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Read the cartoon below and answer the next questions based on it.
Disponível em: <https://www.greetingcarduniverse.com/holidaycards/nurses-day-cards/humor/greeting-card-607707> Acessado em 27 de fevereiro de 2019.
According to the cartoon above it is true to assert that the doctor
How Sleep Strengthens Your Immune System
Numerous studies have reported the benefits of a good night’s sleep, and now researchers from Germany have found that sound sleep improves immune cells known as T cells.
“T cells are a type of… immune cells that fight against intracellular pathogens, for example virus-infected cells such as flu, HIV, herpes, and cancer cells,” Stoyan Dimitrov, PhD, told Healthline.
The study found a new mechanism through which sleep can assist the immune system.
“We show that the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline and pro-inflammatory molecules prostaglandins inhibit the stickiness of a class of adhesion molecules called integrins,” Dr. Dimitrov said. “Because the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and prostaglandins are low during sleep time, the stickiness of the integrins is stronger. This stickiness is important because in order for T cells to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells, they need to get in direct contact with them, and the integrin stickiness is known to promote this contact.”
When cells in the body recognize a virally infected cell, they activate integrins, a sticky type of protein, that then allows them to attach to and kill infected cells.
The researchers compared T cells from healthy volunteers who either slept or stayed awake all night.
They found that in the study participants who slept, their T cells showed higher levels of integrin activation than in the T cells of those who were awake.
The findings indicate that sleep has the potential to improve T cell functioning. For people who get poor sleep, stress hormones may inhibit the ability of T cells to function as effectively.
Less than five hours sleep per night on a regular basis is associated with higher mortality, and having less than seven hours sleep for three nights in a row has the same effect on the body as missing one full night of sleep.
Poor sleep can increase inflammation, blood pressure, insulin resistance, cortisol, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease, as well as decrease blood sugar regulation.
Despite numerous studies proving the negative health impacts of poor sleep, experts say many people still don’t prioritize getting enough sleep.
Adaptado de: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-sleepbolsters-your-immune-system#The-bottom-line> Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2019.
How Sleep Strengthens Your Immune System
Numerous studies have reported the benefits of a good night’s sleep, and now researchers from Germany have found that sound sleep improves immune cells known as T cells.
“T cells are a type of… immune cells that fight against intracellular pathogens, for example virus-infected cells such as flu, HIV, herpes, and cancer cells,” Stoyan Dimitrov, PhD, told Healthline.
The study found a new mechanism through which sleep can assist the immune system.
“We show that the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline and pro-inflammatory molecules prostaglandins inhibit the stickiness of a class of adhesion molecules called integrins,” Dr. Dimitrov said. “Because the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and prostaglandins are low during sleep time, the stickiness of the integrins is stronger. This stickiness is important because in order for T cells to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells, they need to get in direct contact with them, and the integrin stickiness is known to promote this contact.”
When cells in the body recognize a virally infected cell, they activate integrins, a sticky type of protein, that then allows them to attach to and kill infected cells.
The researchers compared T cells from healthy volunteers who either slept or stayed awake all night.
They found that in the study participants who slept, their T cells showed higher levels of integrin activation than in the T cells of those who were awake.
The findings indicate that sleep has the potential to improve T cell functioning. For people who get poor sleep, stress hormones may inhibit the ability of T cells to function as effectively.
Less than five hours sleep per night on a regular basis is associated with higher mortality, and having less than seven hours sleep for three nights in a row has the same effect on the body as missing one full night of sleep.
Poor sleep can increase inflammation, blood pressure, insulin resistance, cortisol, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease, as well as decrease blood sugar regulation.
Despite numerous studies proving the negative health impacts of poor sleep, experts say many people still don’t prioritize getting enough sleep.
Adaptado de: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-sleepbolsters-your-immune-system#The-bottom-line> Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2019.
How Sleep Strengthens Your Immune System
Numerous studies have reported the benefits of a good night’s sleep, and now researchers from Germany have found that sound sleep improves immune cells known as T cells.
“T cells are a type of… immune cells that fight against intracellular pathogens, for example virus-infected cells such as flu, HIV, herpes, and cancer cells,” Stoyan Dimitrov, PhD, told Healthline.
The study found a new mechanism through which sleep can assist the immune system.
“We show that the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline and pro-inflammatory molecules prostaglandins inhibit the stickiness of a class of adhesion molecules called integrins,” Dr. Dimitrov said. “Because the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and prostaglandins are low during sleep time, the stickiness of the integrins is stronger. This stickiness is important because in order for T cells to kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells, they need to get in direct contact with them, and the integrin stickiness is known to promote this contact.”
When cells in the body recognize a virally infected cell, they activate integrins, a sticky type of protein, that then allows them to attach to and kill infected cells.
The researchers compared T cells from healthy volunteers who either slept or stayed awake all night.
They found that in the study participants who slept, their T cells showed higher levels of integrin activation than in the T cells of those who were awake.
The findings indicate that sleep has the potential to improve T cell functioning. For people who get poor sleep, stress hormones may inhibit the ability of T cells to function as effectively.
Less than five hours sleep per night on a regular basis is associated with higher mortality, and having less than seven hours sleep for three nights in a row has the same effect on the body as missing one full night of sleep.
Poor sleep can increase inflammation, blood pressure, insulin resistance, cortisol, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease, as well as decrease blood sugar regulation.
Despite numerous studies proving the negative health impacts of poor sleep, experts say many people still don’t prioritize getting enough sleep.
Adaptado de: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-sleepbolsters-your-immune-system#The-bottom-line> Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2019.
New Parents Don’t Get Enough Sleep for Six Years After a Child Is Born
Those first three months with a newborn can be rough, but researchers say sleep deprivation is an issue with parents for years. New parents are sometimes shocked to discover how little sleep they get in the first six months after a baby is born. They might also be discouraged to learn that their sleep patterns might not return to normal until that newborn is ready for kindergarten.
A new study published in the journal Sleep found that both parental sleep satisfaction and sleep duration sharply declined after childbirth, hitting their lowest point when a baby is 3 months old.
Women’s sleep duration and quality were far more affected than men, whether or not they breastfed their child. Women lost an average of one hour of sleep nightly compared to what they got prior to pregnancy, while men lost about 15 minutes of sleep per night.
Even four to six years after childbirth, mothers were getting 20 minutes less sleep per night than before they became pregnant, while fathers were still getting 15 minutes less sleep.
“The short-term effects of childbirth on parental sleep is well known. Our study just confirmed these effects,” Lemola told Healthline. “However, it was largely unexpected to find decreased sleep duration and sleep satisfaction six years after birth.”
Sleep was more affected among first-time parents than among parents with more than one child.
The findings were based on interviews of 4,659 parents who had a child between 2008 and 2015.
“While having children is a major source of joy for most parents, it is possible that increased demands and responsibilities associated with the role as a parent lead to shorter sleep and decreased sleep quality even up to six years after birth of the first child,” said Lemola.
Lemola said that future research would be required to determine how parents can cope with sleep loss and regain their sleep patterns sooner.
Adaptado de: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/newparents-dont-get-sound-sleep-for-6-years#The-bottom-line> Acessado em 04 de março de 2019
New Parents Don’t Get Enough Sleep for Six Years After a Child Is Born
Those first three months with a newborn can be rough, but researchers say sleep deprivation is an issue with parents for years. New parents are sometimes shocked to discover how little sleep they get in the first six months after a baby is born. They might also be discouraged to learn that their sleep patterns might not return to normal until that newborn is ready for kindergarten.
A new study published in the journal Sleep found that both parental sleep satisfaction and sleep duration sharply declined after childbirth, hitting their lowest point when a baby is 3 months old.
Women’s sleep duration and quality were far more affected than men, whether or not they breastfed their child. Women lost an average of one hour of sleep nightly compared to what they got prior to pregnancy, while men lost about 15 minutes of sleep per night.
Even four to six years after childbirth, mothers were getting 20 minutes less sleep per night than before they became pregnant, while fathers were still getting 15 minutes less sleep.
“The short-term effects of childbirth on parental sleep is well known. Our study just confirmed these effects,” Lemola told Healthline. “However, it was largely unexpected to find decreased sleep duration and sleep satisfaction six years after birth.”
Sleep was more affected among first-time parents than among parents with more than one child.
The findings were based on interviews of 4,659 parents who had a child between 2008 and 2015.
“While having children is a major source of joy for most parents, it is possible that increased demands and responsibilities associated with the role as a parent lead to shorter sleep and decreased sleep quality even up to six years after birth of the first child,” said Lemola.
Lemola said that future research would be required to determine how parents can cope with sleep loss and regain their sleep patterns sooner.
Adaptado de: <https://www.healthline.com/health-news/newparents-dont-get-sound-sleep-for-6-years#The-bottom-line> Acessado em 04 de março de 2019
TEXTO 4
Procura-se algum lugar no planeta
onde a vida seja sempre uma festa
onde o homem não mate
nem bicho nem homem
e deixe em paz
as árvores da floresta.
Procura-se algum lugar no planeta
onde a vida seja sempre uma dança
e mesmo as pessoas mais graves
tenham no rosto um olhar de criança.
MURRAY, Roseana. Disponível em https://www.orelhadelivro.com.br/livros
TEXTO 1
AS CRÔNICAS DE NÁRNIA
(1) Viagens ao fim do mundo, criaturas fantásticas e batalhas épicas entre o bem e o mal – o que mais um leitor poderia querer de um livro? O livro que tem tudo isso é “O leão, a feiticeira e o guarda-roupa”, escrito em 1949 por Clive Staples Lewis. Mas Lewis não parou por aí. Seis outros livros vieram depois e, juntos, ficaram conhecidos como “As Crônicas de Nárnia”.
(2) Em um universo completamente mágico e original, C.S. Lewis conduz a terra de Nárnia desde a sua criação até o seu fim em sete livros incríveis. “As Crônicas de Nárnia” é um conjunto de histórias que abrangem diversas épocas dentro de um cenário repleto de castelos, membros da realeza, guerreiros, criaturas fantásticas, feiticeiras e uma mitologia bem extensa.
(3) O autor buscou uma forma de elaborar a história da Bíblia em um contexto original e inspirado no livro sagrado, de modo que até mesmo quem não concorda com os seus preceitos e ensinamentos sinta interesse em iniciar a sua leitura. Além disso, há também referências claras às mitologias grega e nórdica e aos contos de fada, além da inserção de seres icônicos como o Papai Noel. Desde o Gênese ao Apocalipse, Nárnia vivencia muitos períodos, nos quais questões muito diferentes são abordadas. Entretanto, há um elemento comum em todos os livros: os papéis principais são dados a crianças. São esses pequenos heróis que se descobrem grandes salvadores e se sentem no dever de lutar para proteger a terra que tanto amam e que depende deles.
(4) A oposição entre Aslam e Tash começa a ganhar força no decorrer da cronologia dos livros, sempre camuflada em um contexto de conflitos por terras e guerras entre reinos. Em “A Última Batalha”, é citado que Aslam remete ao bem e Tash, ao mal. Qualquer um que estiver seguindo a um dos dois e praticar o bem estará, na verdade, seguindo a Aslam. Se for o oposto, estará seguindo a Tash. Ambos são os contrastes de atitudes boas e ruins que podem ser cometidas de acordo com o caráter, o comportamento e as escolhas de cada um.
(5) No geral, os personagens de mais destaque em toda a obra são: Aslam, Digory Kirke, Polly Plummer, A Feiticeira Branca, Pedro Pevensie, Susana Pevensie, Edmundo Pevensie, Lucy Pevensie, Sr. Tumnus, Os Castores, Caspian X, Ripchip, Trumpkin, Shasta, Aravis, Eustáquio Mísero, Jill Pole, Brejeiro, Rilian, Confuso, Manhoso, Tirian e Tash. Cada um possui uma personalidade bastante distinta do outro e todos apresentam características que os tornam originais e clássicos em uma obra que é considerada essencial na vida de uma criança, mas que também pode ser apreciada por pessoas de qualquer faixa etária.
[...]
LIMA, Victor. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 09 maio 2019 (adaptado)
TEXTO 2
As assertivas a seguir se referem aos TEXTOS 1 e 2. Analise-as
I. O TEXTO 2 remete explicitamente ao objeto temático do TEXTO 1 – “As Crônicas de Nárnia”. Assim, considerando-se o título do livro “O leão, a feiticeira e o guarda-roupa” (1º parágrafo do TEXTO 1), verifica-se que, no TEXTO 2, a referência à obra de Lewis é feita também por elementos não verbais.
II. Entre os dois períodos do TEXTO 2 há uma relação semântica de causa e consequência. Situação semelhante ocorre em “Cada um possui uma personalidade bastante distinta do outro e todos apresentam características que os tornam originais e clássicos [...].” (5º parágrafo do TEXTO 1).
III. Em “Estou indo para Nárnia!” (TEXTO 2), a preposição “para” indica que a personagem irá permanentemente para lá, ao passo que “Estou indo a Nárnia!” expressa a ideia de que a ida não é definitiva, ou seja, pressupõe-se a intenção de que haja uma volta.
IV. Em “Lewis conduz a terra de Nárnia desde a sua criação até o seu fim em sete livros incríveis.” (2º parágrafo do TEXTO 1), verifica-se um desrespeito à regência verbal. Segundo a norma culta, deveria ser “Lewis conduz à terra de Nárnia [...]”.
V. Com base nas informações contidas no TEXTO 1, é possível se inferir que, no TEXTO 2, a personagem sente-se insatisfeita com a realidade do mundo em que está inserida. Por essa razão, está fugindo para Nárnia, um lugar mágico e original.
Estão CORRETAS, apenas, as afirmativas
TEXTO 1
AS CRÔNICAS DE NÁRNIA
(1) Viagens ao fim do mundo, criaturas fantásticas e batalhas épicas entre o bem e o mal – o que mais um leitor poderia querer de um livro? O livro que tem tudo isso é “O leão, a feiticeira e o guarda-roupa”, escrito em 1949 por Clive Staples Lewis. Mas Lewis não parou por aí. Seis outros livros vieram depois e, juntos, ficaram conhecidos como “As Crônicas de Nárnia”.
(2) Em um universo completamente mágico e original, C.S. Lewis conduz a terra de Nárnia desde a sua criação até o seu fim em sete livros incríveis. “As Crônicas de Nárnia” é um conjunto de histórias que abrangem diversas épocas dentro de um cenário repleto de castelos, membros da realeza, guerreiros, criaturas fantásticas, feiticeiras e uma mitologia bem extensa.
(3) O autor buscou uma forma de elaborar a história da Bíblia em um contexto original e inspirado no livro sagrado, de modo que até mesmo quem não concorda com os seus preceitos e ensinamentos sinta interesse em iniciar a sua leitura. Além disso, há também referências claras às mitologias grega e nórdica e aos contos de fada, além da inserção de seres icônicos como o Papai Noel. Desde o Gênese ao Apocalipse, Nárnia vivencia muitos períodos, nos quais questões muito diferentes são abordadas. Entretanto, há um elemento comum em todos os livros: os papéis principais são dados a crianças. São esses pequenos heróis que se descobrem grandes salvadores e se sentem no dever de lutar para proteger a terra que tanto amam e que depende deles.
(4) A oposição entre Aslam e Tash começa a ganhar força no decorrer da cronologia dos livros, sempre camuflada em um contexto de conflitos por terras e guerras entre reinos. Em “A Última Batalha”, é citado que Aslam remete ao bem e Tash, ao mal. Qualquer um que estiver seguindo a um dos dois e praticar o bem estará, na verdade, seguindo a Aslam. Se for o oposto, estará seguindo a Tash. Ambos são os contrastes de atitudes boas e ruins que podem ser cometidas de acordo com o caráter, o comportamento e as escolhas de cada um.
(5) No geral, os personagens de mais destaque em toda a obra são: Aslam, Digory Kirke, Polly Plummer, A Feiticeira Branca, Pedro Pevensie, Susana Pevensie, Edmundo Pevensie, Lucy Pevensie, Sr. Tumnus, Os Castores, Caspian X, Ripchip, Trumpkin, Shasta, Aravis, Eustáquio Mísero, Jill Pole, Brejeiro, Rilian, Confuso, Manhoso, Tirian e Tash. Cada um possui uma personalidade bastante distinta do outro e todos apresentam características que os tornam originais e clássicos em uma obra que é considerada essencial na vida de uma criança, mas que também pode ser apreciada por pessoas de qualquer faixa etária.
[...]
LIMA, Victor. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 09 maio 2019 (adaptado)
Texto 6
From: https://goo.gl/ngNDf2. Accessed on 11/05/2018
Após ler o Texto 6, pode-se afirmar que ele
Texto 5
From: https://bit.ly/2Fso7p5. Accessed on 11/07/2018
