Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

LIBERALS AND ISLAMISTS

By Shadi Hamid 

Adapted from Time, August 12, 2013. 

Texto para a questão

Evanildo Bechara, Na ponta da língua. Adaptado. 

Leia o infográfico para responder à questão.

(www.medicalnewstoday.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Do fat people stay warmer than thin people?

Pack on some extra pounds for winter

By Daniel Engber

01.02.2014

    At the yearly Rottnest Channel Swim in Western Australia, participants often smear their bodies with animal fat for insulation against the 70-degree water. But their own body fat also helps to keep them warm, like an extra layer of clothing beneath the skin. When scientists studied aspects of the event in 2006, they found that swimmers with a greater body mass index (BMI) appear to be at much lower risk of getting hypothermia.

    The same effect has been demonstrated in hospitals where patients who’ve suffered cardiac arrest are treated with “therapeutic hypothermia” to stave off brain injury and inflammation. Studies have shown that it takes longer to induce hypothermia in obese patients than in their leaner counterparts. The extra fat seems to insulate the body’s core.

    Under certain conditions, though, overweight people might feel colder than people of average weight. That’s because the brain combines two signals — the temperature inside the body and the temperature on the surface of the skin — to determine when it’s time to constrict blood vessels (which limits heat loss through the skin) and trigger shivering (which generates heat). And since subcutaneous fat traps heat, an obese person’s core will tend to remain warm while his or her skin cools down. According to Catherine O’Brien, a research physiologist with the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, it’s possible that the lower skin temperature would give fatter people the sense of being colder overall.

    But O’Brien points out that many other factors beyond subcutaneous fat help determine the rate at which we chill. Smaller people, who have more surface area compared to the total volume of their bodies, lose heat more quickly. (It’s often said that women feel colder than men; average body size may play a part.) A more muscular physique may also offer some protection against hypothermia, partly because muscle tissue generates lots of heat. “We have a joke around here that the person who’s best-suited for cold is fit and fat,” says O’Brien.

(www.popsci.com)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Do fat people stay warmer than thin people?

Pack on some extra pounds for winter

By Daniel Engber

01.02.2014

    At the yearly Rottnest Channel Swim in Western Australia, participants often smear their bodies with animal fat for insulation against the 70-degree water. But their own body fat also helps to keep them warm, like an extra layer of clothing beneath the skin. When scientists studied aspects of the event in 2006, they found that swimmers with a greater body mass index (BMI) appear to be at much lower risk of getting hypothermia.

    The same effect has been demonstrated in hospitals where patients who’ve suffered cardiac arrest are treated with “therapeutic hypothermia” to stave off brain injury and inflammation. Studies have shown that it takes longer to induce hypothermia in obese patients than in their leaner counterparts. The extra fat seems to insulate the body’s core.

    Under certain conditions, though, overweight people might feel colder than people of average weight. That’s because the brain combines two signals — the temperature inside the body and the temperature on the surface of the skin — to determine when it’s time to constrict blood vessels (which limits heat loss through the skin) and trigger shivering (which generates heat). And since subcutaneous fat traps heat, an obese person’s core will tend to remain warm while his or her skin cools down. According to Catherine O’Brien, a research physiologist with the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, it’s possible that the lower skin temperature would give fatter people the sense of being colder overall.

    But O’Brien points out that many other factors beyond subcutaneous fat help determine the rate at which we chill. Smaller people, who have more surface area compared to the total volume of their bodies, lose heat more quickly. (It’s often said that women feel colder than men; average body size may play a part.) A more muscular physique may also offer some protection against hypothermia, partly because muscle tissue generates lots of heat. “We have a joke around here that the person who’s best-suited for cold is fit and fat,” says O’Brien.

(www.popsci.com)

Observe a pintura Os barqueiros do Volga, do artista ucraniano Ilia Repin.

(Andrew Graham-Dixon. Arte: o guia visual definitivo da arte, 2011.)

Pode-se relacionar corretamente essa pintura ao

Considere a charge de Caco Galhardo para responder à questão.

(Folha de S.Paulo, 26.01.2014.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 1

Call to halve target for added sugar

People need to more than halve their intake of added sugar to tackle the obesity crisis, according to scientific advice for the government in England.

    A report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says sugar added to food or naturally present in fruit juice and honey should account for 5% of energy intake. Many fail to meet the old 10% target. The sugar industry said “demonizing one ingredient” would not “solve the obesity epidemic”
    The body reviewed 600 scientific studies on the evidence of carbohydrates – including sugar – on health to develop the new recommendations. One 330ml can of soft drink would take a typical adult up to the proposed 5% daily allowance, without factoring in sugar from any other source.
    Prof Ian MacDonald, chairman of the SACN working group on carbohydrates, said: “The evidence that we have analyzed shows quite clearly that high free sugars intake in adults is associated with increased energy intake and obesity. There is also an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and type-2 diabetes. In children there is clear demonstration that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with obesity. By reducing it to 5% you would reduce the risk of all of those things, the challenge will be to get there.”
    The target of 5% of energy intake from free sugars amounts to 25g for women (five to six teaspoons) and 35g (seven to eight teaspoons) for men, based on the average diet.
    Public Health Minister for England, Jane Ellison, said: “We know eating too much sugar can have a significant impact on health, and this advice confirms that. We want to help people make healthier choices and get the nation into healthy habits for life. This report will inform the important debate taking place about sugar.”

(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)

Texto 2

    Eating more fruits and veggies won’t make you lose weight
    We’re often told to eat more fruits and vegetables, but the chances that you’ll lose weight just by eating more of these foods are slim. New research suggests increased fruit and vegetable intake is only effective for weight loss if you make an effort to reduce your calorie intake overall.
    In other words, you need to exercise or consume fewer calories to shed those pounds.
    Don’t let that stop you from including more fruits and veggies in your diet, though. Even if they don’t directly help you lose weight, these foods still provide a number of health benefits.

(http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira para responder às questão.

    A experiência do cotidiano nos brinda sempre com anomalias, incongruências, contradições. E, quando tentamos explicá-las, explicações à primeira vista razoáveis acabam por revelar-se insatisfatórias após exame mais acurado. A natureza das coisas e dos eventos não nos parece facilmente inteligível. As opiniões e os pontos de vista dos homens são dificilmente conciliáveis ou, mesmo, uns com os outros inconsistentes. Consensos porventura emergentes se mostram provisórios e precários. Quem sente a necessidade de pensar com um espírito mais crítico e tenta melhor compreender, essa diversidade toda o desnorteia.
   Talvez a maioria dos homens conviva bem com esse espetáculo da anomalia mundana. Uns poucos não o conseguem e essa experiência muito os perturba. Alguns destes se fazem filósofos e buscam na filosofia o fim dessa perturbação e a tranquilidade de espírito. Uma tranquilidade de espírito que esperam obter, por exemplo, graças à posse da verdade. A filosofia lhes promete explicar o mundo, dar conta da experiência cotidiana, dissipar as contradições, afastar as névoas da incompreensão. Revelando o ser, que o aparecer oculta; ou, se isso não for possível, desvendando os mistérios do conhecimento e deste delineando a natureza e os precisos limites; ou, pelo menos, esclarecendo a natureza e a função de nossa humana linguagem, na qual dizemos o mundo e formulamos os problemas da filosofia. A filosofia distingue e propõe-se ensinar-nos a distinguir entre verdade e falsidade, conhecimento e crença, ser e aparência, sujeito e objeto, representação e representado, além de muitas outras distinções.
    Mas a filosofia não nos dá o que nos prometera e buscáramos nela. Muito pelo contrário, o que ela nos descobre é uma extraordinária diversidade de posições e pontos de vista, totalmente incompatíveis uns com os outros e nunca conciliáveis. A discordância que divide o comum dos homens, nós a encontramos de novo nas filosofias, mas potencializada agora como ao infinito, de mil modos sofisticada num discurso arguto. Sobre coisa nenhuma se põem os filósofos de acordo, nem mesmo sobre o objeto, a natureza ou o método do próprio empreendimento de filosofar.

(Rumo ao ceticismo, 2006. Adaptado.)

    You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time.

LINCOLN, Abraham. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 15 nov. 2014. 

Ao aproximar-se, Pedro Archanjo notou que Nilo Argolo punha os braços atrás das costas para impedir qualquer tentativa de aperto de mão. Um calor subiu-lhe ao rosto.

Com o desplante de quem examinasse bicho ou coisa, atentamente o professor estudou a fisionomia e o porte do funcionário; no rosto infenso refletiu-se indisfarçável surpresa ao constatar o garbo e a limpeza nos trajes do mulato, o perfeito decoro. De certos mestiços, o catedrático pensava e, em determinados casos, até dizia: Este merecia ser branco, o que o desgraça é o sangue africano.

— Foi você quem escreveu uma brochura intitulada A vida...

—... popular da Bahia... — Archanjo superara a humilhação inicial, dispunha-se ao diálogo. — Deixei um exemplar para o senhor na secretaria.

— Diga senhor professor — corrigiu, áspero, o lente ilustre. — Senhor professor, não senhor apenas, não se esqueça. Conquistei o título em concurso, tenho direito a ele e o exijo. Compreendeu?

— Sim, senhor professor — a voz distante e álgida, o único desejo de Pedro Archanjo era ir-se embora.

— Diga-me: as diversas anotações sobre costumes, festas tradicionais, cerimônias fetichistas, que você classifica de obrigações, são realmente exatas?

— Sim, senhor professor.

— Sobre cucumbis, por exemplo. São verídicas?

— Sim, senhor professor.

— Não foram inventadas por você?

— Não, senhor professor.

— Li sua brochura e, tendo em conta quem a escreveu — novamente o examinou com olhos fulvos e hostis —, não lhe nego certo mérito, limitado a algumas observações, bem entendido. Carece de qualquer seriedade científica e as conclusões sobre mestiçagem são necessidades delirantes e perigosas. Mas nem por isso deixa de ser repositório de fatos dignos de atenção. Vale leitura.

AMADO, Jorge. Tenda dos Milagres. 47. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2007. p. 143-144.

A leitura do fragmento de “Tenda dos Milagres”, devidamente contextualizado na obra, permite afirmar:

BLACH, Mateus. Patrimônio Cultural, parte II: a contemporaneidade. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2014.