Questões do ENEM: Linguagens e Vocabulário | Vocabulary

Resultados

452 questões encontradas. Mostrando a página 4 de 23.

• 3455D4CE-0F

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUFGD · 2023MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  What is an effective way of getting people to cut down on meat?

  
  

  A meat tax, or “sin taxes” would be most effective yet almost all government subsidies promote meat consumption. In the UK, the best (1)________of how this might work is the tax on the soft drinks industry. It mainly (2)________manufacturers reformulating products, and didn’t put the burden on the consumer. A meat tax would mainly incentivise manufacturers to put (3)________  meat in products (eg, a sausage might have 60% meat instead of 70%) but there is no government appetite for it.

  
  

  There are many reasons for this, including lobbying from interest groups saying it would (4)________the domestic farming sector. Neoliberal governments also have a tendency to believe the market will internalise health and environmental costs if better information is provided, and the government does not want to appear to be a “nanny state”, says Dominic Moran, professor of agricultural and resource economics from the University of Edinburgh. There is also concern the burden of taxes falls disproportionately on lower income groups. “But this isn’t (5) ________,” says Moran. 

  
  

  If you make it easier for companies to advertise products that are better for the environment, you expose fewer people to products which are bad for the environment. Good in theory, but it would be really hard to work out what should be regulated because (6)  ________  tobacco, eating meat is not all bad for people, it’s just the quantity it is being eaten in. It would also be hard to know what needs to be regulated – would it just be (7) ________ red meat, or chicken too? What about organic?

  
  

  Available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/16/how-can-the-uk-reduce-meat-consumption-and-cut-emissions-aoe?CMP=Share_

  AndroidApp_Other. Access in: 16 Aug. 2022 (adapted).

  No texto apresentado, foram omitidos sete termos cujas grafias estão contidas nas alternativas a seguir. Assinale a que completa, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas numeradas nele.

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 3455d4ce-0f

  A

  1. evident; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitability; 6. unlike; 7. processed

  B

  1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitably; 6. unlike; 7. unprocessed

  C

  1. evidently; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. like; 7. processed

  D

  1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

  E

  1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

  Responder
• B09FEFE2-04

  Inglês

  Sinônimos | SynonymsUFGD · 2023FácilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  The big idea: why we need a new definition of junk food

  
  

  Ultra-processed products now make up 60% of our diet – and they’re killing us

  
  

  Strange as it may seem, food has replaced tobacco as the leading cause of early death globally. Each year,more people die in America from illnesses caused by poor diet than were killed fighting in every war in US history combined. In the UK the situation is equally 1. dire. Officially, the health effects of food are entirely due to its nutritional content – the amount of fat, salt, sugar and fibre it contains. The current system leaves it up to you to read the detailed information on the pack and decide how much to eat based on recommended values, and if you have children, you’ll need to know the values for them too. This is nigh-on impossible for most people – but even if you were able to calculate exactly how much fat, salt and sugar you were consuming in each 2. mouthful, you would still be neglecting one vital determinant of health – how the food was processed. You might feel like you’ve heard all this before. People have expressed concern about “processed food” for a long time, but it’s not always been an easy concept to 3. pin down. After all, we have been processing food for hundreds of thousands of years. The human diet was invented by primarily female domestic scientists who modified plants and animals by milling, shaking, pounding and grinding them, or altering them via fermentation and heat, before salting, smoking and drying them for preservation. Food processing has shaped almost every aspect of our bodies: we have the shortest guts of any animal our size because part of their job is outsourced to our kitchens. We are the only animal that must process its food to survive. Processing is fine.

  
  

  But just over a decade ago a team of scientists in Brazil noticed a 4. paradox in the data from their national nutrition surveys. Obesity had gone from being rare, to being the country’s dominant public health problem – even though people were buying less oil and sugar. What theywere eating more of was industrially processed food: biscuits, emulsified breads, confectionary and so on. The team developed a definition that distinguished between traditional food, whole or processed, and these items, which they termed ultra processed foods, or UPFs for short.

  
  

  Disponible in: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/15/the-big-idea-why-we-need-a-new-definition-of-junk-food. Access in: May, 15 2023 (adapted).

  
  

  
  

  Choose the alternative whose bold words have similar meanings in the sentences.

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão b09fefe2-04

  A

  1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

  B

  1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: force someone to be specific and make the intentions clear; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

  C

  1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed.

  D

  1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: a piece of metal with a sharp point at one end; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

  E

  1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an illness that someone has in the mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

  Responder
• A9156894-03

  Inglês

  Vocabulário | VocabularyUERJ · 2023MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  

  
  

  In the second paragraph, the author mentions three principles we can count on in our life and work. Each is presented in a separate paragraph, along lines 09 to 21.

  The words that best represent the topic of each of the three paragraphs, respectively, are:

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão a9156894-03

  A

  efficiency – quickness – reality

  B

  slowness – experience – effort 

  C

  blindness – equality – consistence 

  D

  intentionality – quality – sustainability 

  Responder
• D6CFE743-C0

  Inglês

  Verbos | VerbsPUC - RS · 2023DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  INSTRUÇÃO: Responder à questão com base no texto 2. 
  

  
  

  TEXTO 2

  
  

  STATELESSNESS

  NEWSLETTER

  #IBELONG CAMPAIGN

  Celebrating its 6th anniversary

  
  

  
  

  
  

  UNHCR 2020 Youth With Refugees Art Contest.

  ©UNHCR/Faida

  The alternative that presents three verbs that can relate to the message of Text 2 is
  

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão d6cfe743-c0

  A

  thwart – rebuff – scorn

  B

  recognize – loathe – flout

  C

  harbor – shelter – bolster

  D

  assist – spurn – relinquish

  Responder
• D6CDEB30-C0

  Inglês

  Vocabulário | VocabularyPUC - RS · 2023MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  INSTRUÇÃO: Responder à questão com base no texto 2. 
  

  
  

  TEXTO 2

  
  

  STATELESSNESS

  NEWSLETTER

  #IBELONG CAMPAIGN

  Celebrating its 6th anniversary

  
  

  
  

  
  

  UNHCR 2020 Youth With Refugees Art Contest.

  ©UNHCR/Faida

  The words that fill in the blanks correctly in Text 2 are, respectively,
  

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão d6cdeb30-c0

  A

  raise – belong – bring

  B

  raising – belonging – bringing

  C

  to raise – to belong – to bring

  D

  raised – belonged – brought

  Responder
• D6CA0080-C0

  Inglês

  Vocabulário | VocabularyPUC - RS · 2023DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  TEXTO 1

  
  

  Asylum-seeker smuggling is a

  symptom, not a root cause

  
  

  Robert Falconer/Craig D. Smith - Jan 31, 2022

  
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Source: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/

  article-asylum-seeker-smuggling-is-a-symptom-not-a-root-cause/

  The verb forms “fosters” (line 24) and “cracking down” (line 25), and the adjective “small-time” (line 25), in the context, mean, respectively,
  

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão d6ca0080-c0

  A

  fuel – repress – petty

  B

  halt – uphold – major

  C

  nurture – restrain – recent

  D

  boost – threaten – ingenious

  Responder
• D6C4403D-C0

  Inglês

  Vocabulário | VocabularyPUC - RS · 2023MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

  TEXTO 1

  
  

  Asylum-seeker smuggling is a

  symptom, not a root cause

  
  

  Robert Falconer/Craig D. Smith - Jan 31, 2022

  
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Source: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/

  article-asylum-seeker-smuggling-is-a-symptom-not-a-root-cause/

  The word “loophole” (line 31), in this context, denotes

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão d6c4403d-c0

  A

  a grant

  B

  a prohibition

  C

  an opportunity

  D

  an obstruction

  Responder
• DBEB8EE1-8B

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUNESP · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Leia o texto para responder à questão.

  
  

  
  

  World’s happiest ranking goes to Finland for fifth year in a row

  
  

  

  
  

  People enjoy sunny weather on the waterfront in Helsinki.

  
  

  
  

      Finland was crowned the happiest country in the world for the fifth consecutive year, with a score significantly ahead of its peers in the World Happiness Report 2022 ranking, published by a body linked to the United Nations. However, the authors detected, on average, a long-term moderate upward trend in stress, worry, and sadness in most countries, as well as “a slight long-term decline in the enjoyment of life,” they wrote.

  
  

      The report uses global survey data to report on how people evaluate their own lives in more than 150 countries around the world, with the ranking based on a three-year average. Key variables that contribute to explaining people’s life evaluations include healthy life expectancy, generosity, social support, freedom to make life choices, perceptions of corruption, and the gross domestic product per capita (an indicator that measures a country’s economic output per person, that is calculated by dividing the total gross domestic product of a country by its population).

  
  

      “World leaders should take heed,” Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University, said. “Politics should be directed as the great sages long ago insisted: to the well-being of the people, not the power of the rulers.”

  
  

  
  

  (Kati Pohjanpalo. www.bloomberg.com, 18.03.2022. Adaptado.)

  No trecho do terceiro parágrafo ‘“World leaders should take heed”’, a expressão sublinhada pode ser substituída, sem alteração de sentido, por

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão dbeb8ee1-8b

  A

   take risks.

  B

  be prepared.

  C

   lead by example.

  D

  be polite.

  E

  pay attention. 

  Responder
• 082C8463-7A

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUFRGS · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Instrução: A questão está relacionadas ao texto abaixo.

  
  

  
  

  

  

  

  
  

  
  

  Adapted from: PINKER, S. The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined. London: Viking Penguin, 2011. 

  Consider the following propositions for rephrasing the sentence Melodramatic novels named after female protagonists became unlikely bestsellers (l. 52-54).

  
  

  
  

  I - Overemotional books with titles inspired by their heroines became unexpected bestsellers.

  
  

  II - Melodramatic soap operas titled later than their female characters became surprising bestsellers.

  
  

  III- Sensational stories with feminine characters more relevant than the titles became dislikable bestsellers.

  
  

  
  

  If applied to the text, which ones would be correct and keep the literal meaning?

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 082c8463-7a

  A

  Only I. 

  B

  Only II. 

  C

  Only III. 

  D

  Only I and III.

  E

  I, II and III.

  Responder
• 0824D591-7A

  Inglês

  Sinônimos | SynonymsUFRGS · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Instrução: A questão está relacionadas ao texto abaixo.

  
  

  
  

  

  

  

  
  

  
  

  Adapted from: PINKER, S. The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined. London: Viking Penguin, 2011. 

  Select the alternative that offers adequate synonyms to the words kin (l. 05), parochial (l. 31), and heyday (l. 46) as used in the text. 

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 0824d591-7a

  A

  relatives – provincial – fashion 

  B

  parents – shallow – peak 

  C

  blood – conventional – arrival 

  D

  family – narrow – culmination

  E

  kind – small-minded – breakdown 

  Responder
• 08192EDB-7A

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUFRGS · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Instrução: A questão está relacionadas ao texto abaixo.

  
  

  
  

  

  

  

  
  

  
  

  Adaptado de: ADICHIE, C. N. Cell One. In: The thing around your neck. New York / Toronto: Harper Collins, 2009. 

  A expressão start afresh (l. 75-76) pode ser substituída, sem prejuízo do sentido que tem no texto, por

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 08192edb-7a

  A

  do it all over again. 

  B

  wipe the slate clean. 

  C

  come full circle.

  D

  start something new.

  E

  be fresh out of trouble.

  Responder
• 081672D9-7A

  Inglês

  Tradução | TranslationUFRGS · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Instrução: A questão está relacionadas ao texto abaixo.

  
  

  
  

  

  

  

  
  

  
  

  Adaptado de: ADICHIE, C. N. Cell One. In: The thing around your neck. New York / Toronto: Harper Collins, 2009. 

  Associe as palavras da coluna da esquerda às suas respectivas traduções, na coluna da direita, de acordo com o sentido que têm no texto.

  
  

  
  

  ( ) gaunt (l. 37)

  
  

  ( ) mutter (l. 49)

  
  

  ( ) pretending (l. 74)

  
  

  
  

  1. resmungo

  
  

  2. magro

  
  

  3. pretender

  
  

  4. queixa

  
  

  5. fingir

  
  

  6. altivo

  
  

  
  

  A sequência correta de preenchimento dos parênteses, de cima para baixo, é

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 081672d9-7a

  A

  1 – 5 – 3.

  B

  2 – 1 – 4.

  C

  2 – 1 – 5.

  D

  6 – 4 – 5.

  E

  6 – 4 – 3.

  Responder
• B315A0F9-75

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdades de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  

  
  

  
  

  
  

         Aarav Chavda has been diving off the coast of Florida for years. Each time he became increasingly depressed by the ever-growing empty spaces, as colourful species of fish and coral reefs continued to disappear. A significant reason for that disappearance is the lionfish, an invasive species that has boomed in Atlantic waters from Florida to the Caribbean in recent decades, and in numerous other places from Brazil and Mexico to the Mediterranean.

        Lionfish have no natural predators outside their native range — in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the Red Sea — and are all-consuming, devouring an estimated 79% of young marine life within five weeks of entering a coral reef system. “You can see the impacts on the reefs when you dive now — it’s less vibrant, it’s less noisy,” Chavda said. “We know there are solutions for some of the problems — such as coral- -friendly sunscreens to help protect the reefs — but nobody’s been able to do anything about the lionfish.”

     So Chavda and a team of ecologically aware fellow scuba enthusiasts decided to act by establishing a company called Inversa, which turns lionfish into a new product: fish leather. Chavda, 27, and his childhood friend from Texas, Roland Salatino, set up the Florida-based company to make the leather. They process the fish hides1 by tanning them with drying agents and dye them before selling the leather to partner companies to fashion into high-end products including wallets, belts and handbags. Fish skin is thin but, because the fibre structure runs crossways, it is stronger than many other types of leather. Each hide, Chavda says, can save up to 70,000 native reef fish.

        The hides are also more sustainable than traditional animal leathers, which generally require grazing on huge amounts of pasture — degrading soils and producing high carbon emissions. Inversa does not hunt the lionfish itself. Instead, it relies on educating and encouraging largely poor fishermen and women in often remote places to catch them. “We’re really sort of empowering the consumer and fashion by doing something for the planet — then we empower dive communities in fishing cooperatives to do something for themselves,” Chavda said.

  
  

  
  

  (Richard Luscombe. www.theguardian.com, 12.06.2022. Adaptado.) 1 hide: an animal’s skin used to make leather

  No trecho do quarto parágrafo “‘We’re really sort of empowering the consumer and fashion’”, a expressão sublinhada significa, no contexto em questão,

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão b315a0f9-75

  A

  in between.

  B

   in particular.

  C

   in fact.

  D

   in a while.

  E

  in some way.

  Responder
• 937BEE1A-74

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Leia o pôster de uma campanha do grupo “Dementia Together Northern Ireland” para responder à questão.

  
  

  
  

  

  
  

  
  

  (www.publichealth.hscni.net, 20.01.2017.)

  In the excerpt “you can help to support them”, the underlined word can be replaced, without meaning change, by

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 937bee1a-74

  A

  give up on.

  B

  trick.

  C

  count on.

  D

  assist.

  E

  rely on.

  Responder
• 9379082B-74

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Leia o pôster de uma campanha do grupo “Dementia Together Northern Ireland” para responder à questão.

  
  

  
  

  

  
  

  
  

  (www.publichealth.hscni.net, 20.01.2017.)

  No título do pôster “I have dementia but I’m still me”, o termo sublinhado foi empregado com o mesmo sentido em: 

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 9379082b-74

  A

  I affirm that I will tell nothing but the truth.

  B

  I said never say never but I was wrong.

  C

  Nobody but Jessica would wear a mini-dress at a formal dinner.

  D

  They’ve done nothing but argue all afternoon.

  E

  On holiday he eats nothing but hamburgers.

  Responder
• 9367AE9A-74

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Leia o texto para responder à questão.

  
  

  
  

     Daters are astonished by the high prices of wining and dining a romantic interest with inflation at its highest rate in over 40 years. The consumer price index category for food away from home rose 7.7% in June 2022 from a year earlier, while full-service restaurants climbed 8.9%. For those testing the waters with a cocktail or two, prices for alcoholic beverages rose by 4%.

  
  

     Those searching for love say they’re feeling the pain. Among 3,000 users on the popular dating app Hinge, almost 41% said they were more concerned with the cost of dates now versus a year ago, with Generation Z respondents more likely to feel the pressure. Emily Derby, a 27-year-old in Tulsa, Oklahoma, said her dating costs have doubled from $200 to $400 a month.

  
  

     As costs escalate, some singles are scaling back and being more selective about the dates they’re going on, while others are pausing their search for “the one” entirely. On dating site OKCupid, 34% of 70,000 users reported that inflation was impacting their love life.

  
  

     “In the fall of 2020, I was going on dates left and right not really thinking about the costs,” said Seth Rosenberg, a 25-year-old in Philadelphia. “Now, it’s harder to be excited because if a date goes bad, you’re out anywhere from $50 to $100.”

  
  

     Those still in the dating game have both love and money on the mind. New York City-based dating coach Amy Nobile said even her wealthy clients, many of whom pay $15,000 for a four-month program, are trying to cut their dating costs in half. Clients who would typically spend as much as $150 on a date are seeing if they can get away with $75 or less.

  
  

     “People are feeling rising prices,” she said. “For those in the long game to find a partner, they feel like they really need to monitor their money flow in the dating world.” As a result, people are on the hunt for less expensive options, said Logan Ury, director of relationship science at Hinge.

  
  

  
  

  (Paulina Cachero. www.bloomberg.com, 21.07.2022. Adaptado.)

  No trecho do segundo parágrafo “with Generation Z respondents more likely to feel the pressure”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a 

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 9367ae9a-74

  A

  propensos.

  B

  pacientes.

  C

  responsáveis.

  D

  vulneráveis.

  E

  inteligentes.

  Responder
• FA8D5C94-73

  Inglês

  Advérbios e conjunções | Adverbs and conjunctionsFaculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Read the following text and answer the question.

  
  

  The “Modern Physician” needs to embrace technology

  
  

  February 12, 2021

  Veronica Diaz, MD

  
  

  

  
  

          Even before the COVID-19 pandemic forced health systems and private practices to implement technology solutions such as telehealth, the evolution toward a more tech-savvy healthcare experience was firmly underway. The days of carting paper charts and hard film x-rays has been broadly supplanted with cloudbased electronic health records and digital Picture Archiving Communications Systems (PACS). The pandemic has made those previously reticent to adopt technology wake up to its necessity.

  
  

          Practicing medicine today requires a higher degree of technical literacy than ever before, and the challenges of the pandemic have only reinforced and accelerated that trend. We have reached an inflection point in the industry where clinical expertise is not the only prerequisite for a successful career. Physicians who familiarize, vet, and incorporate new technology into their practices will likely be in the best position to deliver optimal care. 

  
  

  From: https://www.physicianspractice.com/view/ the-modern-physician-needs-to-embrace-technology

  “Likely” in “Physicians […] will likely be in the best position to deliver optimal care” (2^nd paragraph) introduces a

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fa8d5c94-73

  A

  probability.

  B

  preference. 

  C

  necessity.

  D

  certainty. 

  E

  choice.

  Responder
• FA87D536-73

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Read the following text and answer the question.

  
  

  The “Modern Physician” needs to embrace technology

  
  

  February 12, 2021

  Veronica Diaz, MD

  
  

  

  
  

          Even before the COVID-19 pandemic forced health systems and private practices to implement technology solutions such as telehealth, the evolution toward a more tech-savvy healthcare experience was firmly underway. The days of carting paper charts and hard film x-rays has been broadly supplanted with cloudbased electronic health records and digital Picture Archiving Communications Systems (PACS). The pandemic has made those previously reticent to adopt technology wake up to its necessity.

  
  

          Practicing medicine today requires a higher degree of technical literacy than ever before, and the challenges of the pandemic have only reinforced and accelerated that trend. We have reached an inflection point in the industry where clinical expertise is not the only prerequisite for a successful career. Physicians who familiarize, vet, and incorporate new technology into their practices will likely be in the best position to deliver optimal care. 

  
  

  From: https://www.physicianspractice.com/view/ the-modern-physician-needs-to-embrace-technology

  The text implies that, in today’s medicine, technology should be

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fa87d536-73

  A

  undercut.

  B

  undermined.

  C

  undertaken.

  D

  undervalued.

  E

  undertaught. 

  Responder
• FA853D95-73

  Inglês

  Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionFaculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  

  Source: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/mark_twain_102859

  
  

  The phrase “the world owes you nothing” means that the world

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fa853d95-73

  A

  is not indebted to you.

  B

  should pay tribute to you.

  C

  has been kept safe from you.

  D

  will soon be destroyed by you.

  E

  must give lifetime warranty to you.

  Responder
• FA827A0B-73

  Inglês

  Advérbios de: lugar, modo, tempo e freqüência | Adverbs of: place, manner, time and frequencyFaculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná · 2022Entre para guardar nos favoritos

  Read the text below and answer the question. 

  
  

  Advancing gender equity in medicine

  
  

          […]

  
  

          The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

  
  

          Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

  
  

  From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

  The opposite of “often” in “the offenders are often considered invaluable” (1st paragraph) is 

  Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fa827a0b-73

  A

  frequently. 

  B

  generally.

  C

  seldom.

  D

  usually. 

  E

  always.

  Responder