Prova de 2019: Centro Universitário São Camilo — questões com gabarito

Leia a crônica de Ruy Castro para responder à questão. 

Como um tumor

     Cientistas da Universidade de Hiroshima, no Japão, criaram uma rã transparente, cujas intimidades ficam expostas e podem ser perfeitamente observadas pelo lado de fora. Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando. Outra vantagem é a de que poderão acompanhar uma rã por todo o seu ciclo de vida — o ciclo de vida da rã, claro, não dos cientistas.

    Para chegar à rã transparente, os japoneses, craques em engenharia genética, levaram anos cruzando exemplares de rãs albinas. E agora partiram para aperfeiçoá-la: vão fazer com que qualquer corpo estranho que apareça dentro da rã se acenda. Um tumor, por exemplo. 

     Já no Marrocos, também nesta semana, os cientistas da Universidade de Rabat conseguiram com que um pato nascesse no ovo de uma galinha. Se isso lhe parece meio mixo (afinal, no mesmo dia, em Recife, uma avó deu à luz seus próprios netos, lembra-se?), saiba que a proeza marroquina é considerada mais importante, pelo fato de os palmípedes e os galináceos constituírem famílias diferentes.

     Por coincidência, é o que se está discutindo em Brasília nos últimos dias: um político gerado num ovo destinado a palmípedes pode se baldear no meio do mandato para o terreiro dos galináceos, por ver neste mais oportunidades para ciscar? Em princípio, não. Mas e se o eleitor só quiser saber do pinto ou do pato, e não do ovo de onde ele saiu?

     Essas mudanças nunca são de graça. Assim, sugiro convocar os japoneses para cruzar nossos políticos com as rãs albinas e, com isso, criar políticos transparentes. Quando um deles recebesse um corpo estranho — uma propina, por exemplo —, esse corpo se acenderia. Como um tumor.

(Crônicas para ler na escola, 2010.)

“Com isso, salvaram-se gerações inteiras de rãs, porque os cientistas não precisarão mais dissecá-las para saber como reagem às substâncias que eles vivem lhes injetando.” (1° parágrafo)

Preservando o sentido original, a palavra sublinhada pode ser substituída por

Leia o poema de Antonio Cicero para responder à questão.

Balanço

A infância não foi uma manhã de sol:

demorou vários séculos; e era pífia,

em geral, a companhia. Foi melhor,

em parte, a adolescência, pela delícia

do pressentimento da felicidade na malícia,

na molícia, na poesia,

no orgasmo; e pelos livros e amizades.

Um dia, apaixonado, encarei a minha

morte: e eis que ela não sustentou o olhar

e se esvaiu. Desde então é a morte alheia

que me abate. Tarde aprendi a gozar

a juventude, e já me ronda a suspeita

de que jamais serei plenamente adulto:

antes de sê-lo, serei velho. Que ao menos

os deuses façam felizes e maduros

Marcelo e um ou dois dos meus futuros versos.

(Porventura, 2012.) 

“Que ao menos

os deuses façam felizes e maduros

Marcelo e um ou dois dos meus futuros versos.”

Nesses versos, estão presentes as seguintes ideias:

É quase um bungee jump, mas ligeiramente menos radical. A 60 metros do chão, o “Queda Livre”, em Brotas, dá frio na barriga só de olhar, mas a queda livre, na verdade, é bem menor: 25 metros.

(https://viagem.estadão.com.br, 01.05.18. Adaptado.)

(aventurando.com.br)

Considerando que a resistência do ar seja desprezível, que a aceleração da gravidade do local seja igual a 10 m/s² e que, nessa atração, o salto se dê a partir do repouso, o tempo total em que uma pessoa experimenta a sensação de queda livre antes de começar a ser freada pela corda elástica é de

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

In the excerpt “that’s a special skill” (6th paragraph), the underlined word can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by

Uma pesquisadora francesa foi detida pela Polícia Federal ao tentar embarcar no Aeroporto Internacional de Guarulhos, em São Paulo, com 39 sapos mortos na bagagem, sem autorização do Ibama. Os animais estavam acondicionados em recipientes plásticos, alguns em formol, outros em lâminas de resina para estudos de estrutura microscópica, composição e função dos tecidos vivos. Laudo concluído pelo Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo identificou 11 espécies de anfíbios em meio ao material encontrado.

(www.ibama.gov.br, 26.09.2016. Adaptado.)

A ação praticada pela pesquisadora caracteriza a

Uma iniciativa global chega ao Brasil, o “Big Data para o Bem Comum”. O evento tem como objetivo conscientizar sobre o potencial do uso de Big Data — uma base massiva de dados — para a construção de políticas públicas e para soluções de problemas sociais.

(Cristiano C. Pombo. “Iniciativa global discute como Big Data pode ajudar o

bem comum no Brasil”. www.folha.com.br, 15.05.2019. Adaptado.)

Tema central no evento noticiado, o chamado Big Data está inserido na conjuntura do

Em um experimento no nível do mar, um circuito elétrico é constituído por três resistores ôhmicos, um gerador de resistência interna desprezível, fios ideais e uma chave interruptora Ch, também ideal, inicialmente aberta. O resistor de 10 Ω está totalmente envolvido por um grande bloco de gelo a 0 ºC.

Considerando que o calor latente de fusão do gelo é 320 J/g e que o gelo derrete apenas devido ao calor dissipado pelo resistor em seu interior, se a chave permanecer fechada por um minuto, a massa de gelo que derreterá será de

O grasnar de um ganso consiste na emissão de sons por essa ave quando o ar vibra em sua traqueia com determinadas frequências de ressonância. Considere a traqueia de um ganso típico como sendo um tubo estreito que se estende ao longo de seu pescoço, cujo comprimento médio é de 34 cm, aberto em uma extremidade e fechado na outra. Considerando a velocidade do som no ar igual a 340 m/s, a frequência de ressonância fundamental da traqueia de um ganso típico é de

Um raio de luz monocromático propaga-se pelo ar e incide em um bloco de cristal de quartzo homogêneo sob um ângulo de incidência de 50º, passando a propagar-se pelo cristal, conforme a figura 1. No gráfico da figura 2 está representada a velocidade de propagação da luz, em função do tempo, no ar e no interior do cristal.

Considerando sen 50º = 0,76, o valor de sen θ, em que θ é o ângulo indicado na figura 1, é aproximadamente

Em uma fábrica de artefatos para festa, as bexigas são infladas com o gás hélio armazenado em um cilindro rígido de volume 0,2 m³ sob pressão de 192 atm. Sabendo que o volume de cada bexiga é de 0,032 m³, que dentro de cada uma delas o gás fica submetido a uma pressão de 1,2 atm e considerando a mesma temperatura do gás no cilindro e nas bexigas, o número de bexigas que podem ser infladas com o gás contido no cilindro é

Dois blocos, A e B, de massas mA = 6 kg e mB = 4 kg, são conectados por um fio que passa por uma polia fixa, como representado na figura. Quando o corpo A é abandonado, a partir do repouso, de uma altura h = 2 m do solo horizontal, o sistema move-se livre de resistência do ar.

Considerando a polia e o fio ideais e g = 10 m/s² , a velocidade do bloco B quando o bloco A atinge o solo é

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

In the fifth paragraph, the text in brackets

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

No trecho do quinto parágrafo “despite studies showing they have no value for longevity”, o termo sublinhado indica

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o quarto parágrafo, “wellness”, ou seja, a indústria do bem-estar,

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

O trecho inicial do primeiro parágrafo “Before we go further” tem sentido equivalente, em português, a

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Worshiping the false idols of wellness

     Before we go further, I’d like to clear something up: wellness is not the same as medicine. Medicine is the science of reducing death and disease, and increasing long and healthy lives. Wellness used to mean a blend of health and happiness. Something that made you feel good or brought joy and was not medically harmful — perhaps a massage or a walk along the beach. But it has become a false antidote to the fear of modern life and death.

    The wellness industry takes medical terminology, such as “inflammation” or “free radicals,” and polishes it to the point of incomprehension. The resulting product is a “Do It Yourself” medicine for longevity that comes with a confidence that science can only aspire to achieve.

     Let’s take the trend of adding a pinch of activated charcoal to your food or drink. While the black color is strikingly unexpected and alluring, it’s sold as a supposed “detox.” Guess what? It has the same efficacy as a spell from the local witch. Maybe it’s a matter of aesthetics. Wellness potions in beautiful jars with untested ingredients of unknown purity are practically packaged for Instagram.

     Medicine and religion have long been deeply intertwined, and it’s only relatively recently that they have separated. The wellness-industrial complex seeks to resurrect that connection. It’s like a medical throwback, as if the idyllic days of health were 5,000 years ago. Ancient cleansing rituals with a modern twist — supplements, useless products and scientifically unsupported tests.

     The dietary supplements that are the backbone of wellness make up a $30 billion a year business despite studies showing they have no value for longevity (only a few vitamins have proven medical benefits, like folic acid before and during pregnancy and vitamin D for older people at risk of falling). Modern medicine wants you to get your micronutrients from your diet, which is inarguably the most natural source.

     Yet the wellness-industrial complex has managed to pervert that narrative and make supplements a necessary tool for nonsensical practices, such as boosting the immune system or fighting the war on inflammation. The resulting fluorescent yellow urine from multivitamins may provide a false sense of efficacy, but it’s a fool’s gold (and the consequence of excessive B2 that couldn’t possibly be absorbed). So what’s the harm of spending money on charcoal for non-existent toxins or vitamins for expensive urine? Here’s what: the placebo effect or “trying something natural” can lead people with serious illnesses to postpone effective medical care. However, I admit that doctors can learn something from wellness. It’s clear that some people are looking for healers, so we must find ways to serve that need that are medically ethical.

(Jen Gunter. www.nytimes.com, 01.08.2018. Adaptado.)

According to the first paragraph, medicine and wellness

O regime do apartheid, vigente na África do Sul entre as décadas de 1940 e 1990,

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    No concernente à mão de obra, a economia colonial hispano-americana baseou-se em variadas formas de trabalho compulsório.

     A escravidão indígena teve, no conjunto, escassa importância, salvo no “ensaio antilhano”, a inícios do século XVI, e nas regiões de “índios bravos”, reduzidos à escravidão quando aprisionados em guerra. A escravização dos rebeldes (“guerra justa”) era, aliás, a única via de legitimação da escravidão indígena, pois desde cedo a Coroa e a Igreja trataram, com relativo êxito, de combater tais práticas. Mas o sucesso desta política deveu-se, em grande medida, à existência de sistemas tributários pré-coloniais no México, na América Central e nos Andes.

(Ronaldo Vainfas. Economia e sociedade na

América Espanhola, 1984. Adaptado.) 

Uma semelhança e uma diferença entre o panorama descrito no segundo parágrafo do texto e a experiência da colonização portuguesa no Brasil são, respectivamente:

Os egípcios viam a criação do mundo como uma espécie de ilha de ordem cercada pelas forças do caos, que a ameaçavam constantemente de aniquilação, da mesma forma como o Delta e o Vale férteis e organizados estavam cercados pelos desertos hostis e anárquicos.

(Ciro F. S. Cardoso. O Egito Antigo, 1982. Adaptado.)

O texto ajuda compreender o motivo de, no Egito Antigo, as práticas religiosas