The government’s continued implication that musicians and other creative workers - many of whom have trained since childhood for some of the most demanding, competitive and highly skilled work in the economy - are somehow not "viable” is both insulting and ignorant. Underlying Mr Sunak’s remarks was the tired old Tory notion that creative jobs are not "real jobs”, and are undertaken by some fantastical species who are not, in fact, real people. Perhaps the chancellor should ask his family’s music teacher what it’s really like for artists right now - and actually listen to the answer.

    Source: The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2020/oct/14/the-guardian-view-on-saving-thearts-what-about-the-artists, accessed on October21st, 2020.

    The second and first paragraphs are linked by a notion of contrast, which is explicitly conveyed by the linking word "though” (2nd paragraph). The contrast refers to the difference in treatment between::
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    What about the artists?

    The Guardian - Wed 14 Oct 2020


    The government is deaf to the plight of freelance musicians and othercreatives


          On Monday, a number of British arts organisations finally heard whether they had received grants from the £1.57bn bailout fund announced in July by the chancellor, Rishi Sunak. Not a moment too soon, institutions such as Wigmore Hall in London, Bristol Old Vic and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra have been given a cash bufferthatshould keep them alive until March.

         The welcome announcement has been marred, though, by the failure of the government to address the question of freelancers and self-employed people in the arts. In an interview with ITV last week, Mr. Sunak was asked what he thought professional musicians ought to do, given that they can’t earn enough to live. He answered that up to 3 million people in the country qualified for help under the self-employed support scheme. Pressed on whether musicians oughttofind differentwork, he mentioned retraining schemes that are "providing new and fresh opportunity”. People must adapt, he said. He added that it was untrue that there was no work for musicians. Music lessons, in his own household at least, were still going on.

         The interviewer’s question was specifically about musicians - a third of whom have been ineligible for the selfemployed support scheme. So even if, as he later asserted, Mr Sunak was talking about the workforce as a whole rather than cultural workers in particular when he spoke of the need to retrain, he certainly gave a strong impression of indifference to and ignorance of musicians’ plight. This was reinforced on Monday when a government-backed advertisement went viral, launching hundreds of derisive parodies. Aiming to recruit workers into cybersecurity roles, it showed a dancer doing up her ballet shoes. It read: "Fatima’s next job could be in cyber (she just doesn’t know it yet)”. 
         The culture secretary, Oliver Dowden, was forced to condemn the advertisement as "crass” as his day of good news descended into farce and contumely. The government seems unable to grasp that putting money into the arts infrastructure is only part of the solution; creatives themselves need to be helped to survive economically too. Though some institutions are putting work on stage - and will be helped to do so in the months to come by the rescue package - these events will necessarily be small-scale, representing a drop in the ocean compared with the industry working at full tilt.
         New digital business models are being explored, but they are in their infancy and are not going to pay next month’s rent. Moreover, performance dates in the diary - that is, employment opportunities for freelancers - amount to perilous bets against the future course of the virus. As infections soar, organisations are bound, quite rightly, to be cautious, particularly in the face of the catastrophic failure of the government’s test-and-trace scheme.
         Meanwhile, musicians and others are certainly "adapting” - often to unskilled, low-paid work, though there is not much of that to go around. The government’s continued implication that musicians and other creative workers - many of whom have trained since childhood for some of the most demanding, competitive and highly skilled work in the economy - are somehow not "viable” is both insulting and ignorant. Underlying Mr Sunak’s remarks was the tired old Tory notion that creative jobs are not "real jobs”, and are undertaken by some fantastical species who are not, in fact, real people. Perhaps the chancellor should ask his family’s music teacher what it’s really like for artists right now - and actually listen to the answer.

    Source: The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2020/oct/14/the-guardian-view-on-saving-thearts-what-about-the-artists, accessed on October21st, 2020.

    The "3 million people in the country qualified for help under the self-employed support scheme” (2nd paragraph) includes the following group of people:
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    Social Distancing, Without the Police

    Letting members of the community enforce social distancing is the better way.

       Of the 125 people arrested over offenses that law enforcement officials described as related to the coronavirus pandemic, 113 were black or Hispanic. Of the 374 summonses from March 16 to May 5, a vast majority — 300 — were given to black and Hispanic New Yorkers.
       Videos of some of the arrests are hard to watch. In one posted to Facebook last week, a group of some six police officers are seen tackling a black woman in a subway station as heryoung child looks on. “She's got a baby with her!” a bystander shouts. Police officials told The Daily News the woman had refused to comply when officers directed her to put the mask she was wearing over her nose and mouth.
       Contrast that with photographs across social media showing crowds of sun-seekers packed into parks in wealthy, whiter areas of the city, lounging undisturbed as police officers hand out masks.
       So it is obvious that the city needs a different approach to enforcing public health measures during the pandemic. Mayor Bill de Blasio seems to understand this, and he has promised to hire 2,300 people to serve as social distancing “ambassadors.”
       Hopefully, the mayor will think bigger.
      One promising idea , promoted by City Councilman Brad Lander and others, is to build quickly a kind of “public health corps" to enforce social-distancing measures.
      In this approach, specially trained civilians could fan out across the neighborhoods and parks, helping with pedestrian traffic control and politely encouraging New Yorkers entering parks to protect one another by wearing masks and keeping their distance. Police Department school safety agents, who are not armed, could help. Such a program could also provide muchneeded employment for young people, especially with New York's summer jobs program, which serves people 14 to 24, threatened by budget cuts.
       Another method to help social-distancing efforts may be the community-based groups that have been effective in reducing gun violence in some of the city's toughest neighborhoods.
       The Police Department would play only a minimal role in this approach, stepping in to help with crowd control, for example, something it does extremely well.
       Without a significant course correction, the department's role in the pandemic may look more and more like stop-and-frisk, the policing tactic that led to the harassment of hundreds of thousands of innocent people, most of them black and Hispanic, while rarely touching white New Yorkers. Mr. de Blasio has scoffed at the comparison, though it's not clear why.
       Aggressive police enforcement of socialdistancing measures is nearly certain to harm the health and dignity of the city's black and Hispanic residents. 
       It could also diminish respect for the Police Department. Which is why it makes sense that the city's largest police union has said that its members want little to do with social-distancing enforcement. “The N.Y.P.D. needs to get cops out of the socialdistancing-enforcement business altogether,” Patrick Lynch, president of the Police Benevolent Association, said in a statement on May 4. On this issue, Mr. Lynch gets it.
       New York is facing a public health crisis, not a spike in crime. Black and Hispanic New Yorkers are already suffering disproportionately from the coronavirus. They don't need more policing. They need more help. 

    Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/opinion/nypdcoronavirus-arrests-nyc.html. Accessed May 18,2020. 
    One of the main objectives of the text is to discuss:
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    Social Distancing, Without the Police

    Letting members of the community enforce social distancing is the better way.

       Of the 125 people arrested over offenses that law enforcement officials described as related to the coronavirus pandemic, 113 were black or Hispanic. Of the 374 summonses from March 16 to May 5, a vast majority — 300 — were given to black and Hispanic New Yorkers.
       Videos of some of the arrests are hard to watch. In one posted to Facebook last week, a group of some six police officers are seen tackling a black woman in a subway station as heryoung child looks on. “She's got a baby with her!” a bystander shouts. Police officials told The Daily News the woman had refused to comply when officers directed her to put the mask she was wearing over her nose and mouth.
       Contrast that with photographs across social media showing crowds of sun-seekers packed into parks in wealthy, whiter areas of the city, lounging undisturbed as police officers hand out masks.
       So it is obvious that the city needs a different approach to enforcing public health measures during the pandemic. Mayor Bill de Blasio seems to understand this, and he has promised to hire 2,300 people to serve as social distancing “ambassadors.”
       Hopefully, the mayor will think bigger.
      One promising idea , promoted by City Councilman Brad Lander and others, is to build quickly a kind of “public health corps" to enforce social-distancing measures.
      In this approach, specially trained civilians could fan out across the neighborhoods and parks, helping with pedestrian traffic control and politely encouraging New Yorkers entering parks to protect one another by wearing masks and keeping their distance. Police Department school safety agents, who are not armed, could help. Such a program could also provide muchneeded employment for young people, especially with New York's summer jobs program, which serves people 14 to 24, threatened by budget cuts.
       Another method to help social-distancing efforts may be the community-based groups that have been effective in reducing gun violence in some of the city's toughest neighborhoods.
       The Police Department would play only a minimal role in this approach, stepping in to help with crowd control, for example, something it does extremely well.
       Without a significant course correction, the department's role in the pandemic may look more and more like stop-and-frisk, the policing tactic that led to the harassment of hundreds of thousands of innocent people, most of them black and Hispanic, while rarely touching white New Yorkers. Mr. de Blasio has scoffed at the comparison, though it's not clear why.
       Aggressive police enforcement of socialdistancing measures is nearly certain to harm the health and dignity of the city's black and Hispanic residents. 
       It could also diminish respect for the Police Department. Which is why it makes sense that the city's largest police union has said that its members want little to do with social-distancing enforcement. “The N.Y.P.D. needs to get cops out of the socialdistancing-enforcement business altogether,” Patrick Lynch, president of the Police Benevolent Association, said in a statement on May 4. On this issue, Mr. Lynch gets it.
       New York is facing a public health crisis, not a spike in crime. Black and Hispanic New Yorkers are already suffering disproportionately from the coronavirus. They don't need more policing. They need more help. 

    Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/opinion/nypdcoronavirus-arrests-nyc.html. Accessed May 18,2020. 
    According to the text it is true that:
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    Robot priests can bless you, advise you, and even perform your funeral 


    By Sigal Samuel Updated Jan 13, 2020, 11:25am EST


    A new priest named Mindar is holding forth at Kodaiji, a 400-year-old Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan. Like other clergy members, this priest can deliver sermons and move around to interface with worshippers. Mindar is a robot, designed to look like Kannon, the Buddhist deity of mercy, and cost $1 million.


    As more religious communities begin to incorporate robotics — in some cases, AI-powered — questions arise about how technology could change our religious experiences. Traditionally, those experiences are valuable in part because they leave room for the spontaneous and surprising, the emotional and even the mystical. That could be lost if we mechanize them.  


    Another risk has to do with how an AI priest would handle ethical queries. Robots whose algorithms learn from previous data may nudge us toward decisions based on what people have done in the past, incrementally homogenizing answers and narrowing the scope of our spiritual imagination. One could argue, however, that risk also exists with human clergy, since the clergy is bounded too — there’s already a built-in nudging or limiting factor.


    AI systems can be particularly problematic in that they often function as black boxes. We typically don’t know what sorts of biases are coded into them or what sorts of human nuance and context they’re failing to understand. A human priest who knows your broader context as a whole person may gather this and give you the right recommendation. 


    Human clergy members serve as the anchor for a community, bringing people together. They provide human contact, which is in danger of becoming a luxury good as we create robots to more cheaply do the work of people. Robots, notwithstanding, might be able to transcend some social divides, such as race and gender, to enhance community in a way that’s more liberating. 


    Ultimately, in religion as in other domains, robots and humans are perhaps best understood not as competitors but as collaborators. Each offers something the other lacks. 


    (S. Samuel, Robot priests can bless you, advise you, and even perform your funeral. Vox, 9/9/2019. Disponível em https://www.vox.com/ future-perfect/2019/9/9/20851753/ai-religionrobot-priest-mindar-budd hism-christianity. Acessado em 05/08/2020.)

    Qual das afirmações abaixo sintetiza corretamente a discussão sobre os riscos do uso de robôs na função de clérigos, tal como exposta no texto?
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    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNICAMP 2020, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension


    Injured ape 


    Nisha Gaind (Bureau chief, Europe). This X-ray shows a baby Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) with a fractured arm. Conservation workers rescued the animal, named Brenda, from a village on the Indonesian island where she had reportedly been kept illegally as a pet. As editors, we see lots of photographs of conservation, but this image struck me for many reasons: the ‘humanness’ of Brenda’s shape, her innocence and the dedication of the conservation centre, which flew in a surgeon to operate on the animal.


    (N. Gaind e E. Callaway. The best science images of the year: 2019 in pictures. Nature, v. 576, n. 7787, p. 354–359, 16/12/2019.)

    Sobre o texto “The best science images of the year: 2019 in pictures”, considerando a imagem radiográfica que ele traz, é correto dizer:



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