Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

En América, los incas y aztecas cultivaban la planta que llamaban tomatl ya desde 700 años a. de C. Cuando fue llevada a Europa se destacó por su valor ornamental y por la belleza de sus frutos, que en su versión amarilla merecieron un nombre en italiano: pomodoro, esto es, manzana de oro. Utilizada como planta ornamental en patios y jardines, por entonces quedó asociada a otras solanáceas venenosas, como la belladona, así que se consideraba que también lo era. No en vano, sus hojas contienen, como las de la planta de la papa, un alcaloide llamado solanina. Hasta el siglo XIX los tomates no fueron universalmente aceptados como alimento, e incluso entonces todavía se cocían durante horas para eliminar sus “venenos”. Hoy están entre los vegetales más consumidos y deben su prestigio nutricional, sobre todo, al contenido en vitamina C y betacaroteno.

Muy interesante. N° 212. Buenos Aires: GF, mar. 2005 (adaptado).

Considerando-se as informações apresentadas e o provável público-alvo, o texto foi construído com a intenção de

El día de los muertos en México (2 de noviembre)

Este día se celebra la máxima festividad de los muertos en México. La celebración está llena de muchas costumbres. A las personas les gusta ir y llevar flores a las tumbas de sus muertos pero para otras representa todo un rito que comienza en la madrugada cuando muchas familias hacen altares de muertos sobre las lápidas de sus difuntos familiares. Estos altares tienen un gran significado ya que con ellos se cree que se ayuda a sus muertos a llevar un buen camino durante la muerte. Esta creencia es una mezcla de las tradiciones religiosas precolombinas y la católica. Otros altares más complejos, según la tradición, deben de constar de 7 niveles o escalones que representan los niveles que tiene que pasar el alma de un muerto para poder descansar. Estos altares se realizan generalmente en lugares con gran espacio.

Disponível em: http://www.sanmiguelguide.com. Acesso em: 22 maio 2009 (adaptado).

Disponível em: http://www.educima.com. Acesso em: 22 maio 2009.

Como no Brasil, o México também homenageia seus mortos no dia 2 de novembro, mas cada lugar tem suas próprias características. Baseando-se no texto, a origem dessa celebração no México deve-se

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto de Lauren Camera.

Supreme Court Expands Rights for Students with Disabilities

By Lauren Camera, Education Reporter - March 22, 2017. Adaptado. 

In a unanimous decision with major implications for students with disabilities, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Wednesday that schools must provide higher educational standards for children with special needs. Schools must do more than provide a ‘merely more than de minimis’ education for students with disabilities and instead must provide them with an opportunity to make "appropriately ambitious" progress in line with the federal education law.

“When all is said and done,” wrote Chief Justice John G. Roberts, “a student offered an education program providing a ‘merely more than de minimis’ progress from year to year can hardly be said to have been offered an education at all.” He continued, citing a 1982 Supreme Court ruling on special education: “For children with disabilities, receiving an instruction that aims so low would be equivalent to ‘sitting idly... awaiting the time when they were old enough to drop out.’”

There are roughly 6.4 million students with disabilities between ages 3 to 21, representing roughly 13 percent of all students, according to Institute for Education Statistics. Each year 300,000 of those students leave school and just 65 percent of students with disabilities complete high school.

The case which culminated in the Supreme Court decision originated with an autistic boy in Colorado named Endrew. His parents pulled him out of school in 5th grade because they disagreed with his individualized education plan. Under federal law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), schools must work with families to develop individualized learning plans for students with disabilities.

While Endrew had been making progress in the public schools, his parents felt his plan for that year simply replicated goals from years past. As a result, they enrolled him in a private school where, they argued, Endrew made academic and social progress. 

Seeking tuition reimbursement*, they filed a complaint with the state’s department of education in which they argued that Endrew had been denied a "free appropriate public education". The school district won the suit, and when his parents filed a lawsuit in federal district court, the judge also sided with the school district. In the Supreme Court case, Endrew and his family asked for clarification about the type of education benefits the federal law requires of schools, specifically, whether it requires ‘merely more than de minimis’, or something greater.

“The IDEA demands more,” Roberts wrote in the opinion. “It requires an educational program reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” 

*reimbursement – a sum paid to cover money that has been spent or lost.

In:<https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2017-03-22/supreme-court-expands-rights-for-students-with-disabilities> 30.03.2018

Leia o cartum para responder à questão.

<http://tinyurl.com/y9oe2k3n> Acesso em: 16.06.2017.

O efeito de humor do cartum advém do fato de o garoto

Responda a questão de acordo com o texto de Lauren Camera.

Supreme Court Expands Rights for Students with Disabilities

By Lauren Camera, Education Reporter - March 22, 2017. Adaptado. 

In a unanimous decision with major implications for students with disabilities, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Wednesday that schools must provide higher educational standards for children with special needs. Schools must do more than provide a ‘merely more than de minimis’ education for students with disabilities and instead must provide them with an opportunity to make "appropriately ambitious" progress in line with the federal education law.

“When all is said and done,” wrote Chief Justice John G. Roberts, “a student offered an education program providing a ‘merely more than de minimis’ progress from year to year can hardly be said to have been offered an education at all.” He continued, citing a 1982 Supreme Court ruling on special education: “For children with disabilities, receiving an instruction that aims so low would be equivalent to ‘sitting idly... awaiting the time when they were old enough to drop out.’”

There are roughly 6.4 million students with disabilities between ages 3 to 21, representing roughly 13 percent of all students, according to Institute for Education Statistics. Each year 300,000 of those students leave school and just 65 percent of students with disabilities complete high school.

The case which culminated in the Supreme Court decision originated with an autistic boy in Colorado named Endrew. His parents pulled him out of school in 5th grade because they disagreed with his individualized education plan. Under federal law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), schools must work with families to develop individualized learning plans for students with disabilities.

While Endrew had been making progress in the public schools, his parents felt his plan for that year simply replicated goals from years past. As a result, they enrolled him in a private school where, they argued, Endrew made academic and social progress. 

Seeking tuition reimbursement*, they filed a complaint with the state’s department of education in which they argued that Endrew had been denied a "free appropriate public education". The school district won the suit, and when his parents filed a lawsuit in federal district court, the judge also sided with the school district. In the Supreme Court case, Endrew and his family asked for clarification about the type of education benefits the federal law requires of schools, specifically, whether it requires ‘merely more than de minimis’, or something greater.

“The IDEA demands more,” Roberts wrote in the opinion. “It requires an educational program reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” 

*reimbursement – a sum paid to cover money that has been spent or lost.

In:<https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2017-03-22/supreme-court-expands-rights-for-students-with-disabilities> 30.03.2018