Questões: Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto — com gabarito

    Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
    In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
    The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.

    Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
    In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
    The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.

    Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
    In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
    The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.

    Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
    In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
    The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.

    Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
    In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
    The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.
What is the topic mainly about?

Leia um trecho do ensaio de Modesto Carone para responder à questão.

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

W.H.O. calls ‘vaccine hesitancy’ an increasing concern globally

Rick Gladstone

August 18, 2015

    The World Health Organization warned Tuesday of what it called the growing problem of “vaccine hesitancy,” when people delay or refuse vaccines for themselves or their children. In a statement on its website, the organization called the problem “a growing challenge for countries seeking to close the immunization gap.” Globally, the organization said, one in five children still do not receive routine lifesaving immunizations, and 1.5 million children die each year of diseases that could have been thwarted by vaccines.

(www.nytimes.com)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Social life in youth may impact health decades later

Robert Preidt

August 6, 2015

    Having good social connections at age 20 can lead to improved well-being later in life, a new study suggests. Previous research has shown that people with poor social links are at increased risk for early death. “In fact, having few social connections is equivalent to tobacco use, and [the risk is] higher than for those who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, or who suffer from obesity,” study author Cheryl Carmichael, who conducted the study while a doctoral candidate at the University of Rochester in New York, said in a university news release.

    The study included 133 people who enrolled when they were 20-year-old college students in the 1970s. The participants kept track of their daily social interactions at ages 20 and 30. At age 50, they completed an online survey about the quality of their social lives and emotional well-being, including questions about loneliness and depression, and their relationships with close friends.

    The findings showed that frequent social interactions at age 20 and good-quality relationships – defined as intimate and satisfying – at age 30 were associated with higher levels of well-being at age 50. The study findings were published in a recent issue of the journal Psychology and Aging.

    A high number of social interactions at age 20 are beneficial later in life because they help young adults determine who they are, the researchers said. “It’s often around this age that we meet people from diverse backgrounds, with opinions and values that are different from our own, and we learn how to best manage those differences,” said Carmichael, now an assistant professor of psychology at Brooklyn College. “Considering everything else that goes on in life over those 30 years – marriage, raising a family and building a career – it is extraordinary that there appears to be a relationship between the kinds of interactions college students and young adults have and their emotional health later in life,” she concluded.

(www.nlm.nih.gov)

O poema apresenta características que permitem situá-lo

“Foi quando meu vestido me reteve: alguma coisa se enganchara na minha saia. Voltei-me e vi que se tratava de uma mão pequena e escura. Pertencia a um menino a que a sujeira e o sangue interno davam um tom quente de pele.” (1° parágrafo)

A passagem narra o momento inicial do encontro da narradora com seu interlocutor. Tal momento é caracterizado

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o texto 2, a ingestão de frutas e vegetais

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Os dois textos apresentam um tema em comum, que é

Leia o texto de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira para responder às questão.

    A experiência do cotidiano nos brinda sempre com anomalias, incongruências, contradições. E, quando tentamos explicá-las, explicações à primeira vista razoáveis acabam por revelar-se insatisfatórias após exame mais acurado. A natureza das coisas e dos eventos não nos parece facilmente inteligível. As opiniões e os pontos de vista dos homens são dificilmente conciliáveis ou, mesmo, uns com os outros inconsistentes. Consensos porventura emergentes se mostram provisórios e precários. Quem sente a necessidade de pensar com um espírito mais crítico e tenta melhor compreender, essa diversidade toda o desnorteia.
   Talvez a maioria dos homens conviva bem com esse espetáculo da anomalia mundana. Uns poucos não o conseguem e essa experiência muito os perturba. Alguns destes se fazem filósofos e buscam na filosofia o fim dessa perturbação e a tranquilidade de espírito. Uma tranquilidade de espírito que esperam obter, por exemplo, graças à posse da verdade. A filosofia lhes promete explicar o mundo, dar conta da experiência cotidiana, dissipar as contradições, afastar as névoas da incompreensão. Revelando o ser, que o aparecer oculta; ou, se isso não for possível, desvendando os mistérios do conhecimento e deste delineando a natureza e os precisos limites; ou, pelo menos, esclarecendo a natureza e a função de nossa humana linguagem, na qual dizemos o mundo e formulamos os problemas da filosofia. A filosofia distingue e propõe-se ensinar-nos a distinguir entre verdade e falsidade, conhecimento e crença, ser e aparência, sujeito e objeto, representação e representado, além de muitas outras distinções.
    Mas a filosofia não nos dá o que nos prometera e buscáramos nela. Muito pelo contrário, o que ela nos descobre é uma extraordinária diversidade de posições e pontos de vista, totalmente incompatíveis uns com os outros e nunca conciliáveis. A discordância que divide o comum dos homens, nós a encontramos de novo nas filosofias, mas potencializada agora como ao infinito, de mil modos sofisticada num discurso arguto. Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo, nem mesmo sobre o objeto, a natureza ou o método do próprio empreendimento de filosofar.

(Rumo ao ceticismo, 2006. Adaptado.)

     

Com base na leitura do texto, é correto afirmar que a filosofia

Leia o excerto para responder à questão.

     A presença feminina foi sempre destacada no exercício do pequeno comércio em vilas e cidades do Brasil colonial. Desde os primeiros tempos, em lugares como Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, estabeleceu-se uma divisão de trabalho assentada em critérios sexuais, em que o comércio ambulante representava ocupação preponderantemente feminina. A quase exclusiva presença de mulheres num mercado onde se consumiam gêneros a varejo resultou da convergência de duas referências culturais determinantes no Brasil. A primeira delas está relacionada à influência africana, uma vez que nessas sociedades tradicionais as mulheres desempenhavam tarefas de alimentação e distribuição de gêneros de primeira necessidade. O segundo tipo de influência deriva da transposição para o mundo colonial da divisão de papéis sexuais vigentes em Portugal, onde a legislação amparava de maneira incisiva a participação feminina.

(Luciano Figueiredo. “Mulheres nas Minas Gerais”.

In: Mary del Priore (org.). História das mulheres no Brasil, 2015.)

O tipo de atividade econômica mencionado no excerto

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

Leia o texto e examine o gráfico para responder à questão.

   When Tinder (a mobile dating app) was launched on college campuses in America in 2012, it quickly became a hit. Although online dating had been around since Match.com, a website for lonely hearts, launched in 1995, it had long struggled to shed¹ an image of desperation. But Tinder, by letting users sift through photos of countless potential dates with a simple swipe, made it easy and fun.

   Soon Tinder and its rivals had transformed dating. A report found that 30% of American adults had used an online dating service, including more than half of those aged between 18 and 29. One in five couples of that age had met through such a service. Usage surged during the pandemic, as lonely locked- -down singles searched for partners. The market capitalisation of Bumble, a rival to Tinder, surged to $13 billion on its first day of trading² in February 2021. Later that year the value of Match Group, which owns Tinder, Hinge and scores of other dating services, reached nearly $50 billion.

   Today roughly 350 million people around the world have a dating app on their phone, up from 250 million in 2018, according to a research firm. In June 2024 Tokyo’s government even said it would launch a matchmaking app of its own to pair up singles in the city. Yet lately online dating has lost its spark. The apps were downloaded 237 million times globally in 2023, down from 287 million in 2020. According to a research firm, the number of people who use them at least once a month has dwindled from 154 million in 2021 to 137 million in the second quarter of 2024.

(www.economist.com, 08.08.2024. Adaptado.)

¹ to shed: to get rid of something that is no longer wanted.

² trading: the activity of buying and selling things. 

The text is mainly about the

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho de uma crônica de Machado de Assis, publicada originalmente em 16.06.1878.

       Estrugiram¹ os últimos foguetes de Santo Antônio; não tarda chegar a vez de S. João e de S. Pedro. [...] Indague quem quiser o motivo histórico deste foguetear os três santos, uso que herdamos dos nossos maiores; a realidade é que, não obstante o ceticismo do tempo, muita e muita dezena de anos há de correr, primeiro que o povo perca os seus antigos amores. Nestas noites abençoadas é que as crendices sãs abrem todas as velas. As consultas, as sortes, os ovos guardados em água, e outras sublimes ridicularias², ria-se delas quem quiser; eu vejo-as com respeito, com simpatia, e se alguma coisa me molestam é por eu não as saber já praticar. [...]

      Os dias passam, e os meses, e os anos, e as situações políticas, e as gerações e os sentimentos, e as ideias. Cada olimpíada³ traz nas mãos uma nova andaina⁴ do tempo. [...]

      Duas coisas, entretanto, perduram no meio da instabilidade universal: 1^o a constância da polícia, que todos os anos declara editalmente ser proibido queimar fogos, por ocasião das festas de S. João e seus comensais; 2^o a disposição do povo em desobedecer às ordens da polícia. A proibição não é simples vontade do chefe; é uma postura municipal de 1856. Anualmente aparece o mesmo edital, escrito com os mesmos termos; o chefe rubrica essa chapa inofensiva, que é impressa, lida e desrespeitada. Da tenacidade com que a polícia proíbe, e da teimosia com que o povo infringe a proibição, fica um resíduo comum: o trecho impresso e os fogos queimados.

(Machado de Assis. Notas semanais, 2008.)

¹ estrugir: soar ou vibrar fortemente.

² ridicularia: coisa mínima e sem importância; insignificância.

³ olimpíada: período de quatro anos.

⁴ andaina: veste.

Originalmente um verbo, o termo sublinhado está empregado como substantivo no seguinte trecho:

Para responder à questão, leia o poema “A cinta de Vênus”, do poeta árcade Silva Alvarenga. 

Cai a cinta a Vênus¹ bela,

Sem cautela recostada;

E turbada² entre os pesares

Pede aos mares que lha deem.

O tesouro se procura,

Os desejos se interessam,

Os cuidados já se apressam,

E a ternura vai também. 

Empenhou-se, ó Glaura, o zelo;

Mas em vão: que perda triste!

Só eu vi, sei onde existe;

E dizê-lo não convém. 

Cai a cinta a Vênus bela,

Sem cautela recostada;

E turbada entre os pesares

Pede aos mares que lha deem.

Roubador do puro ornato

Foi Antero e foi Cupido³;

E o levaram escondido

Com recato, eu sei a quem.

Receosos pelo insulto,

Que traidores cometeram,

No teu seio se acolheram,

Onde oculto asilo têm. 

Cai a cinta a Vênus bela,

Sem cautela recostada;

E turbada entre os pesares

Pede aos mares que lha deem.

Dos meus olhos não se escondem

Os meninos⁴ , a quem amo:

Se os procuro, espreito e chamo,

Correspondem, mas não vêm.

Com acenos expressivos

De alegria suspeitosa

Mostram faixa preciosa,

Que atrativos mil contêm. 

Cai a cinta a Vênus bela,

Sem cautela recostada;

E turbada entre os pesares

Pede aos mares que lha deem.

Se piedade aflito rogo,

E que cessem teus rigores,

(Ah cruéis, lindos Amores!)

Fogem logo e com desdém. 

Abrandá-los não consigo,

E já deles tenho medo:

Guarda, Ninfa, este segredo,

Que não digo a mais ninguém. 

Cai a cinta a Vênus bela,

Sem cautela recostada;

E turbada entre os pesares

Pede aos mares que lha deem.

(Silva Alvarenga. Obras poéticas: poemas líricos, 2005.)

¹Vênus: deusa do Amor.

² turbada: aflita, transtornada.

³Antero e Cupido: irmãos, filhos de Vênus.

⁴meninos: os filhos de Vênus, ou seja, Antero e Cupido.

Está empregado como pronome apassivador o termo sublinhado em: