Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

Disponível em: www.gaturro.com. Acesso em: 10 ago. 2010.

O gênero textual história em quadrinhos pode ser usado com a intenção de provocar humor. Na tira, o cartunista Nik atinge o clímax dessa intenção quando

Jesulín y Cayetano Rivera salieron a hombros por la puerta grande aplaudidos por María José Campanario y la duquesa de Alba.

Expectación, mucha expectación fue la que se vivió el pasado sábado en la localidad gaditana de Ubrique. Un cartel de lujo para una tarde gloriosa formado por los diestros Jesulín, “El Cid”, y Cayetano Rivera. El de Ubrique pudo presumir de haber sido “profeta en su tierra” en una tarde triunfal, con un resultado de tres orejas y salida por la puerta grande.

Desde primera hora de la tarde, numerosos curiosos y aficionados fueron llegando a los alrededores de la plaza y al hotel Sierra de Ubrique, donde hubo un gran ambiente previo a la cita taurina, dado que era el sitio donde estaban hospedados los toreros.

Revista ¡Hola! n° 3.427, Barcelona, 7 abr. 2010 (fragmento).

O texto traz informações acerca de um evento de grande importância ocorrido em Ubrique — uma tourada. De acordo com esse fragmento, alguns dos fatos que atestam a vitória nesse evento típico da cultura espanhola são

El Camino de la lengua nos lleva hasta el siglo X, época en la que aparecen las Glosas Emilianenses en el monasterio de Suso en San Millán (La Rioja). Las Glosas Emilianenses están consideradas como el testimonio escrito más antiguo del castellano. Paso a paso y pueblo a pueblo, el viajero llegará al siglo XV para asistir al nacimiento de la primera Gramática de la Lengua Castellana, la de Nebrija. Más tarde, escritores como Miguel de Cervantes, Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Unamuno, Santa Teresa de Jesús o el contemporáneo Miguel Delibes irán apareciendo a lo largo del itinerario.

Pero la literatura no es el único atractivo de este viaje que acaba de comenzar.

Nuestra ruta está llena de palacios, conventos, teatros y restaurantes. La riqueza gastronômica de esta región es algo que el viajero debe tener muy en cuenta.

Revista Punto y Coma. Espanha, n°9, nov./dez. 2007.

O “Camino de la lengua”, um percurso para turistas na Espanha, conduz o viajante por um roteiro que, além da temática original sobre a língua e a literatura espanholas, envolve também os aspectos

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

According to the first paragraph, the author reveals that he first got interested in the literary fantasy genre

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

No trecho “Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain” (1° parágrafo), o termo sublinhado indica ideia de

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

According to the author, the “unprecedented fantasy boom” (2nd paragraph) is related to the fact that

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

O trecho sublinhado em “the genre is as broad as the imagination” (3° parágrafo) expressa uma

By Clément Pessaux

April 29, 2025

According to Bill Gates, artificial intelligence is about to redefine the job market. Among the professions likely to be widely replaced, Gates directly mentions doctors and teachers. Why these specific sectors? AI has the ability to take on complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or personalized learning, making these services more accessible. In fact, in some developing countries where access to education and healthcare remains limited, such advancements could transform daily life.

But this progress raises concerns. Can we really do without human empathy in these fields? And what about the judgment or sensitivity that a machine can never fully reproduce?

On the other hand, there are professions that AI does not seem ready to replace. Gates specifically mentions energy experts, biologists, and developers. These jobs require specialized expertise, as well as creativity and constant adaptability in the face of environmental or technological challenges.

Creativity, strategic thinking, and empathy remain areas where humans will always have the upper hand. Although he recognizes the immense potential of AI, Gates also emphasizes the limits and the need to think about its deployment by keeping humans at the center of priorities.

Available at: https://3dvf.com/en/bill-gates-predicts-ai-willreplace-humans-in-almost-all-fields-except-these-jobs/ Access: 03 may 2025. Adapted.

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

O sentido do trecho sublinhado em “fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments” (4° parágrafo) está mantido, em português, do seguinte modo:

By Clément Pessaux

April 29, 2025

According to Bill Gates, artificial intelligence is about to redefine the job market. Among the professions likely to be widely replaced, Gates directly mentions doctors and teachers. Why these specific sectors? AI has the ability to take on complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or personalized learning, making these services more accessible. In fact, in some developing countries where access to education and healthcare remains limited, such advancements could transform daily life.

But this progress raises concerns. Can we really do without human empathy in these fields? And what about the judgment or sensitivity that a machine can never fully reproduce?

On the other hand, there are professions that AI does not seem ready to replace. Gates specifically mentions energy experts, biologists, and developers. These jobs require specialized expertise, as well as creativity and constant adaptability in the face of environmental or technological challenges.

Creativity, strategic thinking, and empathy remain areas where humans will always have the upper hand. Although he recognizes the immense potential of AI, Gates also emphasizes the limits and the need to think about its deployment by keeping humans at the center of priorities.

Available at: https://3dvf.com/en/bill-gates-predicts-ai-willreplace-humans-in-almost-all-fields-except-these-jobs/ Access: 03 may 2025. Adapted.

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

No trecho “they come from a time when all stories were fantasy” (5° parágrafo), o termo sublinhado refere-se a

By Clément Pessaux

April 29, 2025

According to Bill Gates, artificial intelligence is about to redefine the job market. Among the professions likely to be widely replaced, Gates directly mentions doctors and teachers. Why these specific sectors? AI has the ability to take on complex tasks such as medical diagnosis or personalized learning, making these services more accessible. In fact, in some developing countries where access to education and healthcare remains limited, such advancements could transform daily life.

But this progress raises concerns. Can we really do without human empathy in these fields? And what about the judgment or sensitivity that a machine can never fully reproduce?

On the other hand, there are professions that AI does not seem ready to replace. Gates specifically mentions energy experts, biologists, and developers. These jobs require specialized expertise, as well as creativity and constant adaptability in the face of environmental or technological challenges.

Creativity, strategic thinking, and empathy remain areas where humans will always have the upper hand. Although he recognizes the immense potential of AI, Gates also emphasizes the limits and the need to think about its deployment by keeping humans at the center of priorities.

Available at: https://3dvf.com/en/bill-gates-predicts-ai-willreplace-humans-in-almost-all-fields-except-these-jobs/ Access: 03 may 2025. Adapted.

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

In the excerpt “that’s a special skill” (6th paragraph), the underlined word can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by

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The fantastic appeal of fantasy

The fantasy genre starts where science ends

     Few things can brighten up a dark morning in a Scottish seaside resort during an Atlantic storm. Yet while sheltering in a bookshop from the rain, I had a moment of sunny revelation. Stacked almost as high as my 11-year-old self were copies of The Lord of the Rings, with a cover illustration that promised mystery and magic. That chance discovery started a lifelong love of the fantasy genre1 , both as reader and writer. 

   The fantasy genre has had more and more success, but today we’re in the middle of an unprecedented fantasy boom. Sales continue to rise and it is now the biggest genre in publishing. The more rational the world gets, with super-science all around us, the more we demand the irrational in our fiction.

     Fantasy is not simply a case of swords2 and sorcery3 . Yes, there is that by the shelf. But the genre is as broad as the imagination. The genre starts where science ends.

    “In these modern times, where most of us sit at computers, fantasy books offer a chance to break out of mundane moments,” says Mark Newton, an editor with the genre. “People like to explore themes that go beyond the limited palette that literary fiction claims to offer.” 

     A search for the origins of fantasy will usually have academics muttering about Beowulf or Homer’s The Iliad, but they come from a time when all stories were fantasy: gods and monsters and supernatural artefacts with humanity caught in the middle. The first modern fantasy writer is usually considered to be William Morris, in the late 19th Century. But it was the early 20th Century where fantasy really started to gain status.

     Fantasy fiction has always been about visionary ideas. You can get artful words in plenty of literary fiction, but being able to see beyond the boundaries4 of the world around us — now that’s a special skill.

     I don’t write fantasy fiction simply to provide a trapdoor5 from the real world. For me, the genre is about the reality. But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society through allegory in story- -forms as old as humanity. It’s about turning off the mobile phone and the computer and remembering who we are in the deepest parts of ourselves.

(Mark Chadbourn. www.telegraph.co.uk, 12.04.2008. Adaptado.)

1genre: gênero. Categoria distintiva de composição literária, como romance, poesia etc.

2sword: espada.

3sorcery: feitiçaria.

4boundary: fronteira.

5trapdoor: alçapão

No trecho “But instead of coming up against it, fantasy maps the unconscious aspirations of our modern society” (7° parágrafo), a expressão sublinhada tem sentido equivalente, em português, a

Leia a tirinha para responder à questão.

(Stephan Pastis. “Pearls Before Swine”. www.gocomics.com, 22.04.2019.)

No diálogo entre as personagens Pig (porco) e Goat (cabrito), Pig

Leia a tirinha para responder à questão.

(Stephan Pastis. “Pearls Before Swine”. www.gocomics.com, 22.04.2019.)

In the last panel, “miserable” means the same as

   Entre as regras da moral provisória que guiará minhas ações enquanto eu não estiver de posse da verdade, a primeira consiste em obedecer às leis e aos costumes do meu país e agir segundo as opiniões mais moderadas dos homens mais sensatos do meio em que vivo; a segunda, em ser firme e decidido nas ações e nas opiniões que escolher, e agir como um viajante perdido na floresta que, em vez de perambular de um lado para outro, anda o mais reto que puder na mesma direção.

DESCARTES, R. Discurso do Método. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2001, p. 27-9 (adaptado).

  Suponha que uma pessoa tenha comido algo em um estabelecimento comercial de venda de mercadorias e só tenha se lembrado de que não havia pagado a conta após ter saído da loja.

Considerando a forma como Descartes pensa a conduta do indivíduo na sociedade, a pessoa que se esqueceu de pagar pelo que comeu na referida loja, tendo tomado uma decisão consciente,