Questões: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) — com gabarito

O trecho a seguir foi retirado de uma reportagem sobre atendimento de saúde aos povos indígenas do Xingu, prestado por uma universidade paulista. Leia-o.

Um dos principais papéis da equipe da universidade é levar atenção médica aos índios, procurando interferir minimamente na sua cultura. Eles desenvolveram seus próprios sistemas tradicionais de saúde, constituídos por diferentes atores e práticas, como a pajelança, plantas medicinais, rezas e cantos de cura. Isso está ligado ao modo como compreendem o mundo e, consequentemente, o processo de adoecimento. Por essas razões, o desafio consiste em desenvolver a escuta, para entender o outro e o que é diferente da nossa cultura.

(Disponível em https://www.unifesp.br/reitoria/dci/edicao-atual-entreteses/item/ 1913-ha-50- anos-cuidando-da-saude-dos-povos-indigenas.)

Segundo o texto,

We raise girls to cater to the fragile egos of men. We teach girls do shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. We tell girls ‘You can have ambition, but not too much’. ‘You should aim to be successful, but not too successful, otherwise you will threaten the man’. (…) We teach girls shame – ‘Close your legs, cover yourself!’. We make them feel as though by being born female, they’re already guilty of something. And so, girls grow up to be women who cannot see they have desire. They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who cannot say what they truly think. And they grow up – and this is the worst thing we do to girls – to be women who turn pretense into an art form.

(Adaptado da palestra “We should all be feminists”, 15/07/2009. Disponível em https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hg3umXU_qWc&t=797s. Acessado em 14/05/2018.)

O texto anterior reproduz trechos de uma palestra proferida pela escritora nigeriana Chimamanda Adichie em 2009. Segundo a autora, o fato de serem criadas para agradar aos homens faz com que as mulheres

Largest prime number discovered: with more than 23m digits

Known simply as M77232917, the figure is arrived at by calculating two to the power of 77,232,917 and subtracting one, leaving a gargantuan string of 23,249,425 digits. The result is nearly one million digits longer than the previous record holder discovered in January 2016. The number belongs to a rare group of so-called Mersenne prime numbers, named after the 17th century French monk Marin Mersenne. Like any prime number, a Mersenne prime is divisible only by itself and one, but is derived by multiplying twos together over and over before taking away one. The previous record-holding number was the 49th Mersenne prime ever found, making the new one the 50th.

(Adaptado de Ian Sample, “Largest prime number discovered: with more than 23m digits”. The Guardian, 04/ 01/2018.)

Considerando as informações contidas no excerto anterior, qual dos números a seguir é um primo de Mersenne?

Touching thermal-paper receipts could extend BPA retention in the body

When people handle receipts printed on thermal paper containing the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), the toxic chemical could linger in the body for a week or more. Jonathan W. Martin of Stockholm University and Jiaying Liu of the University of Alberta asked six male volunteers to handle paper containing isotopically labeled BPA for five minutes. The volunteers then put on nitrile gloves, wore them for two hours, removed them, and washed their hands with soap. Afterward, the researchers measured the labeled BPA and its metabolites in the volunteers’ urine regularly for two days and then once again a week later. The study only traced the isotopically labeled (deuterated) BPA and its metabolites, so any additional BPA exposure from other sources was not monitored.

(Deirdre Lockwood, Touching thermal-paper receipts could extend BPA retention in the body. Chemical & Engineering News, 04/09/2017.)

O texto discorre sobre uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi

Genetic Fortune-Telling

One day, babies will get DNA report cards at birth. These reports will offer predictions about their chances of suffering a heart attack or cancer, of getting hooked on tobacco, and of being smarter than average.

Though the new DNA tests offer probabilities, not diagnoses, they could greatly benefit medicine. For example, if women at high risk for breast cancer got more mammograms and those at low risk got fewer, those exams might catch more real cancers and set off fewer false alarms. The trouble is, the predictions are far from perfect. What if someone with a low risk score for cancer puts off being screened, and then develops cancer anyway? Polygenic scores are also controversial because they can predict any trait, not only diseases. For instance, they can now forecast about 10 percent of a person’s performance on IQ tests. But how will parents and educators use that information?

(Adaptado de Derek Brahney, Genetic Fortune-Telling. MIT Technology Review, Março/Abril 2018)

De acordo com o texto, um dos riscos do prognóstico genético dos indivíduos desde o nascimento seria o de

(Disponível em https://www.facebook.com/SeboItinerante/photos/. Acessado em 28/05/2018.)

“Acho que só devemos ler a espécie de livros que nos ferem e trespassam. Um livro tem que ser como um machado para quebrar o mar de gelo do bom senso e do senso comum."

(Adaptado de “Franz Kafka, carta a Oscar Pollak, 1904.” Disponível em https://laboratoriode sensibilidades.wordpress.com. Acessado em 28/05/2018.)

Assinale o excerto que confirma os dois textos anteriores.

The modern F=ma form of Newton's second law occurs nowhere in any edition of the Principia even though he had seen his second law formulated in this way in print during the interval between the second and third editions in Jacob Hermann's Phoronomia of 1716. Instead, it has the following formulation in all three editions: A change in (1) ________ is proportional to the motive (2) ________ impressed and takes place along the (3) _________ line in which that force is (4)________. In the body of the Principia this law is applied both to (5) _______ cases, in which an instantaneous impulse such as from impact is effecting the change in motion, and to cases of (6) _______ action, such as the change in motion in the continuous deceleration of a body moving in a resisting medium. Newton thus appears to have intended his second law to be neutral between discrete forces (that is, what we now call impulses) and Hermann's Phoronomia of 1716. Instead, it has the following formulation in all three editions: A change in (1) ________ is proportional to the motive (2) ________ impressed and takes place along the (3) _________ line in which that force is (4)________. In the body of the Principia this law is applied both to (5) _______ cases, in which an instantaneous impulse such as from impact is effecting the change in motion, and to cases of (6) _______ action, such as the change in motion in the continuous deceleration of a body moving in a resisting medium. Newton thus appears to have intended his second law to be neutral between discrete forces (that is, what we now call impulses) and continuous forces.

(Adaptado de George Smith, "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", em Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition). Disponível em https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/newton-principia/. Acessado em 24/10/2017.)

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência adequada de palavras que preenchem as lacunas do texto acima, para que os conceitos utilizados estejam corretos. 

Coral reefs are colorful underwater forests which teem with life and act as a natural protective barrier for coastal regions. The fishes and plants which call them home belong to some of the most diverse ― and fragile ― ecosystems on the planet. Higher sea temperatures from global warming have already caused major coral bleaching events. Bleaching occurs when corals respond to the stress of warmer temperatures by expelling the colorful algae that live within them. Increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide result in higher levels of CO² in the water, leading to ocean acidification, which is also a threat to coral. As the oceans become more acidic, the corals' ability to form skeletons through calcification is inhibited, causing their growth to slow. Increasing sea levels caused by melting sea ice could also cause problems for some reefs by making them too deep to receive adequate sunlight, another factor important for survival.

(Adaptado de Coral Reefs, The National Wildlife Federation. Disponível em https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/GlobalWarming/Effects-on-Wildlife-and-Habitat/Coral-Reefs.aspx. Acessado em 26/07/2017.)

Considerando o texto e seus conhecimentos, assinale a alternativa correta.

Os recifes de corais estão seriamente ameaçados pela combinação dos seguintes fatores: