Prova de 2010: Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) — questões com gabarito

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

O cyberbullying é um problema crescente justamente porque os jovens usam cada vez mais a tecnologia. Ana, 13 anos, já era perseguida na escola – e passou a ser acuada, prisioneira de seus agressores via internet. Hoje, vive com medo e deixou de adicionar “amigos” em seu perfil no Orkut. Além disso, restringiu o acesso ao MSN. Mesmo assim, o tormento continua. As meninas de sua sala enviam mensagens depreciativas, com apelidos maldosos e recados humilhantes, para amigos comuns. Os qualificativos mais leves são “nojenta, nerd e lésbica”. Outros textos dizem: “Você deveria parar de falar com aquela piranha” e “A emo já mudou a sua cabeça, hein? Vá pro inferno”. Ana, é claro, fica arrasada. “Uso preto, ouço rock e pinto o cabelo. Curto coisas diferentes e falo de outros assuntos. Por isso, não me aceitam.”

  Dimitria cursava a oitava série no colégio e desapareceu durante as férias de julho de 2008. Segundo a polícia, a garota avisou que iria viajar em companhia do caseiro, mas nunca mais foi vista. (...) De acordo com a polícia, [o caseiro] Silva disse que matou a menina porque era apaixonado
por ela, mas ela não o correspondia.
(Folha de S.Paulo, 16.08.2010.)

 Por causa do assassinato do caminhoneiro Pascoal de Oliveira, o Nego, pelo – também caminhoneiro – japonês Kababe Massame, após uma discussão, em 31 de julho de 1946, a população de Osvaldo Cruz (SP), que já estava com os nervos à flor da pele em virtude de dois atentados da Shindô-Renmei* na cidade, saiu às ruas e invadiu casas, disposta a maltratar “impiedosamente”, na palavra do historiador local José Alvarenga, qualquer japonês que encontrasse pela frente. O linchamento dos japoneses só foi totalmente controlado com a intervenção de um destacamento do Exército, vindo de Tupã, chamado pelo médico Oswaldo Nunes, um herói daquele dia totalmente atípico na história de Osvaldo Cruz e das cidades brasileiras.

   Com o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o eclipse do Estado Novo e o desmantelamento da Shindô-Renmei, inicia-se um ciclo de emudecimento, de ambos os lados, sobre as quatro décadas de intolerância vividas pelos japoneses. Do lado local, foi sedimentando-se no mundo das letras a ideia do país como um “paraíso racial”. Do lado dos imigrantes, as segundas e terceiras gerações de filhos de japoneses se concentraram, a partir da década de 1950, na construção da sua ascensão social. A história foi sendo esquecida, junto com o idioma e os hábitos culturais de seus pais e avós.

 Por causa do assassinato do caminhoneiro Pascoal de Oliveira, o Nego, pelo – também caminhoneiro – japonês Kababe Massame, após uma discussão, em 31 de julho de 1946, a população de Osvaldo Cruz (SP), que já estava com os nervos à flor da pele em virtude de dois atentados da Shindô-Renmei* na cidade, saiu às ruas e invadiu casas, disposta a maltratar “impiedosamente”, na palavra do historiador local José Alvarenga, qualquer japonês que encontrasse pela frente. O linchamento dos japoneses só foi totalmente controlado com a intervenção de um destacamento do Exército, vindo de Tupã, chamado pelo médico Oswaldo Nunes, um herói daquele dia totalmente atípico na história de Osvaldo Cruz e das cidades brasileiras.

   Com o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o eclipse do Estado Novo e o desmantelamento da Shindô-Renmei, inicia-se um ciclo de emudecimento, de ambos os lados, sobre as quatro décadas de intolerância vividas pelos japoneses. Do lado local, foi sedimentando-se no mundo das letras a ideia do país como um “paraíso racial”. Do lado dos imigrantes, as segundas e terceiras gerações de filhos de japoneses se concentraram, a partir da década de 1950, na construção da sua ascensão social. A história foi sendo esquecida, junto com o idioma e os hábitos culturais de seus pais e avós.

 Por causa do assassinato do caminhoneiro Pascoal de Oliveira, o Nego, pelo – também caminhoneiro – japonês Kababe Massame, após uma discussão, em 31 de julho de 1946, a população de Osvaldo Cruz (SP), que já estava com os nervos à flor da pele em virtude de dois atentados da Shindô-Renmei* na cidade, saiu às ruas e invadiu casas, disposta a maltratar “impiedosamente”, na palavra do historiador local José Alvarenga, qualquer japonês que encontrasse pela frente. O linchamento dos japoneses só foi totalmente controlado com a intervenção de um destacamento do Exército, vindo de Tupã, chamado pelo médico Oswaldo Nunes, um herói daquele dia totalmente atípico na história de Osvaldo Cruz e das cidades brasileiras.

   Com o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o eclipse do Estado Novo e o desmantelamento da Shindô-Renmei, inicia-se um ciclo de emudecimento, de ambos os lados, sobre as quatro décadas de intolerância vividas pelos japoneses. Do lado local, foi sedimentando-se no mundo das letras a ideia do país como um “paraíso racial”. Do lado dos imigrantes, as segundas e terceiras gerações de filhos de japoneses se concentraram, a partir da década de 1950, na construção da sua ascensão social. A história foi sendo esquecida, junto com o idioma e os hábitos culturais de seus pais e avós.

Instrução: As questões de números 13 e 14 tomam por base o texto.

  Amaro lia até tarde, um pouco perturbado por aqueles períodos sonoros, túmidos de desejo; e no silêncio, por vezes, sentia em cima ranger o leito de Amélia; o livro escorregava-lhe das mãos, encostava a cabeça às costas da poltrona, cerrava os olhos, e parecia-lhe vê-la em colete diante do toucador desfazendo as tranças; ou, curvada, desapertando as ligas, e o decote da sua camisa entreaberta descobria os dois seios muito brancos.
  Erguia-se, cerrando os dentes, com uma decisão brutal de a possuir.
Começara então a recomendar-lhe a leitura dos Cânticos a Jesus.
– Verá, é muito bonito, de muita devoção! Disse ele, deixando-lhe o livrinho uma noite no cesto da costura.
Ao outro dia, ao almoço, Amélia estava pálida, com as olheiras até o meio da face. Queixou-se de insônia, de palpitações.
– E então, gostou dos Cânticos?
– Muito. Orações lindas! respondeu.
 Durante todo esse dia não ergueu os olhos para Amaro. Parecia triste – e sem razão, às vezes, o rosto abrasava-se-lhe de sangue.
(Eça de Queirós. O crime do padre Amaro.)

Instrução: As questões de números 13 e 14 tomam por base o texto.

  Amaro lia até tarde, um pouco perturbado por aqueles períodos sonoros, túmidos de desejo; e no silêncio, por vezes, sentia em cima ranger o leito de Amélia; o livro escorregava-lhe das mãos, encostava a cabeça às costas da poltrona, cerrava os olhos, e parecia-lhe vê-la em colete diante do toucador desfazendo as tranças; ou, curvada, desapertando as ligas, e o decote da sua camisa entreaberta descobria os dois seios muito brancos.
  Erguia-se, cerrando os dentes, com uma decisão brutal de a possuir.
Começara então a recomendar-lhe a leitura dos Cânticos a Jesus.
– Verá, é muito bonito, de muita devoção! Disse ele, deixando-lhe o livrinho uma noite no cesto da costura.
Ao outro dia, ao almoço, Amélia estava pálida, com as olheiras até o meio da face. Queixou-se de insônia, de palpitações.
– E então, gostou dos Cânticos?
– Muito. Orações lindas! respondeu.
 Durante todo esse dia não ergueu os olhos para Amaro. Parecia triste – e sem razão, às vezes, o rosto abrasava-se-lhe de sangue.
(Eça de Queirós. O crime do padre Amaro.)