Questões: Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) — com gabarito

(BENETT, Gazetadopovo.com.br, acesso em 09/08/2011.)

Para entender a charge de Benett, são necessários alguns conhecimentos extras. O texto abaixo ajuda-nos nessa direção.

      O Flautista de Hamelin é um conto folclórico reescrito pela primeira vez pelos Irmãos Grimm e que narra um desastre incomum acontecido na cidade de Hamelin, na Alemanha, em 26 de junho de 1284.

      Em 1284, a cidade de Hamelin estava sofrendo com uma infestação de ratos. Um dia, chega à cidade um homem que reivindica ser um "caçador de ratos", dizendo ter a solução para o problema. Prometeram-lhe um bom pagamento em troca dos ratos – uma moeda pela cabeça de cada um. O homem aceitou o acordo, pegou uma flauta e hipnotizou os ratos, afogando-os no rio Weser.

      Apesar de obter sucesso, o povo da cidade abjurou a promessa feita, recusando-se a pagar o "caçador de ratos", afirmando que ele não havia apresentado as cabeças. O homem deixou a cidade, mas retornou várias semanas depois e, enquanto os habitantes estavam na igreja, tocou novamente sua flauta, atraindo dessa vez as crianças de Hamelin. Cento e trinta meninos e meninas seguiram-no para fora da cidade, onde foram enfeitiçados e trancados em uma caverna. Na cidade, só ficaram opulentos habitantes, repletos celeiros e bem cheias despensas, protegidas por sólidas muralhas e um imenso manto de silêncio e tristeza. 

      E foi isso que se sucedeu há muitos, muitos anos, na deserta e vazia cidade de Hamelin, onde, por mais que se procure, nunca se encontra nem um rato, nem uma criança.

(http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Flautista_de_Hamelin, acesso em 10/08/2011.)

Observando que a personagem da charge representa a presidente Dilma Roussef, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

1. Tanto na charge como no conto, os ratos constituem uma metáfora que deve ser interpretada da mesma maneira.

2. A fala da presidente Dilma na charge retoma elementos apresentados no segundo parágrafo do conto.

3. A cena critica a falta de ação da presidente do Brasil frente a problemas sociais de diferentes ordens.

4. A intertextualidade da charge com o conto é confirmada principalmente pelos elementos verbais.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

(BENETT, Gazetadopovo.com.br, acesso em 09/08/2011.)

Para entender a charge de Benett, são necessários alguns conhecimentos extras. O texto abaixo ajuda-nos nessa direção.

      O Flautista de Hamelin é um conto folclórico reescrito pela primeira vez pelos Irmãos Grimm e que narra um desastre incomum acontecido na cidade de Hamelin, na Alemanha, em 26 de junho de 1284.

      Em 1284, a cidade de Hamelin estava sofrendo com uma infestação de ratos. Um dia, chega à cidade um homem que reivindica ser um "caçador de ratos", dizendo ter a solução para o problema. Prometeram-lhe um bom pagamento em troca dos ratos – uma moeda pela cabeça de cada um. O homem aceitou o acordo, pegou uma flauta e hipnotizou os ratos, afogando-os no rio Weser.

      Apesar de obter sucesso, o povo da cidade abjurou a promessa feita, recusando-se a pagar o "caçador de ratos", afirmando que ele não havia apresentado as cabeças. O homem deixou a cidade, mas retornou várias semanas depois e, enquanto os habitantes estavam na igreja, tocou novamente sua flauta, atraindo dessa vez as crianças de Hamelin. Cento e trinta meninos e meninas seguiram-no para fora da cidade, onde foram enfeitiçados e trancados em uma caverna. Na cidade, só ficaram opulentos habitantes, repletos celeiros e bem cheias despensas, protegidas por sólidas muralhas e um imenso manto de silêncio e tristeza. 

      E foi isso que se sucedeu há muitos, muitos anos, na deserta e vazia cidade de Hamelin, onde, por mais que se procure, nunca se encontra nem um rato, nem uma criança.

(http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Flautista_de_Hamelin, acesso em 10/08/2011.)

Observe a pontuação do trecho a seguir: 

Sobre a pontuação do trecho acima, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

1. Se substituíssemos o travessão (linha 3) por parênteses – fechados depois da palavra “limpeza” – não haveria prejuízo de sentido nem de adequação à norma.

2. Os parênteses das linhas 4-5 inserem uma explicação ou especificação do que foi dito.

3. Os parênteses da linha 6 são usados com intenção de fazer uma síntese do que foi dito anteriormente.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

A sentença “Ele anda ouvindo música” pode ser interpretada de duas formas: a) ele ouve música enquanto caminha – neste caso, o verbo “andar” funciona como verbo pleno, significando “caminhar”; b) a atividade de ele ouvir música tem se repetido ultimamente – neste caso, o verbo “andar” se esvazia de seu sentido pleno e funciona como elemento gramatical, um auxiliar. Podemos identificar no português outros verbos que podem ter esses dois usos: um com seu sentido lexical pleno e outro funcionando como elemento gramatical. Tendo isso em vista, considere os conjuntos de sentenças abaixo:

1. Ele chegou na festa e bagunçou o tempo todo.

    Ele chegou a interferir no processo, mas foi neutralizado.

2. Ela está querendo comer camarão.

    Ela está querendo ficar doente.

3. O que ela fez com a faca que estava no chão? Ela pegou e guardou na gaveta.

    Como ele agiu quando se deparou com o grupo? Ah, ele pegou e foi batendo em todo mundo.

4. Todos trabalham pela causa.

    Eles trabalham vendendo computadores.

Em qualquer caso, independente do contexto, o verbo grifado pode ser interpretado com sentido lexical pleno em ambas as ocorrências:  

“Para que te servem essas unhas longas? Para te arranhar de morte para arrancar os teus espinhos mortais, responde o lobo do homem. Para que te serve essa cruel boca de fome? Para te morder e para soprar a fim de que eu não te doa demais, meu amor, já que tenho que te doer, eu sou o lobo inevitável, pois a vida me foi dada. Para que te servem essas mãos que ardem e prendem? Para ficarmos de mãos dadas, pois preciso tanto, tanto, tanto — uivaram os lobos, e olharam intimidados as próprias garras antes de se aconchegarem um no outro para amar e dormir.” (trecho do conto “Os desastres de Sofia”, de Clarice Lispector, em Felicidade clandestina)

Considerando os contos de Felicidade clandestina, de Clarice Lispector, assinale a alternativa correta.

“Incompreensível mulher! / A noite a vira bacante infrene, calcando aos pés lascivos o pudor e a dignidade, ostentar o vício na maior torpeza do cinismo, com toda a hediondez de sua beleza. A manhã a encontrava tímida menina, amante casta e ingênua, bebendo num olhar a felicidade que dera, e suplicando o perdão da felicidade que recebera.” (José de Alencar, em Lucíola)

Em relação ao romance Lucíola, considere as seguintes afirmativas:

1. Para Lúcia, a prostituição funciona como autopunição, na medida em que reforça o sentimento de culpa pela pureza perdida e valorizada.

2. O idealismo romântico convive com a aguda percepção da importância da posição social, do conflito entre dinheiro e virtude e com o realismo das descrições sem reticências.

3. O romance de Alencar coloca a literatura em relevo, através das obras citadas, da crítica de Lúcia à Dama das Camélias e da referência às leituras permitidas às mulheres.

4. O abandono da vida anterior não é purificação suficiente, razão pela qual o corpo manchado pelo vício deve morrer junto com o fruto do amor impossível.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

       Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, was born on March 28, 1936, in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa. He is a writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and Nobel Prize laureate. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".

Vargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966), The Green House (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la catedral, 1969/1975). He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (1973/1978) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films.

      Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. Increasingly, however, he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world. Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism, to a sometimes playful postmodernism.

      Like many Latin American authors, Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career; over the course of his life, he has gradually moved from the political left towards liberalism or neoliberalism, a definitively more conservative political position. While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with the Cuban dictator and his authoritarian regime. He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center-right Frente Democrático (FREDEMO) coalition, advocating neoliberal reforms.

(Adapted from www.wikipedia.org) 

       Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, was born on March 28, 1936, in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa. He is a writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and Nobel Prize laureate. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".

Vargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966), The Green House (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la catedral, 1969/1975). He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (1973/1978) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films.

      Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. Increasingly, however, he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world. Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism, to a sometimes playful postmodernism.

      Like many Latin American authors, Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career; over the course of his life, he has gradually moved from the political left towards liberalism or neoliberalism, a definitively more conservative political position. While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with the Cuban dictator and his authoritarian regime. He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center-right Frente Democrático (FREDEMO) coalition, advocating neoliberal reforms.

(Adapted from www.wikipedia.org) 

       Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, was born on March 28, 1936, in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa. He is a writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and Nobel Prize laureate. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".

Vargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966), The Green House (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la catedral, 1969/1975). He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (1973/1978) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films.

      Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. Increasingly, however, he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world. Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism, to a sometimes playful postmodernism.

      Like many Latin American authors, Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career; over the course of his life, he has gradually moved from the political left towards liberalism or neoliberalism, a definitively more conservative political position. While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with the Cuban dictator and his authoritarian regime. He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center-right Frente Democrático (FREDEMO) coalition, advocating neoliberal reforms.

(Adapted from www.wikipedia.org) 

School Curriculum Falls Short on Bigger Lessons

By Tara PARKER-POPE

      Now that children are back in the classroom, are they really learning the lessons that will help them succeed?

      Many child development experts worry that the answer may be no. They say the ever-growing emphasis on academic performance and test scores means many children aren’t developing life skills like self-control, motivation, focus and resilience, which are far better predictors of long-term success than high grades. And it may be distorting their and their parents’ values.

      In one set of studies, children who solved math puzzles were praised for their intelligence or for their hard work. The first group actually did worse on subsequent tests, or took an easy way out, shunning difficult problems. The research suggests that praise for a good effort encourages harder work, while children who are consistently told they are smart do not know what to do when confronted with a difficult problem or reading assignment.

      Academic achievement can certainly help children succeed, and for parents there can be a fine line between praising effort and praising performance. Words need to be chosen carefully: Instead of saying, “I’m so proud you got an ‘A’ on your test”, a better choice is “I’m so proud of you for studying so hard”. Both replies rightly celebrate the ‘A’, but the second focuses on the effort that produced it, encouraging the child to keep trying in the future.

      Praise outside of academics matters, too. Instead of asking your child how many points she scored on the basketball court, say, “Tell me about the game. Did you have fun? Did you play hard?”. Parents also need to teach their children that they do not have to be good at everything, and there is something to be learned when a child struggles or gets a poor grade despite studying hard. One strategy is to teach children that the differences between easy and difficult subjects can provide useful information about their goals and interests. Subjects they enjoy and excel in may become the focus of their careers. Challenging but interesting classes or sports can become hobbies.

(Adapted from www.nyt.com) 

Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F), according to the text?

( ) Schools tend to emphasize academic performance and test scores.

( ) Students should develop life skills, such as self-control, ambition, and competitiveness.

( ) Getting high grades does not necessarily mean that the student will be successful in life.

( ) The emphasis on academic performance is not supported by parents at all.

( ) Long-term success is usually achieved by students who get high grades.

Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.

School Curriculum Falls Short on Bigger Lessons

By Tara PARKER-POPE

      Now that children are back in the classroom, are they really learning the lessons that will help them succeed?

      Many child development experts worry that the answer may be no. They say the ever-growing emphasis on academic performance and test scores means many children aren’t developing life skills like self-control, motivation, focus and resilience, which are far better predictors of long-term success than high grades. And it may be distorting their and their parents’ values.

      In one set of studies, children who solved math puzzles were praised for their intelligence or for their hard work. The first group actually did worse on subsequent tests, or took an easy way out, shunning difficult problems. The research suggests that praise for a good effort encourages harder work, while children who are consistently told they are smart do not know what to do when confronted with a difficult problem or reading assignment.

      Academic achievement can certainly help children succeed, and for parents there can be a fine line between praising effort and praising performance. Words need to be chosen carefully: Instead of saying, “I’m so proud you got an ‘A’ on your test”, a better choice is “I’m so proud of you for studying so hard”. Both replies rightly celebrate the ‘A’, but the second focuses on the effort that produced it, encouraging the child to keep trying in the future.

      Praise outside of academics matters, too. Instead of asking your child how many points she scored on the basketball court, say, “Tell me about the game. Did you have fun? Did you play hard?”. Parents also need to teach their children that they do not have to be good at everything, and there is something to be learned when a child struggles or gets a poor grade despite studying hard. One strategy is to teach children that the differences between easy and difficult subjects can provide useful information about their goals and interests. Subjects they enjoy and excel in may become the focus of their careers. Challenging but interesting classes or sports can become hobbies.

(Adapted from www.nyt.com) 

School Curriculum Falls Short on Bigger Lessons

By Tara PARKER-POPE

      Now that children are back in the classroom, are they really learning the lessons that will help them succeed?

      Many child development experts worry that the answer may be no. They say the ever-growing emphasis on academic performance and test scores means many children aren’t developing life skills like self-control, motivation, focus and resilience, which are far better predictors of long-term success than high grades. And it may be distorting their and their parents’ values.

      In one set of studies, children who solved math puzzles were praised for their intelligence or for their hard work. The first group actually did worse on subsequent tests, or took an easy way out, shunning difficult problems. The research suggests that praise for a good effort encourages harder work, while children who are consistently told they are smart do not know what to do when confronted with a difficult problem or reading assignment.

      Academic achievement can certainly help children succeed, and for parents there can be a fine line between praising effort and praising performance. Words need to be chosen carefully: Instead of saying, “I’m so proud you got an ‘A’ on your test”, a better choice is “I’m so proud of you for studying so hard”. Both replies rightly celebrate the ‘A’, but the second focuses on the effort that produced it, encouraging the child to keep trying in the future.

      Praise outside of academics matters, too. Instead of asking your child how many points she scored on the basketball court, say, “Tell me about the game. Did you have fun? Did you play hard?”. Parents also need to teach their children that they do not have to be good at everything, and there is something to be learned when a child struggles or gets a poor grade despite studying hard. One strategy is to teach children that the differences between easy and difficult subjects can provide useful information about their goals and interests. Subjects they enjoy and excel in may become the focus of their careers. Challenging but interesting classes or sports can become hobbies.

(Adapted from www.nyt.com) 

School Curriculum Falls Short on Bigger Lessons

By Tara PARKER-POPE

      Now that children are back in the classroom, are they really learning the lessons that will help them succeed?

      Many child development experts worry that the answer may be no. They say the ever-growing emphasis on academic performance and test scores means many children aren’t developing life skills like self-control, motivation, focus and resilience, which are far better predictors of long-term success than high grades. And it may be distorting their and their parents’ values.

      In one set of studies, children who solved math puzzles were praised for their intelligence or for their hard work. The first group actually did worse on subsequent tests, or took an easy way out, shunning difficult problems. The research suggests that praise for a good effort encourages harder work, while children who are consistently told they are smart do not know what to do when confronted with a difficult problem or reading assignment.

      Academic achievement can certainly help children succeed, and for parents there can be a fine line between praising effort and praising performance. Words need to be chosen carefully: Instead of saying, “I’m so proud you got an ‘A’ on your test”, a better choice is “I’m so proud of you for studying so hard”. Both replies rightly celebrate the ‘A’, but the second focuses on the effort that produced it, encouraging the child to keep trying in the future.

      Praise outside of academics matters, too. Instead of asking your child how many points she scored on the basketball court, say, “Tell me about the game. Did you have fun? Did you play hard?”. Parents also need to teach their children that they do not have to be good at everything, and there is something to be learned when a child struggles or gets a poor grade despite studying hard. One strategy is to teach children that the differences between easy and difficult subjects can provide useful information about their goals and interests. Subjects they enjoy and excel in may become the focus of their careers. Challenging but interesting classes or sports can become hobbies.

(Adapted from www.nyt.com) 

Consider the following statements:

1. Parents should tell their children they do not have to be good at everything.

2. Parents should try to praise their children in their everyday life.

3. Being successful at school is more important than outside of academic matters.

4. Students with a higher performance at school are encouraged to win games.

5. Parents should help their kids see the difference between easy and difficult subjects.

6. Easy subjects may become the focus of someone’s career.

Which of the statements above are TRUE, according to the text?

       Diverti-me imensamente com a história dos imbecis da web. Para quem não acompanhou, foi publicado em alguns jornais e também on-line que no curso de uma chamada lectio magistralis em Turim eu teria dito que a web está cheia de imbecis. É falso. A lectio era sobre um tema completamente diferente, mas isso mostra como as notícias circulam e se deformam entre os jornais e a web. A história dos imbecis surgiu numa conferência de imprensa durante a qual, respondendo a uma pergunta que não me lembro mais, fiz uma observação de puro bom senso. Admitindo que em 7 bilhões de habitantes exista uma taxa inevitável de imbecis, muitíssimos deles costumavam comunicar seus delírios aos íntimos ou aos amigos do bar - e assim suas opiniões permaneciam limitadas a um círculo restrito. Hoje uma parte consistente dessas pessoas tem a possibilidade de expressar as próprias opiniões nas redes sociais e, portanto, tais opiniões alcançam audiências altíssimas e se misturam com tantas outras ideias expressas por pessoas razoáveis.

[...]

         É justo que a rede permita que mesmo quem não diz coisas sensatas se expresse, mas o excesso de besteira congestiona as linhas. E algumas reações descompensadas que vi na internet confirmam minha razoabilíssima tese. Alguém chegou a dizer que, para mim, as opiniões de um tolo e aquelas de um ganhador do prêmio Nobel têm a mesma evidência e não demorou para que se difundisse viralmente uma inútil discussão sobre o fato de eu ter ou não recebido um prêmio Nobel - sem que ninguém consultasse sequer a Wikipédia.

(Umberto Eco - Os imbecis e a imprensa responsável, 2017.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questão.

O jogo do salário mínimo

O texto a seguir é referência para as questão.

O jogo do salário mínimo

O texto a seguir é referência para as questão.

O jogo do salário mínimo

O texto a seguir é referência para a questão.

More Than Just Children's Books

Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows, workshops and book clubs.

“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore, everyone tells you you're crazy, there will be no future,” says Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus's founder. Still, she wanted to try. A month before her third son was born, she opened the store in Berlin's Kreuzberg district.

BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children's bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store's employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published illustrated children's book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of eager, mo stly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later, the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore's basement workshop, whe re he showed them how Gutenberg fit leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg's, everyone was thrilled.

(Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/books/berlin-germany-krumulus.html)