Questões do ENEM: Linguagens e nível difícil

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4.735 questões encontradas. Mostrando a página 58 de 237.

  • FEA21591-1B

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESPAR · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto 4:

    Venezuelan official suggests migrant crisis is staged to undermine government

    Diosdado Cabello implied that photos and news of refugees fleeing through South America on foot are fake as the UN warns the situation is nearing a ‘crisis moment’

    Tom Phillips Latin America correspondent


    Venezuela’s number two official has suggested his country’s escalating migration crisis – described by the United Nations as one of the worst in Latin American history – is being staged as part of a rightwing ruse to undermine his government.

    Speaking at a congress of the ruling United Social party this week, Diosdado Cabello implied that images of Venezuelans fleeing through South America on foot had been manufactured. “It’s as if it was: ‘Lights, camera, action!’ It is a campaign against our country – a campaign of extraordinary dimensions,” Cabello added.

    The UN estimates 2.3 million Venezuelans have fled since 2015 with Colombia expecting 2 million more to follow by 2020. That would mean 4.3 million people – 14% of Venezuela’s population – had left. Last week, the UN’s migration agency warned the mass migration is nearing a “crisis moment” comparable to events involving refugees in the Mediterranean. Many of those now heading into neighbouring countries such as Brazil and Colombia are so impoverished they do so on foot.


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESPAR 2018, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    The UN estimates 2.3 million Venezuelans have fled since 2015 with Colombia expecting 2 million more to follow by 2020. Photograph: Evelin Rosas/EPA

    On Tuesday, Venezuelan state media trumpeted the “repatriation” of 89 migrants who had reportedly been flown home from Peru free of charge after suffering exploitation abroad.

    Disponível em https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/28/venezuela-diosdado-cabello-refugee-footage-fake. Acessado em 22/10/2018


    O jornal The Guardian retrata um problema social vivido, sobretudo, em 2018, pelos venezuelanos. Com base no texto lido, aponte a alternativa que retrata mais adequadamente a posição do governo da Venezuela sobre o assunto:

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fea21591-1b
  • FE9EDACF-1B

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESPAR · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto 3:

    Born Too Soon in a Country at War. Their Only Hope? This Clinic. By Kassie Bracken and Megan Special August 27, 2018


    The baby girl has stopped breathing. She was born prematurely and is only 3 weeks old. Her mother, Restina Boniface, took her to the only public neonatal clinic in South Sudan. The country is one of the toughest places in the world for newborns with health problems to survive. Ten feet away sits a donated respiratory machine that could save the baby. But lacking a critical part, it goes unused. The doctor tries to resuscitate the baby for several minutes. Finally, she begins breathing on her own. One in 10 babies brought to this clinic will die, most from treatable conditions. But many mothers have nowhere else to go.

    South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, is in the midst of a humanitarian crisis. A brutal civil war has drained the economy. As hospitals closed, doctors were forced to flee. Inside the clinic, many babies remain nameless. Their mothers know they may not make it. “Our mothers here, they come for help,” said Rose Tongan, a pediatrician. “And you pity them. You can’t do anything.” Electricity cuts out for days at a time. There is no formula for the premature babies, no lab for blood tests, no facility for X-rays. There are no beds for breast-feeding mothers. They must sleep outside, where they are at risk of infection and vulnerable to assault. “I feel like: What can I do?” Dr. Tongan said.

    Hellen Sitima’s 3-day-old daughter is sick. “When we get home, then that’s the time to name the baby,” she says. Dr. Tongan has no access to lab tests, but she determines that Ms. Sitima’s baby has a respiratory infection. The infection clears, and Ms. Sitima takes her daughter home. She names her Gift.

    Disponível em https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/28/multimedia/ south-sudan-babies.html. Acessado em 22/10/2018


    O texto relata a situação crítica em que se encontram hospitais no Sudão do Sul e de alguns pacientes que deles precisam para sobreviver. Assim sendo, assinale a alternativa que corresponde ao lido:

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fe9edacf-1b
  • FE9BB118-1B

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESPAR · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto 2:

    Are LED lights making us ill?

    By Lucy Jones


    Over the last decade, much of Europe and the US have changed the way they illuminate city and town streets. They have replaced high-energy sodium bulbs (the warmer, yellow ones) with energy-saving LED bulbs (with a blue light emitting diode, which can feel harsh in comparison). As well as street lights, most of us are exposed to blue light through smartphones, computers, TVs, and in the home.

    The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry published a paper that warned of the potential effects of LED lighting on mental illness. It raised concerns about the influence of blue light on sleep, other circadian-mediated symptoms, use of digital healthcare apps and devices, and the higher sensitivity of teenagers to blue light. Specifically, the researchers are concerned about the relationship between light exposure and the occurrence of manic and mixed symptoms in bipolar disorder, having adverse effects on manic states and the sleep-wake cycle. For example, the use of smartphones or computers by those people before bed could have a bad effect on their sleep, circadian rhythms and health.

    Studies of the impact of blue light on healthy adults show it inhibits melatonin secretion which disrupts sleep and can affect quality of life, physical and mental health and susceptibility to illness.

    Previous studies of sleep disorders in children and adolescents show a clear and consistent relationship between sleep disorders and frequency of digital device usage.

    Currently, the National Sleep Foundation guidelines suggest not using technology 30 minutes before bed and removing technology for the bedroom. However, there are currently no specific guidelines for people with an underlying mental illness or sensitivity to circadian disruption.

    As LED technology has rapidly spread across the globe, the focus has been on the visual element and the energysaving element. Now, scientists, health professionals and the LED industry are working to minimise the blue light in LEDs and create customisable lights that won’t harm those suffering from psychiatric disorders.

    Disponível em https://www.bbcearth.com/blog/?article=are-led-lights-making-us-ill Acessado em 22/10/2018


    A rápida substituição de lâmpadas comuns por lâmpadas de LED em todos os setores e locais tiveram duas razões principais: a visual e a economia de energia. Porém, importantes estudos estão investigando se há consequências deste uso para a saúde. Assim, de acordo com o texto, é possível dizer que:

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fe9bb118-1b
  • FE980B92-1B

    Inglês

    Vocabulário | Vocabulary
    UNESPAR · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto 1:

    Accountant Job Application Cover Letter

    To,

    Bonn, Joseph

    Regional Director


    All Digital

    102, Lake avenue

    Torres, Paulo


    Dated: 5th of May 2018 Subject: Application for the position of an accountant

    Respected Mr. Bonn


    This letter is in regards to the job advertisement posted by your organization in MMO magazine concerning to the requirement of a candidate in the position of an accountant for which I am interested and I would like to apply for. I have worked in similar position for five years and my last job was with Aspen Group where I used to prepare accounting statements for the organization, ensuring that balance sheet was tallied, compiling financial information and implementing accounting control procedures. I also had to ensure that accuracy is maintained in all statements and documents and solve any existing accounting discrepancy. I have excellent calculative skills and an eye for detail besides being good at preparing reports and statements. I can assure that my previous work experience is going to benefit your organization.

    It would be great if we could meet for an interview round. My resume is enclosed.

    Regards, Nataniel Lucas Disponível em https://www.dayjob.com/content/ accountant-cover-letter-example-350.htm. Acessado em 22/10/2018 (adaptado)


    O gênero Carta é ainda um meio de comunicação muito usado, sobretudo no mundo do trabalho. Assim, leia a carta de Nataniel Lucas e identifique o tipo de carta e sua finalidade:

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão fe980b92-1b
  • B873D0ED-10

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    IF-MT · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto VI: base para a questão.


    Que pode uma criatura senão,

    entre criaturas, amar?

    amar e esquecer,

    amar e malamar,

    amar, desamar, amar?

    Sempre, e até de olhos vidrados, amar?

    [...]

    Amar solenemente as palmas do deserto,

    o que é entrega ou adoração expectante,

    e amar o inóspito, o áspero,

    um vaso sem flor um chão de ferro,

    e o peito inerte, e a rua vista em sonho, e uma ave de rapina.

    [...]

    Amar a nossa falta mesma de amor, e na secura nossa

    amar a água implícita, e o beijo tácito, e a sede infinita.

    (Carlos Drummond de Andrade)


    Considere as seguintes afirmações sobre esse texto:


    I - A leitura desses versos permite afirmar que, para o poeta, o homem não pode fugir ao amor, ainda que isto signifique sofrimento apenas.

    II - Os trechos "um vaso sem flor, um chão de ferro" e "amar o inóspito, o áspero" podem ser entendidos como possibilidade de se relativizar as expectativas habituais que temos em relação ao assunto tratado no poema.

    III - A presença de versos livres e de neologismos indica traços da poética modernista.


    Está(ao) correto(s) o(s) item(ns):

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão b873d0ed-10
  • B8699E8F-10

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    IF-MT · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto IV: base para a questão.


                              Um homem de consciência


          Chamava-se João Teodoro, só. O mais pacato e modesto dos homens. Honestíssimo e lealíssimo, com um defeito apenas: não dar o mínimo valor a si próprio. Para João Teodoro, a coisa de menos importância no mundo era João Teodoro.

          Nunca fora nada na vida, nem admitia a hipótese de vir a ser alguma coisa. E por muito tempo não quis nem sequer o que todos ali queriam: mudar-se para terra melhor.

          Mas João Teodoro acompanhava com aperto de coração o desaparecimento visível de sua Itaoca.

          — Isto já foi muito melhor, dizia consigo. Já teve três médicos bem bons - agora só um e bem ruinzote. Já teve seis advogados e hoje mal dá serviço para um rábula ordinário como o Tenório. Nem circo de cavalinhos bate mais por aqui. A gente que presta se muda. Fica o restolho. Decididamente, a minha Itaoca está acabando...

          João Teodoro entrou a incubar a ideia de também mudar-se, mas para isso necessitava dum fato qualquer que o convencesse de maneira absoluta de que Itaoca não tinha mesmo conserto ou arranjo possível.

          — É isso, deliberou lá por dentro. Quando eu verificar que tudo está perdido, que Itaoca não vale mais nada de nada de nada, então arrumo a trouxa e boto-me fora daqui.

          Um dia aconteceu a grande novidade: a nomeação de João Teodoro para delegado. Nosso homem recebeu a notícia como se fosse uma porretada no crânio. Delegado, ele! Ele que não era nada, nunca fora nada, não queria ser nada, não se julgava capaz de nada...

          Ser delegado numa cidadezinha daquelas é coisa seríssima. Não há cargo mais importante. É o homem que prende os outros, que solta, que manda dar sovas, que vai à capital falar com o governo. Uma coisa colossal ser delegado - e estava ele, João Teodoro, de-le-ga-do de Itaoca!...

        João Teodoro caiu em meditação profunda. Passou a noite em claro, pensando e arrumando as malas. Pela madrugada, botou-as num burro, montou no seu cavalo magro e partiu.

         — Que é isso, João? Para onde se atira tão cedo, assim de armas e bagagens?

         — Vou-me embora, respondeu o retirante. Verifiquei que Itaoca chegou mesmo ao fim.

    — Mas, como? Agora que você está delegado?

    — Justamente por isso. Terra em que João Teodoro chega a delegado, eu não moro. Adeus. E sumiu."

    (Monteiro Lobato, CIDADES MORTAS. 12a Edição. São Paulo, Editora Brasiliense, 1965)

    O excerto "Chamava-se João Teodoro, ." ratifica a característica principal do protagonista que é a de:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão b8699e8f-10
  • B85F2AA8-10

    Literatura

    Escolas Literárias
    IF-MT · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Texto II e III: base para a questão.


                       VASO GREGO

                            (Texto 2)

    Esta de áureos relevos, trabalhada

    De divas mãos, brilhante copa, um dia,

    Já de ais deuses servir como cansada,

    Vinda do Olimpo, a um novo deus servia.


    Era o poeta de Teos que a suspendia

    Então, e, ora repleta ora esvasada,

    A taça amiga aos dedos seus tinia,

    Toda de roxas pétalas colmada.


    Depois...Mas o lavor da taça admira,

    Toca-a, e de ouvido aproximando-a, às bordas

    Finas hás de lhe ouvir, canora e doce,


    Ignota voz, qual se da antiga lira

    Fosse a encantada música das cordas,

    Qual se fosse a voz de Anacreonte fosse.

    (Alberto de Oliveira) 


                CÁRCERE DAS ALMAS

                            (Texto3)

    Ah! Toda a alma num cárcere anda presa,

    Soluçando nas trevas, entre as grades

    Do calabouço olhando imensidades,

    Mares, estrelas, tardes, natureza.


    Tudo se veste de uma igual grandeza

    Quando a alma entre grilhões as liberdades

    Sonha e sonhando, as imortalidades

    Rasga no etéreo Espaço da Pureza.


    Ó almas presas, mudas e fechadas

    Nas prisões colossais e abandonadas,

    Da Dor no calabouço atroz, funéreo!


    Nesses silêncios solitários, graves,

    Que chaveiro do Céu possui as chaves

    Para abrir-vos as portas do Mistério?! 

    (Cruz e Souza)

    Ao lermos o texto 3, percebemos diferenças e pontos de contato em relação ao texto 2, tanto na forma quanto no conteúdo. Isso se explicita, pois:


    I - Em ambos se mantém uma estrutura poética formal em consonância com os modelos clássicos da literatura: versos decassílabos, rimas regulares, valorização de um estilo rebuscado sob os aspectos linguísticos.

    II - Os pontos que diferem estão inseridos na temática.

    III - No texto 2, a temática é calcada na observação pura e simples de um objeto de arte, o que provoca o distanciamento do eu-lírico para questões mais profundas da existência humana; no texto 3, tal fato não ocorre, pois nele o eu-lírico desnuda e se aprofunda em um dos grandes temas da humanidade: a vida e a morte.


    A partir das assertivas acima, julgue-as e marque a alternativa correta.

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão b85f2aa8-10
  • E99F9972-0E

    Espanhol

    Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura
    ENEM · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    VIII – agosto

    Champandongo


    ¡Ojalá que a Rosaura la boca se le hiciera chicharrón! Y que nunca hubiera dejado escapar esas repugnantes, malolientes, incoherentes, pestilentes, indecentes y repelentes palabras. En fin, no sabía por qué tenía que pensar en esas cosas tan desagradables en estos momentos que deberían ser para ella los más felices de su vida, ni sabía por qué estaba tan molesta. Y ojalá que ella viviera lo suficiente como para impedir que su hermana llevara a cabo tan nefastas intenciones. Nadie se explicaba este comportamiento, algunos creían que era porque le había afectado profundamente la idea de no volver a tener más hijos. Por lo que fuera, pero tal parecía que la ira dominaba los pensamientos y las acciones de todos en la casa. Tita estaba literalmente “como agua para chocolate”.

    ESQUIVEL, L. Como agua para chocolate. Buenos Aires: Debolsillo, 2005.


    Laura Esquivel, em sua obra, trata, entre outros temas, dos sentimentos e da natureza humanos. Com base nesse trecho do romance, a expressão como agua para chocolate faz referência

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  • 5A1D65B2-0E

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    ENEM · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Gaetaninho


    Ali na Rua do Oriente a ralé quando muito andava de bonde. De automóvel ou de carro só mesmo em dia de enterro. De enterro ou de casamento. Por isso mesmo o sonho de Gaetaninho era de realização muito difícil. Um sonho. [...]

    — Traga a bola! Gaetaninho saiu correndo.

    Antes de alcançar a bola um bonde o pegou. Pegou e matou.

    No bonde vinha o pai do Gaetaninho.

    A gurizada assustada espalhou a notícia na noite.

    — Sabe o Gaetaninho?

    — Que é que tem?

    — Amassou o bonde!

    A vizinhança limpou com benzina suas roupas domingueiras.

    Às dezesseis horas do dia seguinte saiu um enterro da Rua do Oriente e Gaetaninho não ia na boleia de nenhum dos carros do acompanhamento. Ia no da frente dentro de um caixão fechado com flores pobres por cima. Vestia a roupa marinheira, tinha as ligas, mas não levava a palhetinha.

    Quem na boleia de um dos carros do cortejo mirim exibia soberbo terno vermelho que feria a vista da gente era o Beppino.

    MACHADO, A. A. Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda: notícias de São Paulo. Belo Horizonte; Rio de Janeiro: Vila Rica, 1994.


    Situada no contexto da modernização da cidade de São Paulo na década de 1920, a narrativa utiliza recursos expressivos inovadores, como

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 5a1d65b2-0e
  • 5A138C4E-0E

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    ENEM · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    esse cão que me segue

    é minha família, minha vida

    ele tem frio mas não late nem pede

    ele sabe que o que eu tenho

    divido com ele, o que eu não tenho

    também divido com ele

    ele é meu irmão

    ele é que é meu dono


    bicho se é por destino sina ou sorte

    só faltando saber se bicho decente

    bicho de casa, bicho de carro, bicho

    no trânsito, se bicho sem norte na fila

    se bicho no mangue, se bicho na brecha

    se bicho na mira, se bicho no sangue


    catar papel é profissão, catar papel

    revela o segredo das coisas, tem

    muita coisa sendo jogada fora

    muita pessoa sendo jogada fora                    


    OLIVEIRA, V. L. O músculo amargo do mundo. São Paulo: Escrituras, 2014.


    No poema, os elementos presentes do campo de percepção do eu lírico evocam um realinhamento de significados, uma vez que

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 5a138c4e-0e
  • 5A0220F3-0E

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    ENEM · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Imagem da questão de Português, ENEM 2018, Interpretação de Textos


    A imagem reproduz a instalação da paulista Lina Kim, apresentada na 25ª Bienal de São Paulo em março de 2002. Nessa obra, a artista se utiliza de elementos dispostos num determinado ambiente para propor que o observador reconheça o(a)

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 5a0220f3-0e
  • FF4D1494-0A

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESP · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Leia o texto para responder às questões


    Prescriptions for fighting epidemics 


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2018, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension


        Epidemics have plagued humanity since the dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that could kill more than 300 million people would come round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both highly lethal and spread easily among humans. Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed in farms, an animal disease can become a human one.
        A front-runner for global pandemics is the seasonal influenza virus, which mutates so much that a vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route.

                                                                                                         (www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.)

    De acordo com o segundo parágrafo,
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão ff4d1494-0a
  • FF428B15-0A

    Inglês

    Sinônimos | Synonyms
    UNESP · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Leia o texto para responder às questões


    Prescriptions for fighting epidemics 


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2018, Sinônimos | Synonyms


        Epidemics have plagued humanity since the dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that could kill more than 300 million people would come round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both highly lethal and spread easily among humans. Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed in farms, an animal disease can become a human one.
        A front-runner for global pandemics is the seasonal influenza virus, which mutates so much that a vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route.

                                                                                                         (www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.)

    No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão ff428b15-0a
  • FF3F16B2-0A

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESP · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Leia o texto para responder às questões


    Prescriptions for fighting epidemics 


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2018, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension


        Epidemics have plagued humanity since the dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that could kill more than 300 million people would come round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both highly lethal and spread easily among humans. Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed in farms, an animal disease can become a human one.
        A front-runner for global pandemics is the seasonal influenza virus, which mutates so much that a vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route.

                                                                                                         (www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.)

    De acordo com o texto, os especialistas
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão ff3f16b2-0a
  • FF34F7E5-0A

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UNESP · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1731-1775

    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2018, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    Based on the information presented by the map, one can say that, from 1731 to 1775,
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão ff34f7e5-0a
  • 663A9E0F-09

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    CEDERJ · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                       Fake news could ruin social media, but there’s still hope

    by: Guðrun í Jákupsstovu


    Camille Francois, director of research and analysis at Graphika, told the audience of her talk at TNW Conference:

    “Disinformation campaigns, or fake news is a concept we’ve known about for years, but few people realize how varied the concept can be and how many forms it comes in. When the first instances of fake news started to surface, they were connected with bots. These flooded conversations with alternative stories in order to create noise and, in turn, silence what was actually being said”.

    According to Francois, today’s disinformation campaigns are far more varied than just bots – and much harder to detect. For example, targeted harassment campaigns are carried out against journalists and human-rights activists who are critical of governments or big organizations.

    “We see this kind of campaigns happening at large scale in countries like the Philippines, Turkey, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The point of these campaigns is to flood the narrative these people try to create with so much noise that their original message gets silenced, their reputation gets damaged, and their credibility undermined. I call this patriotic trolling.”

    There are also examples of disinformation campaigns mobilizing people. This was evident during the US elections in 2016 when many fake events suddenly started popping up on Facebook. One Russian Facebook page “organized” an anti-Islam event, while another “organized” a pro-Islam demonstration. The two fake events gathered activists to the same street in Texas, leading to a stand-off.

    Francois explains how amazed she is that, in spite of social media being the main medium for these different disinformation campaigns, actual people also still use it to protest properly.

    If we look at countries, like Turkey – where there’s a huge amount of censorship and smear campaigns directed at human right defenders and journalists – citizens around the world and in those places still use social media to denounce corruption, to organize human rights movements and this proves that we still haven’t lost the battle of who owns social media.

    This is an ongoing battle, and it lets us recognize the actors who are trying to remove the option for people to use social media for good. But everyday you still have people all over the world turning to social media to support their democratic activities. This gives me hope and a desire to protect people’s ability to use social media for good, for denouncing corruption and protecting human rights.

    Adapted from:<https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2018/05/25/> . Access 09 Oct. 2018.


    Glossary

    bot: (short for "robot"): um programa automático que roda na Internet; to flood: inundar; trolling: fazer postagem deliberadamente ofensiva para provocar alguém; popping up: surgir, aparecer; stand-off: impasse: smear campaigns: campanhas de difamação.

    Despite the polarization it brings about,
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  • 6572A574-09

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    CEDERJ · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Imagem da questão de Português, CEDERJ 2018, Interpretação de Textos

    A pergunta-título “Boom machadiano?” refere-se à seguinte informação da reportagem:
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  • 1AA162C3-FA

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UECE · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                                             T E X T


                              Can you learn in your sleep?


          Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

          Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

          The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

          New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

          For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

          However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

          Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

          Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

          To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

          "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

          Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

          "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

          Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

          Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

          So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                    From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

    Scott Cairney, one of the researchers responsible for the study, explains that the results are relevant to understand
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  • 1A8722A3-FA

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UECE · 2018DifícilEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                                             T E X T


                              Can you learn in your sleep?


          Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

          Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

          The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

          New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

          For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

          However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

          Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

          Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

          To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

          "When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

          Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

          "Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

          Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

          Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

          So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

                                    From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

    According to the text, the idea that sleep is relevant to learning
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  • 19A6070D-FA

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
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                                                 TEXTO 3


    Sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil


    Capitão América: Guerra Civil encontra Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) liderando o recém-formado time de Vingadores em seus esforços continuados para proteger a humanidade. Mas, depois que um novo incidente envolvendo os Vingadores resulta num dano colateral, a pressão política se levanta para instaurar um sistema de contagem liderado por um órgão governamental para supervisionar e dirigir a equipe.

    O novo status quo divide os Vingadores, resultando em dois campos: um liderado por Steve Rogers e seu desejo de que os Vingadores permaneçam livres para defender a humanidade sem a interferência do governo; o outro seguindo a surpreendente decisão de Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) em apoio à supervisão e contagem do governo.

    Capitão América 3 tem direção dos irmãos Joe e Anthony Russo, produção de Kevin Feige e grande elenco formado por Scarlett Johansson (Viúva Negra), Sebastian Stan (Soldado Invernal), Anthony Mackie (Falcão), Emily Van Camp (Agente 13), Don Cheadle (Máquina de Combate), Jeremy Renner (Gavião Arqueiro), Chadwick Boseman (Pantera Negra), Paul Bettany (Visão), Elizabeth Olsen (Feiticeira Escarlate), Pail Rudd (Homem-Formiga), Frank Grillo (Ossos Cruzados), William Hurt (General Thunderbolt) e Daniel Brühl (Barão Zenom).

    Disponível em: http://www.adorocinema.com/noticias/filmes/noticia118069/. Acesso em: 02.11.2018.

    Sobre a configuração linguística e textual da sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil, atente para as seguintes assertivas.


    I. Como forma de incitar o leitor a assistir ao filme, a sinopse conta detalhadamente o enredo em seu início e desenvolvimento, mas não o seu fim.

    II. A descrição é a estrutura preponderante na organização dos enunciados da sinopse.

    III. Com vistas a divulgar o filme, a sinopse procura, em certa medida, persuadir o leitor a interessar-se pela obra resumida.

    IV. Embora a sinopse relate fatos passados já acontecidos nas cenas do filme, o tempo verbal que predomina na sinopse é o presente do indicativo para conferir atualidade ao que está sendo contado.


    Está correto apenas o que se afirma em

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