Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

The decline of teenagers reading is an impact on education

Check the alternative that best rephrases the following sentence, without altering its meaning:

“Speaking of all-time great books, it seems like just about every bestseller has been turned into a movie that either gives the book a bad rap or receives great reviews and overshadows the book.”

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans

        Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.

        Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.

        “Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.

        Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.

        The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.

        Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.

        U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”

        While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.

The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.

Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/

De acordo com as informações presentes no texto, depreende-se que

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans

        Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.

        Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.

        “Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.

        Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.

        The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.

        Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.

        U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”

        While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.

The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.

Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/

Na passagem “Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom”, a palavra OUTRIGHT pode ser substituída, sem prejuízo de sentido, por

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans

        Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.

        Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.

        “Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.

        Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.

        The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.

        Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.

        U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”

        While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.

The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.

Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans

        Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students’ cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.

        Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 — becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools — phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes’ classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.

        “Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever,” Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.

        Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether.

        The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.

        Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids’ mental health.

        U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. “We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis,” he said, “and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address.”

        While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them.

The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he’s hearing they have.

Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/08/13/back-to-school-but-not-to-screens-more-students-face-cellphone-bans/

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

The problem with artificial intelligence? It's neither artificial, nor intelligent.

    Elon Musk and Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak have recently signed a letter calling for a six-month moratorium on the development of AI systems. The goal is to give society time to adapt to what the signatories describe as an “AI summer”, which they believe will ultimately benefit humanity, as long as the right guardrails are put in place. These guardrails include rigorously audited safety protocols.

    It is a laudable goal, but there is an even better way to spend these six months: retiring the hackneyed label of “artificial intelligence” from public debate.

[...]

    However, many critics have pointed out that intelligence is not just about pattern-matching. Equally important is the ability to draw generalisations. Marcel Duchamp's 1917 work of art Fountain is a prime example of this. Before Duchamp's piece, a urinal was just a urinal. But, with a change of perspective, Duchamp turned it into a work of art. At that moment, he was generalising about art.

[...]

    Human intelligence is not one-dimensional. It rests on what the 20th-century Chilean psychoanalyst Ignacio Matte Blanco called bi-logic: a fusion of the static and timeless logic of formal reasoning and the contextual and highly dynamic logic of emotion. The former searches for differences; the latter is quick to erase them. Marcel Duchamp's mind knew that the urinal belonged in a bathroom; his heart didn't. Bi-logic explains how we regroup mundane things in novel and insightful ways. We all do this — not just Duchamp.

    AI will never get there because machines cannot have a sense (rather than mere knowledge) of the past, the present and the future; of history, injury or nostalgia. Without that, there’s no emotion, depriving bi-logic of one of its components. Thus, machines remain trapped in the singular formal logic.

[...]

    But the reason why tools like ChatGPT can do anything even remotely creative is because their training sets were produced by actually existing humans, with their complex emotions, anxieties and all. If we want such creativity to persist, we should also be funding the production of art, fiction and history — not just data centres and machine learning.

    That’s not at all where things point now. The ultimate risk of not retiring terms such as “artificial intelligence” is that they will render the creative work of intelligence invisible, while making the world more predictable and dumb.

    So, instead of spending six months auditing the algorithms while we wait for the “AI summer,” we might as well go and reread Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. That will do so much more to increase the intelligence in our world.

Fonte: MOROZOV, Evgeny. The problem with artificial intelligence? It’s neither artificial nor intelligent. The Guardian, 30 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/30/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-human-mind

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

The problem with artificial intelligence? It's neither artificial, nor intelligent.

    Elon Musk and Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak have recently signed a letter calling for a six-month moratorium on the development of AI systems. The goal is to give society time to adapt to what the signatories describe as an “AI summer”, which they believe will ultimately benefit humanity, as long as the right guardrails are put in place. These guardrails include rigorously audited safety protocols.

    It is a laudable goal, but there is an even better way to spend these six months: retiring the hackneyed label of “artificial intelligence” from public debate.

[...]

    However, many critics have pointed out that intelligence is not just about pattern-matching. Equally important is the ability to draw generalisations. Marcel Duchamp's 1917 work of art Fountain is a prime example of this. Before Duchamp's piece, a urinal was just a urinal. But, with a change of perspective, Duchamp turned it into a work of art. At that moment, he was generalising about art.

[...]

    Human intelligence is not one-dimensional. It rests on what the 20th-century Chilean psychoanalyst Ignacio Matte Blanco called bi-logic: a fusion of the static and timeless logic of formal reasoning and the contextual and highly dynamic logic of emotion. The former searches for differences; the latter is quick to erase them. Marcel Duchamp's mind knew that the urinal belonged in a bathroom; his heart didn't. Bi-logic explains how we regroup mundane things in novel and insightful ways. We all do this — not just Duchamp.

    AI will never get there because machines cannot have a sense (rather than mere knowledge) of the past, the present and the future; of history, injury or nostalgia. Without that, there’s no emotion, depriving bi-logic of one of its components. Thus, machines remain trapped in the singular formal logic.

[...]

    But the reason why tools like ChatGPT can do anything even remotely creative is because their training sets were produced by actually existing humans, with their complex emotions, anxieties and all. If we want such creativity to persist, we should also be funding the production of art, fiction and history — not just data centres and machine learning.

    That’s not at all where things point now. The ultimate risk of not retiring terms such as “artificial intelligence” is that they will render the creative work of intelligence invisible, while making the world more predictable and dumb.

    So, instead of spending six months auditing the algorithms while we wait for the “AI summer,” we might as well go and reread Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. That will do so much more to increase the intelligence in our world.

Fonte: MOROZOV, Evgeny. The problem with artificial intelligence? It’s neither artificial nor intelligent. The Guardian, 30 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/30/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-human-mind

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

The problem with artificial intelligence? It's neither artificial, nor intelligent.

    Elon Musk and Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak have recently signed a letter calling for a six-month moratorium on the development of AI systems. The goal is to give society time to adapt to what the signatories describe as an “AI summer”, which they believe will ultimately benefit humanity, as long as the right guardrails are put in place. These guardrails include rigorously audited safety protocols.

    It is a laudable goal, but there is an even better way to spend these six months: retiring the hackneyed label of “artificial intelligence” from public debate.

[...]

    However, many critics have pointed out that intelligence is not just about pattern-matching. Equally important is the ability to draw generalisations. Marcel Duchamp's 1917 work of art Fountain is a prime example of this. Before Duchamp's piece, a urinal was just a urinal. But, with a change of perspective, Duchamp turned it into a work of art. At that moment, he was generalising about art.

[...]

    Human intelligence is not one-dimensional. It rests on what the 20th-century Chilean psychoanalyst Ignacio Matte Blanco called bi-logic: a fusion of the static and timeless logic of formal reasoning and the contextual and highly dynamic logic of emotion. The former searches for differences; the latter is quick to erase them. Marcel Duchamp's mind knew that the urinal belonged in a bathroom; his heart didn't. Bi-logic explains how we regroup mundane things in novel and insightful ways. We all do this — not just Duchamp.

    AI will never get there because machines cannot have a sense (rather than mere knowledge) of the past, the present and the future; of history, injury or nostalgia. Without that, there’s no emotion, depriving bi-logic of one of its components. Thus, machines remain trapped in the singular formal logic.

[...]

    But the reason why tools like ChatGPT can do anything even remotely creative is because their training sets were produced by actually existing humans, with their complex emotions, anxieties and all. If we want such creativity to persist, we should also be funding the production of art, fiction and history — not just data centres and machine learning.

    That’s not at all where things point now. The ultimate risk of not retiring terms such as “artificial intelligence” is that they will render the creative work of intelligence invisible, while making the world more predictable and dumb.

    So, instead of spending six months auditing the algorithms while we wait for the “AI summer,” we might as well go and reread Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. That will do so much more to increase the intelligence in our world.

Fonte: MOROZOV, Evgeny. The problem with artificial intelligence? It’s neither artificial nor intelligent. The Guardian, 30 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/30/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-human-mind

Observe the following sentence from paragraph 1. “The goal is to give society time to adapt to what the signatories describe as an “Al summer”, which they believe will ultimately benefit humanity, as long as the right guardrails are put in place.” Choose the alternative that can be considered the CORRECT past version of the sentence above.

Leia o texto a seguir.

O homem ocidental nem sempre se comportou da maneira que estamos acostumados a considerar como típica ou como sinal característico do homem “civilizado”. Se um homem da atual sociedade civilizada ocidental fosse, de repente, transportado para uma época remota de sua própria sociedade, tal como o período medievo-feudal, descobriria nele muito do que julga “incivilizado” em outras sociedades modernas. Sua reação em pouco diferiria da que nele é despertada no presente pelo comportamento de pessoas que vivem em sociedades feudais fora do Mundo Ocidental. Dependendo de sua situação e de suas inclinações, sentir-se-ia atraído pela vida mais desregrada, mais descontraída e aventurosa das classes superiores dessa sociedade ou repelido pelos costumes “bárbaros”, pela pobreza e rudeza que nele encontraria. E como quer que entendesse sua própria “civilização”, ele concluiria, da maneira a mais inequívoca, que a sociedade existente nesses tempos pretéritos da história ocidental não era “civilizada” no mesmo sentido e no mesmo grau que a sociedade ocidental moderna.

(Adaptado de: ELIAS, N. O processo civilizador. v.1. 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1994. p.13.)

Leia o texto a seguir.

Podemos definir uma causa como um objeto, seguido de outro, tal que todos os objetos semelhantes ao primeiro são seguidos por objetos semelhantes ao segundo. Ou, em outras palavras, tal que, se o primeiro objeto não existisse, o segundo jamais teria existido. O aparecimento de uma causa sempre conduz a mente, por uma transição habitual, à ideia do efeito; disso também temos experiência. Em conformidade com essa experiência, podemos, portanto, formular uma outra definição de causa e chamá-la um objeto seguido de outro, e cujo aparecimento sempre conduz o pensamento àquele outro. Mas, não temos ideia dessa conexão, nem sequer uma noção distinta do que é que desejamos saber quando tentamos concebê-las.

(Adaptado de: HUME, D. Investigação sobre o entendimento humano e sobre os princípios da moral. Seção VII, 29. Trad. José Oscar de Almeida Marques. São Paulo: UNESP, 2004. p.115.)

Analise a figura e leia o texto a seguir.

Edgar Degas, Mulher penteando seu cabelo, giz pastel sobre papel cartão, 45,76 × 43,97 cm, 1889.

Para Edgar Degas, o artista não é um simples receptor, uma tela sobre a qual se projeta uma imagem, ele é um ser empenhado em captar a realidade, em se apropriar do espaço. Em seus quadros, alguns temas se repetem: os gestos rítmicos das bailarinas e as mulheres executando movimentos cotidianos, como pentear-se ou banhar-se.

(Adaptado de: ARGAN, J. C. História da Arte Moderna. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1992. p.104-109.)

Com base na figura, no texto e nos conhecimentossobre o Impressionismo, considere as afirmativas aseguir.

I. Os impressionistas eram unânimes em relaçãoà compreensão da sensação visual como fenômeno mental.

II. Monet promovia a dissolução visual do mundoem suas telas e Degas voltou-se para um desenho que estrutura a ação no espaço.

III. Degas recorreu, sem preconceitos, à fotografia,e isso é perceptível em seus desenhos e pinturas, sobretudo pelos enquadramentos.

IV. Em Mulher penteando seu cabelo, nota-se apose complexa, o movimento suspenso capturado em uma etapa do esforço físico e a tensãoformulada por linhas e manchas.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

Leia o texto a seguir.

Ao que parece, duas causas, e ambas naturais, geraram a poesia. O imitar é congênito no homem, e os homens se comprazem no imitado. Sinal disso é o que acontece na experiência: nós contemplamos com prazer as imagens mais exatas daquelas mesmas coisas que olhamos com repugnância, por exemplo, as representações de animais ferozes e de cadáveres. Causa é que o aprender não só muito apraz aos filósofos, mas também, igualmente, aos demais homens, se bem que menos participem dele. Efetivamente, tal é o motivo por que se deleitam perante as imagens: olhando-as aprendem e discorrem sobre o que seja cada uma delas, e dirão, por exemplo, “este é tal”. Porque, se suceder que alguém não tenha visto o original, nenhum prazer lhe advirá da imagem, como imitada, mas tão-somente da execução, da cor ou qualquer outra causa da mesma espécie.

(Adaptado de: ARISTÓTELES, Poética. Trad. Eudoro de Sousa. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1973. p.445. Os Pensadores.)

Analyse the image to answer.

(Available in: https://lifeology101.com.)

It is consistent to state that:

Leia o texto a seguir.

No fundo do mato virgem nasceu Macunaíma, herói de nossa gente. Já na meninice fez coisas de sarapantar. De primeiro: passou mais de seis anos não falando. Se o incitavam a falar, exclamava: – Ai que preguiça!... e não dizia mais nada. Quando era pra dormir trepava no macuru pequeninho sempre se esquecendo de mijar. Como a rede da mãe estava por debaixo do berço, o herói mijava quente na velha, espantando os mosquitos bem. Então adormecia sonhando palavras feias, imoralidades estrambólicas e dava patadas no ar.

(Adaptado de: ANDRADE, M. Macunaíma. Rio de Janeiro: Agir, 2008. p.7.)

Enquanto produção cultural, o Modernismo procurava reconhecer as identidades que formavam o povo brasileiro.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta, corretamente, a presença da temática indígena no movimento, tendo por modelo o romance de Mário de Andrade.