Questões: Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) — com gabarito

Wood wide web: trees’ social networks are mapped 

    Research has shown that beneath every forest and wood there is a complex underground web of roots, fungi and bacteria helping to connect trees and plants to one another. This subterranean social network, nearly 500 million years old, has become known as the “wood wide web”. Now, an international study has produced the first global map of the “mycorrhizal fungi networks” dominating this secretive world.

    Using machine-learning, researchers from the Crowther Lab at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and Stanford University in the US used the database of the Global Forest Initiative, which covers 1.2 million forest tree plots with 28,000 species, from more than 70 countries. Using millions of direct observations of trees and their symbiotic associations on the ground, the researchers could build models from the bottom up to visualise these fungal networks for the first time. Prof Thomas Crowther, one of the authors of the report, told the BBC, “It’s the first time that we’ve been able to understand the world beneath our feet, but at a global scale.”

    The research reveals how important mycorrhizal networks are to limiting climate change — and how vulnerable they are to the effects of it. “Just like an Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of the brain helps us to understand how the brain works, this global map of the fungi beneath the soil helps us to understand how global ecosystems work,” said Prof Crowther. “What we find is that certain types of microorganisms live in certain parts of the world, and by understanding that we can figure out how to restore different types of ecosystems and also how the climate is changing.” Losing chunks of the wood wide web could well increase “the feedback loop of warming temperatures and carbon emissions.”

    Mycorrhizal fungi are those that form a symbiotic relationship with plants. There are two main groups of mycorrhizal fungi: arbuscular fungi (AM) that penetrate the host’s roots, and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) which surround the tree’s roots without penetrating them.

                                                (Claire Marshall. www.bbc.com, 15.05.2019. Adaptado.)

Wood wide web: trees’ social networks are mapped 

    Research has shown that beneath every forest and wood there is a complex underground web of roots, fungi and bacteria helping to connect trees and plants to one another. This subterranean social network, nearly 500 million years old, has become known as the “wood wide web”. Now, an international study has produced the first global map of the “mycorrhizal fungi networks” dominating this secretive world.

    Using machine-learning, researchers from the Crowther Lab at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and Stanford University in the US used the database of the Global Forest Initiative, which covers 1.2 million forest tree plots with 28,000 species, from more than 70 countries. Using millions of direct observations of trees and their symbiotic associations on the ground, the researchers could build models from the bottom up to visualise these fungal networks for the first time. Prof Thomas Crowther, one of the authors of the report, told the BBC, “It’s the first time that we’ve been able to understand the world beneath our feet, but at a global scale.”

    The research reveals how important mycorrhizal networks are to limiting climate change — and how vulnerable they are to the effects of it. “Just like an Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of the brain helps us to understand how the brain works, this global map of the fungi beneath the soil helps us to understand how global ecosystems work,” said Prof Crowther. “What we find is that certain types of microorganisms live in certain parts of the world, and by understanding that we can figure out how to restore different types of ecosystems and also how the climate is changing.” Losing chunks of the wood wide web could well increase “the feedback loop of warming temperatures and carbon emissions.”

    Mycorrhizal fungi are those that form a symbiotic relationship with plants. There are two main groups of mycorrhizal fungi: arbuscular fungi (AM) that penetrate the host’s roots, and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) which surround the tree’s roots without penetrating them.

                                                (Claire Marshall. www.bbc.com, 15.05.2019. Adaptado.)

Leia o poema de Paulo Henriques Britto para responder à questão.

(Mínima lírica, 2013.)

Leia o trecho de Galvez, Imperador do Acre, de Márcio Souza, para responder à questão:

Juno e Flora e outras divindades mitológicas

    O cabaré não primava pela decoração, mas o ambiente era simples e acolhedor. Era bem conceituado pelos anos de serviços prestados. Uma sala pequena cheia de sofás, algumas mesas redondas de mármore encardido. Meia penumbra. Fomos sentar numa mesa perto da orquestra. A casa começava a esvaziar e estavam apenas os clientes mais renitentes. Duas meninas dançavam um can-can desajeitado e deviam ser paraenses. As duas meninas suavam sem parar. Fomos atendidos por Dona Flora, gorda e oxigenada proprietária que bem poderia ser a deusa Juno. Recebemos as vênias de sempre e Trucco pediu uísque. A música já estava com o andamento de fim de festa e o garçom veio servir nossas bebidas. Trucco perguntou se Lili ainda iria apresentar-se e o garçom respondeu que o número dela era sempre à meia-noite. Havia um ar de familiaridade, e duas polacas vieram sentar em nossa mesa. Afastei a cadeira para elas sentarem e notei que eram bem velhas e machucadas. Decidi dar uma observada no ambiente enquanto Trucco trocava gentilezas com as duas cocottes1 .

(Galvez, Imperador do Acre, 1977.)

1cocotte: mulher jovem e atraente.

Leia o texto de Jonathan Culler para responder à questão.

(Teoria literária: uma introdução, 1999)