Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

This text refers to question

How to Stop Eating Sugar

By David Leonhardt

If you’re like most Americans, you eat more sugar than is good for you. But it’s entirely possible to eat less sugar without sacrificing much — if any — of the pleasures of eating. Surprising as it may sound, many people who have cut back on sugar say they find their new eating habits more pleasurable than their old ones. This guide will walk you through why sugar matters, how you can make smart food choices to reduce sugar consumption, and how you can keep your life sweet, even without so many sweets.

Here's why you eat more sugar than you realize, and why it's a problem. The first thing to know: Added sugars, of one kind or another, are almost everywhere in the modern diet. They’re in sandwich bread, chicken stock, pickles, salad dressing, crackers, yogurt and cereal, as well as in the obvious foods and drinks, like soda and desserts.

The biggest problem with added sweeteners is that they make it easy to overeat. They’re tasty and highly caloric but they often don’t make you feel full. Instead, they can trick you into wanting even more food. Because we’re surrounded by added sweeteners — in our kitchens, in restaurants, at schools and offices — most of us will eat too much of them unless we consciously set out to do otherwise.

It’s not an accident. The sugar industry has conducted an aggressive, decades-long campaign to blame the obesity epidemic on fats, not sugars. Fats, after all, seem as if they should cause obesity. Thanks partly to that campaign, sugar consumption soared in the United States even as people were trying to lose weight. But research increasingly indicates that an overabundance of simple carbohydrates, and sugar in particular, is the No. 1 problem in modern diets. Sugar is the driving force behind the diabetes and obesity epidemics. Fortunately, more people are realizing the harms of sugar and cutting back.

[...]

Changing your diet is hard. If your strategy involves thinking about sugar all the time — whenever you’re shopping or eating — you’ll likely fail. You’ll also be miserable in the process. It’s much more effective to come up with a few simple rules and habits that then become second nature. (One strategy to consider: Eliminate all added sugars for one month, and then add back only the ones you miss. It’s easier than it sounds.)

Above all, most people’s goal should be to find a few simple, lasting ways to cut back on sugar. Once you’re done reading this guide, we suggest you choose two or three of our ideas and try them for a few weeks.

https://www.nytimes.com/guides/smarterliving/how-to-stop-eating-sugar (text adapted)

This text refers to question

Science confirms: Dark chocolate and red wine helps keep you looking young

NEWSNER

Chocolate and wine, and not always together, are among life’s simple pleasures, but most of us think we should only indulge in these pleasures in moderation.

Granted chocolate and wine contain a high number of calories and I don’t need to explain what happens to our bodies and minds if we drink too much wine. But now scientists may have found a reason to indulge in these delicious things more often than we think.

A recent study found a powerful antioxidant present in dark chocolate and red wine; the effect of this antioxidant on our bodies could be a reason to celebrate. Scientists say the presence of resveratrol in these food items has a positive effect on the brain, heart, and lifespan. The most naturally abundant sources of resveratrol are plants, including the skin of red grapes, red wine, raw cocoa, and dark berries, like lingonberries and blueberries.

A team led by Professor Lorna Harries at the University of Exeter discovered that by treating worn-out human cells with a formulation of resveratrol the older cells started to divide. These older cells then developed longer telomeres – the protective tips on the ends of chromosomes which shorten as we age, according to Longevity Facts. It seemed a miracle that these old cells looked young again. The experiment was repeated several times and each time the result was rejuvenated cells.

According to scientists red wine, dark chocolate and some berries also help to reduce inflammation and strengthen the heart. This powerful antioxidant was also found to help ward off certain age-related diseases.

Certain metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and heart disease, tend to occur as we age. In animal studies, severely restricting calories can help prevent some of these diseases.

Researchers found that resveratrol can mimic calorie restriction in some ways and found it to extend the lifespans of yeast, worms, flies and fish. To help avoid the excessive consumption of red wine, this antioxidant can also be found in dark chocolate, grapes, raspberries, plums, blueberries, cranberries, grape tomatoes, and pomegranate. These findings are fascinating and are a step to prolonging people’s life without affecting overall health.

Please share with all your friends and family so they know dark chocolate can finally be consumed guilt free!

https://en.stories.newsner.com/health/science-confirms-dark-chocolate-and-red-wine-helps-keep-you-looking-young/ Accessed on May, 7th. Slightly modified

This text refers to question

Science confirms: Dark chocolate and red wine helps keep you looking young

NEWSNER

Chocolate and wine, and not always together, are among life’s simple pleasures, but most of us think we should only indulge in these pleasures in moderation.

Granted chocolate and wine contain a high number of calories and I don’t need to explain what happens to our bodies and minds if we drink too much wine. But now scientists may have found a reason to indulge in these delicious things more often than we think.

A recent study found a powerful antioxidant present in dark chocolate and red wine; the effect of this antioxidant on our bodies could be a reason to celebrate. Scientists say the presence of resveratrol in these food items has a positive effect on the brain, heart, and lifespan. The most naturally abundant sources of resveratrol are plants, including the skin of red grapes, red wine, raw cocoa, and dark berries, like lingonberries and blueberries.

A team led by Professor Lorna Harries at the University of Exeter discovered that by treating worn-out human cells with a formulation of resveratrol the older cells started to divide. These older cells then developed longer telomeres – the protective tips on the ends of chromosomes which shorten as we age, according to Longevity Facts. It seemed a miracle that these old cells looked young again. The experiment was repeated several times and each time the result was rejuvenated cells.

According to scientists red wine, dark chocolate and some berries also help to reduce inflammation and strengthen the heart. This powerful antioxidant was also found to help ward off certain age-related diseases.

Certain metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and heart disease, tend to occur as we age. In animal studies, severely restricting calories can help prevent some of these diseases.

Researchers found that resveratrol can mimic calorie restriction in some ways and found it to extend the lifespans of yeast, worms, flies and fish. To help avoid the excessive consumption of red wine, this antioxidant can also be found in dark chocolate, grapes, raspberries, plums, blueberries, cranberries, grape tomatoes, and pomegranate. These findings are fascinating and are a step to prolonging people’s life without affecting overall health.

Please share with all your friends and family so they know dark chocolate can finally be consumed guilt free!

https://en.stories.newsner.com/health/science-confirms-dark-chocolate-and-red-wine-helps-keep-you-looking-young/ Accessed on May, 7th. Slightly modified

A questão toma como base o conto "Um Espinho de Marfim".

A questão toma como base o conto "Um Espinho de Marfim".

Leia o fragmento para responder à questão.

“Um dia, indo o rei de manhã cedo visitar a filha em seus aposentos, viu o unicórnio na moita de lírios. Quero esse animal para mim. E imediatamente ordenou a caçada.”.

COLASANTI, Marina. Uma ideia toda azul. São Paulo: Global, 2005.

Em relação às características do rei, recorrendo-se às leis da natureza que se conhecem, de imediato, é sugerida ideia de

O conto a seguir serve de base para responder à questão.

Entre as folhas do Verde O

    O príncipe acordou contente. Era dia de caçada. Os cachorros latiam no pátio do castelo. Vestiu o colete de couro, calçou as botas. Os cavalos batiam os cascos debaixo da janela. Apanhou as luvas e desceu.

     Lá embaixo parecia uma festa. Os arreios e os pelos dos animais brilhavam ao Sol. Brilhavam os dentes abertos em risadas, as armas, as trompas que deram o sinal de partida.

     Na floresta também ouviram a trompa e o alarido. Todos souberam que eles vinham. E cada um se escondeu como pode.

     Só a moça não se escondeu. Acordou com o som da tropa, e estava debruçada no regato quando os caçadores chegaram.

     Foi assim que o príncipe a viu. Metade mulher, metade corça, bebendo no regato. A mulher tão linda. A corça tão ágil. A mulher ele queria amar, a corça ele queria matar. Se chegasse perto será que ela fugia? Mexeu num galho, ela levantou a cabeça ouvindo. Então o príncipe botou a flecha no arco, retesou a corda, atirou bem na pata direita. E quando a corça-mulher dobrou os joelhos tentando arrancar a flecha, ele correu e a segurou, chamando homens e cães.

     Levaram a corça para o castelo. Veio o médico, trataram do ferimento. Puseram a corça num quarto de porta trancada. Todos os dias o príncipe ia visitá-la. Só ele tinha a chave. E cada vez se apaixonava mais. Mas a corça-mulher só falava a língua da floresta e o príncipe só sabia ouvir a língua do palácio. Então, ficavam horas se olhando calados, com tanta coisa para dizer.

     Ele queria dizer que a amava tanto, que queria casar com ela e tê-la para sempre no castelo, que a cobriria de roupas e joias, que chamaria o melhor feiticeiro do reino para fazê-la virar toda mulher.

     Ela queria dizer que o amava tanto, que queria se casar com ele e levá-lo para a floresta, que lhe ensinaria a gostar dos pássaros e das flores e que pediria à Rainha das Corças para dar-lhe quatro patas ágeis e um belo pelo castanho.

     Mas o príncipe tinha a chave da porta. E ela não tinha o segredo da palavra.

     Todos os dias se encontravam. Agora se seguravam as mãos. E no dia em que a primeira lágrima rolou nos olhos dela, o príncipe pensou ter entendido e mandou chamar o feiticeiro.

     Quando a corça acordou, já não era mais corça. Duas pernas só, e compridas, um corpo branco. Tentou levantar, não conseguiu. O príncipe lhe deu a mão. Vieram as costureiras e a cobriram de roupas. Vieram os joalheiros e a cobriram de joias. Vieram os mestres de dança para ensinar-lhe a andar. Só não tinha a palavra. E o desejo de ser mulher.

     Sete dias ela levou para aprender sete passos. E na manhã do oitavo dia, quando acordou e viu a porta aberta, juntou sete passos e mais sete, atravessou o corredor, desceu a escada, cruzou o pátio e correu para a floresta à procura de sua Rainha.

     O Sol ainda brilhava quando a corça saiu da floresta, só corça, não mais mulher. E se pôs a pastar sob as janelas do palácio.

COLASANTI, Marina. Uma ideia toda azul. São Paulo: Global, 2005

O trecho a seguir, retirado de Alegrias de Joana, serve de base para responder à questão.

"Definia eternidade e as explicações nasciam fatais como as pancadas do coração. Delas não mudaria um termo sequer, de tal modo eram sua verdade. Porém mal brotavam, tornavam-se vazias logicamente." 

Os efeitos semântico-discursivos conseguidos pelo narrador revelam que Joana deixa transparecer a sensação de