Questões do ENEM: Linguagens

TEXT

    A library tradition is being refashioned to emphasize early literacy and better prepare young children for school, and drawing many new fans in the process.

    Among parents of the under-5 set, spots for story time have become as coveted as seats for a hot Broadway show like “Hamilton.” Lines stretch down the block at some branches, with tickets given out on a first-come-first-served basis because there is not enough room to accommodate all of the children who show up.

    Workers at the 67th Street Library on the Upper East Side of Manhattan turn away at least 10 people from every reading. They have been so overwhelmed by the rush at story time — held in the branch’s largest room, on the third floor — that once the space is full, they close the door and shut down the elevator. “It is so crowded and so popular, it’s insane,” Jacqueline Schector, a librarian, said.

    Story time is drawing capacity crowds at public libraries across New York and across the country at a time when, more than ever, educators are emphasizing the importance of early literacy in preparing children for school and for developing critical thinking skills. The demand crosses economic lines, with parents at all income levels vying to get in.

    Many libraries have refashioned the traditional readings to include enrichment activities such as counting numbers and naming colors, as well as music and dance. And many parents have made story time a fixture in their family routines alongside school pickups and playground outings — and, for those who employ nannies, a nonnegotiable requirement of the job.

    In New York, demand for story time has surged across the city’s three library systems — the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Library — and has posed logistical challenges for some branches, particularly those in small or cramped buildings. Citywide, story time attendance rose to 510,367 people in fiscal year 2015, up nearly 28 percent from 399,751 in fiscal 2013.

    “The secret’s out,” said Lucy Yates, 44, an opera coach with two sons who goes to story time at the Fort Washington Library every week.

    Stroller-pushing parents and nannies begin to line up for story time outside some branches an hour before doors open. To prevent overcrowding, tickets are given out at the New Amsterdam and Webster branches, both in Manhattan, the Parkchester branch in the Bronx, and a half-dozen branches in Brooklyn, including in Park Slope, Kensington and Bay Ridge.

    The 67th Street branch keeps adding story times — there are now six a week — and holds sessions outdoors in the summer, when crowds can swell to 200 people.

    In Queens, 41 library branches are scheduled to add weekend hours this month, and many will undoubtedly include weekend story times. As Joanne King, a spokeswoman for the library explained, parents have been begging for them and “every story time is full, every time we have one.”

    Long a library staple, story time has typically been an informal reading to a small group of boys and girls sitting in a circle. Today’s story times involve carefully planned lessons by specially trained librarians that emphasize education as much as entertainment, and often include suggestions for parents and caregivers about how to reinforce what children have learned, library officials said.

    Libraries around the country have expanded story time and other children’s programs in recent years, attracting a new generation of patrons in an age when online offerings sometimes make trips to the book stacks unnecessary. Sari Feldman, president of the American Library Association, said such early-literacy efforts are part of a larger transformation libraries are undergoing to become active learning centers for their communities by offering services like classes in English as a second language, computer skills and career counseling.

    Ms. Feldman said the increased demand for story time was a product, in part, of more than a decade of work by the library association and others to encourage libraries to play a larger role in preparing young children for school. In 2004, as part of that effort, the association developed a curriculum, “Every Child Ready to Read,” that she said is now used by thousands of libraries.

    The New York Public Library is adding 45 children’s librarians to support story time and other programs, some of which are run in partnership with the city government. It has also designated 20 of its 88 neighborhood branches, including the Fort Washington Library, as “enhanced literary sites.” As such, they will double their story time sessions, to an average of four a week, and distribute 15,000 “family literacy kits” that include a book and a schedule of story times.

    “It is clear that reading and being exposed to books early in life are critical factors in student success,” Anthony W. Marx, president of the New York Public Library, said. “The library is playing an increasingly important role in strengthening early literacy in this city, expanding efforts to bring reading to children and their families through quality, free story times, curated literacy programs, after-school programs and more.”

    For its part, the Queens Library plans to expand a “Kick Off to Kindergarten” program that attracted more than 180 families for a series of workshops last year. Library officials said that more than three-quarters of the children who enrolled, many of whom spoke a language other than English at home, developed measurable classroom skills.

From: www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02

TEXT

    A library tradition is being refashioned to emphasize early literacy and better prepare young children for school, and drawing many new fans in the process.

    Among parents of the under-5 set, spots for story time have become as coveted as seats for a hot Broadway show like “Hamilton.” Lines stretch down the block at some branches, with tickets given out on a first-come-first-served basis because there is not enough room to accommodate all of the children who show up.

    Workers at the 67th Street Library on the Upper East Side of Manhattan turn away at least 10 people from every reading. They have been so overwhelmed by the rush at story time — held in the branch’s largest room, on the third floor — that once the space is full, they close the door and shut down the elevator. “It is so crowded and so popular, it’s insane,” Jacqueline Schector, a librarian, said.

    Story time is drawing capacity crowds at public libraries across New York and across the country at a time when, more than ever, educators are emphasizing the importance of early literacy in preparing children for school and for developing critical thinking skills. The demand crosses economic lines, with parents at all income levels vying to get in.

    Many libraries have refashioned the traditional readings to include enrichment activities such as counting numbers and naming colors, as well as music and dance. And many parents have made story time a fixture in their family routines alongside school pickups and playground outings — and, for those who employ nannies, a nonnegotiable requirement of the job.

    In New York, demand for story time has surged across the city’s three library systems — the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Library — and has posed logistical challenges for some branches, particularly those in small or cramped buildings. Citywide, story time attendance rose to 510,367 people in fiscal year 2015, up nearly 28 percent from 399,751 in fiscal 2013.

    “The secret’s out,” said Lucy Yates, 44, an opera coach with two sons who goes to story time at the Fort Washington Library every week.

    Stroller-pushing parents and nannies begin to line up for story time outside some branches an hour before doors open. To prevent overcrowding, tickets are given out at the New Amsterdam and Webster branches, both in Manhattan, the Parkchester branch in the Bronx, and a half-dozen branches in Brooklyn, including in Park Slope, Kensington and Bay Ridge.

    The 67th Street branch keeps adding story times — there are now six a week — and holds sessions outdoors in the summer, when crowds can swell to 200 people.

    In Queens, 41 library branches are scheduled to add weekend hours this month, and many will undoubtedly include weekend story times. As Joanne King, a spokeswoman for the library explained, parents have been begging for them and “every story time is full, every time we have one.”

    Long a library staple, story time has typically been an informal reading to a small group of boys and girls sitting in a circle. Today’s story times involve carefully planned lessons by specially trained librarians that emphasize education as much as entertainment, and often include suggestions for parents and caregivers about how to reinforce what children have learned, library officials said.

    Libraries around the country have expanded story time and other children’s programs in recent years, attracting a new generation of patrons in an age when online offerings sometimes make trips to the book stacks unnecessary. Sari Feldman, president of the American Library Association, said such early-literacy efforts are part of a larger transformation libraries are undergoing to become active learning centers for their communities by offering services like classes in English as a second language, computer skills and career counseling.

    Ms. Feldman said the increased demand for story time was a product, in part, of more than a decade of work by the library association and others to encourage libraries to play a larger role in preparing young children for school. In 2004, as part of that effort, the association developed a curriculum, “Every Child Ready to Read,” that she said is now used by thousands of libraries.

    The New York Public Library is adding 45 children’s librarians to support story time and other programs, some of which are run in partnership with the city government. It has also designated 20 of its 88 neighborhood branches, including the Fort Washington Library, as “enhanced literary sites.” As such, they will double their story time sessions, to an average of four a week, and distribute 15,000 “family literacy kits” that include a book and a schedule of story times.

    “It is clear that reading and being exposed to books early in life are critical factors in student success,” Anthony W. Marx, president of the New York Public Library, said. “The library is playing an increasingly important role in strengthening early literacy in this city, expanding efforts to bring reading to children and their families through quality, free story times, curated literacy programs, after-school programs and more.”

    For its part, the Queens Library plans to expand a “Kick Off to Kindergarten” program that attracted more than 180 families for a series of workshops last year. Library officials said that more than three-quarters of the children who enrolled, many of whom spoke a language other than English at home, developed measurable classroom skills.

From: www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02

TEXT

    A library tradition is being refashioned to emphasize early literacy and better prepare young children for school, and drawing many new fans in the process.

    Among parents of the under-5 set, spots for story time have become as coveted as seats for a hot Broadway show like “Hamilton.” Lines stretch down the block at some branches, with tickets given out on a first-come-first-served basis because there is not enough room to accommodate all of the children who show up.

    Workers at the 67th Street Library on the Upper East Side of Manhattan turn away at least 10 people from every reading. They have been so overwhelmed by the rush at story time — held in the branch’s largest room, on the third floor — that once the space is full, they close the door and shut down the elevator. “It is so crowded and so popular, it’s insane,” Jacqueline Schector, a librarian, said.

    Story time is drawing capacity crowds at public libraries across New York and across the country at a time when, more than ever, educators are emphasizing the importance of early literacy in preparing children for school and for developing critical thinking skills. The demand crosses economic lines, with parents at all income levels vying to get in.

    Many libraries have refashioned the traditional readings to include enrichment activities such as counting numbers and naming colors, as well as music and dance. And many parents have made story time a fixture in their family routines alongside school pickups and playground outings — and, for those who employ nannies, a nonnegotiable requirement of the job.

    In New York, demand for story time has surged across the city’s three library systems — the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Library — and has posed logistical challenges for some branches, particularly those in small or cramped buildings. Citywide, story time attendance rose to 510,367 people in fiscal year 2015, up nearly 28 percent from 399,751 in fiscal 2013.

    “The secret’s out,” said Lucy Yates, 44, an opera coach with two sons who goes to story time at the Fort Washington Library every week.

    Stroller-pushing parents and nannies begin to line up for story time outside some branches an hour before doors open. To prevent overcrowding, tickets are given out at the New Amsterdam and Webster branches, both in Manhattan, the Parkchester branch in the Bronx, and a half-dozen branches in Brooklyn, including in Park Slope, Kensington and Bay Ridge.

    The 67th Street branch keeps adding story times — there are now six a week — and holds sessions outdoors in the summer, when crowds can swell to 200 people.

    In Queens, 41 library branches are scheduled to add weekend hours this month, and many will undoubtedly include weekend story times. As Joanne King, a spokeswoman for the library explained, parents have been begging for them and “every story time is full, every time we have one.”

    Long a library staple, story time has typically been an informal reading to a small group of boys and girls sitting in a circle. Today’s story times involve carefully planned lessons by specially trained librarians that emphasize education as much as entertainment, and often include suggestions for parents and caregivers about how to reinforce what children have learned, library officials said.

    Libraries around the country have expanded story time and other children’s programs in recent years, attracting a new generation of patrons in an age when online offerings sometimes make trips to the book stacks unnecessary. Sari Feldman, president of the American Library Association, said such early-literacy efforts are part of a larger transformation libraries are undergoing to become active learning centers for their communities by offering services like classes in English as a second language, computer skills and career counseling.

    Ms. Feldman said the increased demand for story time was a product, in part, of more than a decade of work by the library association and others to encourage libraries to play a larger role in preparing young children for school. In 2004, as part of that effort, the association developed a curriculum, “Every Child Ready to Read,” that she said is now used by thousands of libraries.

    The New York Public Library is adding 45 children’s librarians to support story time and other programs, some of which are run in partnership with the city government. It has also designated 20 of its 88 neighborhood branches, including the Fort Washington Library, as “enhanced literary sites.” As such, they will double their story time sessions, to an average of four a week, and distribute 15,000 “family literacy kits” that include a book and a schedule of story times.

    “It is clear that reading and being exposed to books early in life are critical factors in student success,” Anthony W. Marx, president of the New York Public Library, said. “The library is playing an increasingly important role in strengthening early literacy in this city, expanding efforts to bring reading to children and their families through quality, free story times, curated literacy programs, after-school programs and more.”

    For its part, the Queens Library plans to expand a “Kick Off to Kindergarten” program that attracted more than 180 families for a series of workshops last year. Library officials said that more than three-quarters of the children who enrolled, many of whom spoke a language other than English at home, developed measurable classroom skills.

From: www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02

TEXT

    A library tradition is being refashioned to emphasize early literacy and better prepare young children for school, and drawing many new fans in the process.

    Among parents of the under-5 set, spots for story time have become as coveted as seats for a hot Broadway show like “Hamilton.” Lines stretch down the block at some branches, with tickets given out on a first-come-first-served basis because there is not enough room to accommodate all of the children who show up.

    Workers at the 67th Street Library on the Upper East Side of Manhattan turn away at least 10 people from every reading. They have been so overwhelmed by the rush at story time — held in the branch’s largest room, on the third floor — that once the space is full, they close the door and shut down the elevator. “It is so crowded and so popular, it’s insane,” Jacqueline Schector, a librarian, said.

    Story time is drawing capacity crowds at public libraries across New York and across the country at a time when, more than ever, educators are emphasizing the importance of early literacy in preparing children for school and for developing critical thinking skills. The demand crosses economic lines, with parents at all income levels vying to get in.

    Many libraries have refashioned the traditional readings to include enrichment activities such as counting numbers and naming colors, as well as music and dance. And many parents have made story time a fixture in their family routines alongside school pickups and playground outings — and, for those who employ nannies, a nonnegotiable requirement of the job.

    In New York, demand for story time has surged across the city’s three library systems — the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Library — and has posed logistical challenges for some branches, particularly those in small or cramped buildings. Citywide, story time attendance rose to 510,367 people in fiscal year 2015, up nearly 28 percent from 399,751 in fiscal 2013.

    “The secret’s out,” said Lucy Yates, 44, an opera coach with two sons who goes to story time at the Fort Washington Library every week.

    Stroller-pushing parents and nannies begin to line up for story time outside some branches an hour before doors open. To prevent overcrowding, tickets are given out at the New Amsterdam and Webster branches, both in Manhattan, the Parkchester branch in the Bronx, and a half-dozen branches in Brooklyn, including in Park Slope, Kensington and Bay Ridge.

    The 67th Street branch keeps adding story times — there are now six a week — and holds sessions outdoors in the summer, when crowds can swell to 200 people.

    In Queens, 41 library branches are scheduled to add weekend hours this month, and many will undoubtedly include weekend story times. As Joanne King, a spokeswoman for the library explained, parents have been begging for them and “every story time is full, every time we have one.”

    Long a library staple, story time has typically been an informal reading to a small group of boys and girls sitting in a circle. Today’s story times involve carefully planned lessons by specially trained librarians that emphasize education as much as entertainment, and often include suggestions for parents and caregivers about how to reinforce what children have learned, library officials said.

    Libraries around the country have expanded story time and other children’s programs in recent years, attracting a new generation of patrons in an age when online offerings sometimes make trips to the book stacks unnecessary. Sari Feldman, president of the American Library Association, said such early-literacy efforts are part of a larger transformation libraries are undergoing to become active learning centers for their communities by offering services like classes in English as a second language, computer skills and career counseling.

    Ms. Feldman said the increased demand for story time was a product, in part, of more than a decade of work by the library association and others to encourage libraries to play a larger role in preparing young children for school. In 2004, as part of that effort, the association developed a curriculum, “Every Child Ready to Read,” that she said is now used by thousands of libraries.

    The New York Public Library is adding 45 children’s librarians to support story time and other programs, some of which are run in partnership with the city government. It has also designated 20 of its 88 neighborhood branches, including the Fort Washington Library, as “enhanced literary sites.” As such, they will double their story time sessions, to an average of four a week, and distribute 15,000 “family literacy kits” that include a book and a schedule of story times.

    “It is clear that reading and being exposed to books early in life are critical factors in student success,” Anthony W. Marx, president of the New York Public Library, said. “The library is playing an increasingly important role in strengthening early literacy in this city, expanding efforts to bring reading to children and their families through quality, free story times, curated literacy programs, after-school programs and more.”

    For its part, the Queens Library plans to expand a “Kick Off to Kindergarten” program that attracted more than 180 families for a series of workshops last year. Library officials said that more than three-quarters of the children who enrolled, many of whom spoke a language other than English at home, developed measurable classroom skills.

From: www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02

TEXT

    Five years ago, the book world was seized by collective panic over the uncertain future of print.

    As readers migrated to new digital devices, ebook sales soared, up 1,260 percent between 2008 and 2010, alarming booksellers that watched consumers use their stores to find titles they would later buy online. Print sales dwindled, bookstores struggled to stay open, and publishers and authors feared that cheaper e-books would cannibalize their business.

    Then in 2011, the industry’s fears were realized when Borders declared bankruptcy.

    “E-books were this rocket ship going straight up,” said Len Vlahos, a former executive director of the Book Industry Study Group, a nonprofit research group that tracks the publishing industry. “Just about everybody you talked to thought we were going the way of digital music.”

    But the digital apocalypse never arrived, or at least not on schedule. While analysts once predicted that e-books would overtake print by 2015, digital sales have instead slowed sharply.

    Now, there are signs that some e-book adopters are returning to print, or becoming hybrid readers, who juggle devices and paper. E-book sales fell by 10 percent in the first five months of this year, according to the Association of American Publishers, which collects data from nearly 1,200 publishers. Digital books accounted last year for around 20 percent of the market, roughly the same as they did a few years ago.

    E-books’ declining popularity may signal that publishing, while not immune to technological upheaval, will weather the tidal wave of digital technology better than other forms of media, like music and television.

    E-book subscription services, modeled on companies like Netflix and Pandora, have struggled to convert book lovers into digital binge readers, and some have shut down. Sales of dedicated e-reading devices have plunged as consumers migrated to tablets and smartphones. And according to some surveys, young readers who are digital natives still prefer reading on paper.

    The surprising resilience of print has provided a lift to many booksellers. Independent bookstores, which were battered by the recession and competition from Amazon, are showing strong signs of resurgence. The American Booksellers Association counted 1,712 member stores in 2,227 locations in 2015, up from 1,410 in 1,660 locations five years ago.

    Publishers, seeking to capitalize on the shift, are pouring money into their print infrastructures and distribution. Penguin Random House has invested nearly $100 million in expanding and updating its warehouses and speeding up distribution of its books. It added 365,000 square feet last year to its warehouse in Crawfordsville, Ind., more than doubling the size of the warehouse.

    “People talked about the demise of physical books as if it was only a matter of time, but even 50 to 100 years from now, print will be a big chunk of our business,” said Markus Dohle, the chief executive of Penguin Random House, which has nearly 250 imprints globally. Print books account for more than 70 percent of the company’s sales in the United States.

    Some 12 million e-readers were sold last year, a steep drop from the nearly 20 million sold in 2011, according to Forrester Research. The portion of people who read books primarily on e-readers fell to 32 percent in the first quarter of 2015, from 50 percent in 2012, a Nielsen survey showed.

    The tug of war between pixels and print almost certainly isn’t over. Industry analysts and publishing executives say it is too soon to declare the death of the digital publishing revolution. An appealing new device might come along. Already, a growing number of people are reading e-books on their cellphones. Amazon recently unveiled a new tablet for $50, which could draw a new wave of customers to e-books (the first-generation Kindle cost $400)

    At Amazon, digital book sales have maintained their upward trajectory, according to Russell Grandinetti, senior vice president of Kindle. Last year, Amazon, which controls some 65 percent of the e-book market, introduced an e-book subscription service that allows readers to pay a flat monthly fee of $10 for unlimited digital reading. It offers more than a million titles, many of them from selfpublished authors.

    Some publishing executives say the world is changing too quickly to declare that the digital tide is waning.

    “Maybe it’s just a pause here,” said Carolyn Reidy, the president and chief executive of Simon & Schuster. “Will the next generation want to read books on their smartphones, and will we see another burst come?”

www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23

TEXT

    Five years ago, the book world was seized by collective panic over the uncertain future of print.

    As readers migrated to new digital devices, ebook sales soared, up 1,260 percent between 2008 and 2010, alarming booksellers that watched consumers use their stores to find titles they would later buy online. Print sales dwindled, bookstores struggled to stay open, and publishers and authors feared that cheaper e-books would cannibalize their business.

    Then in 2011, the industry’s fears were realized when Borders declared bankruptcy.

    “E-books were this rocket ship going straight up,” said Len Vlahos, a former executive director of the Book Industry Study Group, a nonprofit research group that tracks the publishing industry. “Just about everybody you talked to thought we were going the way of digital music.”

    But the digital apocalypse never arrived, or at least not on schedule. While analysts once predicted that e-books would overtake print by 2015, digital sales have instead slowed sharply.

    Now, there are signs that some e-book adopters are returning to print, or becoming hybrid readers, who juggle devices and paper. E-book sales fell by 10 percent in the first five months of this year, according to the Association of American Publishers, which collects data from nearly 1,200 publishers. Digital books accounted last year for around 20 percent of the market, roughly the same as they did a few years ago.

    E-books’ declining popularity may signal that publishing, while not immune to technological upheaval, will weather the tidal wave of digital technology better than other forms of media, like music and television.

    E-book subscription services, modeled on companies like Netflix and Pandora, have struggled to convert book lovers into digital binge readers, and some have shut down. Sales of dedicated e-reading devices have plunged as consumers migrated to tablets and smartphones. And according to some surveys, young readers who are digital natives still prefer reading on paper.

    The surprising resilience of print has provided a lift to many booksellers. Independent bookstores, which were battered by the recession and competition from Amazon, are showing strong signs of resurgence. The American Booksellers Association counted 1,712 member stores in 2,227 locations in 2015, up from 1,410 in 1,660 locations five years ago.

    Publishers, seeking to capitalize on the shift, are pouring money into their print infrastructures and distribution. Penguin Random House has invested nearly $100 million in expanding and updating its warehouses and speeding up distribution of its books. It added 365,000 square feet last year to its warehouse in Crawfordsville, Ind., more than doubling the size of the warehouse.

    “People talked about the demise of physical books as if it was only a matter of time, but even 50 to 100 years from now, print will be a big chunk of our business,” said Markus Dohle, the chief executive of Penguin Random House, which has nearly 250 imprints globally. Print books account for more than 70 percent of the company’s sales in the United States.

    Some 12 million e-readers were sold last year, a steep drop from the nearly 20 million sold in 2011, according to Forrester Research. The portion of people who read books primarily on e-readers fell to 32 percent in the first quarter of 2015, from 50 percent in 2012, a Nielsen survey showed.

    The tug of war between pixels and print almost certainly isn’t over. Industry analysts and publishing executives say it is too soon to declare the death of the digital publishing revolution. An appealing new device might come along. Already, a growing number of people are reading e-books on their cellphones. Amazon recently unveiled a new tablet for $50, which could draw a new wave of customers to e-books (the first-generation Kindle cost $400)

    At Amazon, digital book sales have maintained their upward trajectory, according to Russell Grandinetti, senior vice president of Kindle. Last year, Amazon, which controls some 65 percent of the e-book market, introduced an e-book subscription service that allows readers to pay a flat monthly fee of $10 for unlimited digital reading. It offers more than a million titles, many of them from selfpublished authors.

    Some publishing executives say the world is changing too quickly to declare that the digital tide is waning.

    “Maybe it’s just a pause here,” said Carolyn Reidy, the president and chief executive of Simon & Schuster. “Will the next generation want to read books on their smartphones, and will we see another burst come?”

www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23

                                     Texto 1

O texto I é um excerto de Baú de Ossos (volume 1), do médico e escritor mineiro Pedro Nava. Inclui-se essa obra no gênero memorialístico, que é predominantemente narrativo. Nesse gênero, são contados episódios verídicos ou baseadas em fatos reais, que ficaram na memória do autor. Isso o distingue da biografia, que se propõe contar a história de uma pessoa específica.

(Pedro Nava. Baú de ossos. Memórias 1. p. 308 a 310.)

TEXTO 8

      Aos 60 anos, Rossmarc foi confinado na cadeia Raimundo Pessoa em Manaus, dividindo uma cela com 80 detentos. Dormia no chão junto de uma fossa sanitária. Para manter-se vivo usava toda a sua inteligência para fazer acordos com os detentos. Lá havia de tudo: drogados, jagunços, pseudomissionários, contrabandistas etc. Fora vítima do advogado. Com toda a lábia, nunca fora a Brasília defender Rossmarc. Por não ter apresentado a defesa, foi condenado a 13 anos de prisão. O advogado sumira, Rossmarc perdera o prazo para recorrer. Como era estrangeiro, os juízes temiam que fugisse do Brasil. O juiz ordenou sua prisão imediata. A cela, com oitenta detentos, fervilhava, era mais do que o inferno. Depressivo, mantinha-se tartamudo num canto, remoendo sua história, recordando-se dos bons tempos em que navegava pelos rios da Amazônia com seus amigos primatas.

      Visitas? Só a de Pássaro Azul. Mudara-se também para Manaus e, sem nada dizer a Rossmarc, para obter dinheiro, prostituía-se num cabaré. Estava mais magra e algumas rugas se mostravam em seu rosto antes reluzente, agora de cor negra desgastada. Com o intuito de obter dinheiro, tanto para Rossmarc pagar as contas de dois viciados em crack no presídio, como para as custas de um advogado inexperiente, pouco se alimentava e ao redor dos olhos manchas entumecidas apareciam, deixando-a como alguém que consumia droga em exagero. As noitadas no cabaré enfumaçado e fedorento deixavam-na enfraquecida. Mas não deixara de amar o biólogo holandês. Quando fugira do quilombola, naquela noite, jurara amor eterno e não estava disposta a quebrar o juramento.

      Enquanto Pássaro Azul se prostituía para obter os escassos recursos, Rossmarc, espremido entre os oitenta detentos, procurava desesperadamente uma luz no fim do túnel. Lembrava-se dos amigos influentes, de jornalistas, de políticos, e cada vez que Pássaro Azul o visitava, ele implorava que procurasse essas pessoas. Pássaro Azul corria atrás, mas sequer era recebida. Quem daria ouvidos a uma negra que se dizia íntima de Rossmarc, o biólogo que cometera crimes de biopirataria? Na visita seguinte, Rossmarc indagava:

      — E dai, procurou aquela pessoa?

      Para não magoar o amado, ela respondia que todos estavam muito interessados em sua causa. Dizia, entretanto, sem entusiasmo, com os olhos acuados e baixos, para não ver o rosto magro e chupado de Rossmarc. Entregava-lhe o pouco dinheiro que economizava, fruto da prostituição, e saia de lá com os olhos rasos d’água, tolhendo os soluços.

      Numa noite no cabaré, Pássaro Azul conheceu um homem gordo e vesgo, que usava correntões de ouro. Dizia-se dono de um garimpo no meio da selva. Bebia e fumava muito, ria alto, com gargalhadas por vezes irritantes. Entre todas as raparigas, escolheu Pássaro Azul, que lhe fez todas as vontades, pervertendo-se de forma baixa e vil. Foram três noitadas intermináveis, mas Pássaro Azul aprendera a administrar a bebida. Não era tola, como as demais, que se embebedavam a ponto de caírem e serem arrastadas. Era carinhosa com o fazendeiro e saciava-lhe todos os caprichos. Não o abandonava, sentava em seu colo gordo e fazia-lhe agrados fingidos. Dava-lhe mais bebida e um composto de viagra, e o rosto gordo se avermelhava como de um leão enraivecido. Então, ela o puxava para o quarto sórdido. Na cama, enfrentava como guerreira o monte de carne e ossos, trepando sobre suas grandes papadas balofas e cavalgando, como uma guerreira. O homem resfolegava, gritava, gemia, uivava, mas Pássaro Azul não parava aquela louca cavalgada.

      [...]

(GONÇALVES, David. Sangue verde. Joinville: Sucesso Pocket, 2014. p. 217-218.)

O romance Sangue verde, de David Gonçalves, do qual se apresenta aqui um fragmento (Texto 8), é repleto de imagens que ilustram uma temática variada, rica e questionadora, que expõe vícios, maus hábitos e envolve, direta ou indiretamente, todas as diferentes classes de pessoas e diversas categorias profissionais do Brasil, incluindo latifundiários, juristas, políticos e outros.

Marque a alternativa que melhor sintetiza o romance, observando o que foi afirmado anteriormente:

TEXTO 7

      A gota que fez transbordar a caixa da paciência de vovó foi um casalzinho folgado. Cansada da algazarra, do som da sanfona, que por três dias e três noites vinha balançando os alicerces da Casa, vovó foi procurar refúgio na paz de seu quarto. Que paz que nada, ali também a festa rolava solta. Abismada, ela viu um casalzinho iniciando sua lua de mel, imaginem onde? Na cama de vovó! Pena que o urinol estivesse vazio. Furiosa, Ana Vitória pensou em apelar para o chicote. Depois seu pensamento voltou para os primeiros dias de seu casamento, lembrou-se da urgência que a fazia deixar tudo por fazer e ir atrás do marido no roçado. Viu a si mesma, viu os dois, ela e o marido, um casal corado e feliz se deitando debaixo de qualquer árvore. Dez meses após o casamento nasceu o primeiro filho, seguido de outros, um por ano. A leveza daquele início parecia tão distante, tão irreal. Uma lagrimazinha de saudade marejou seus olhos abatidos, rolou pela face cansada e foi morrer no peito murcho. Desanimada, ela pensou que nunca mais ia parar de ter filhos, de lavar bundinhas melecadas de cocô. Acabou deixando os pombinhos em paz, eles que aproveitassem a vida enquanto era possível. Mas avisou aos interessados que preferia perder um bom quinhão de suas terras a continuar convivendo com tamanha barafunda. Assim, a ideia remota da criação de um arraial foi posta em prática. Doações foram feitas e o terreno demarcado.

      As construções começaram a nascer com a rapidez dos cogumelos. Primeiro a igreja com a torre central, beiral duplo em madeira recortada em bicos. Paredes azuis, janelas brancas. Feinha a pobre igreja, mas nem por isso desprezada. Talvez sua maior virtude estivesse na singeleza, no aconchego. A igrejinha era o orgulho do povoado. Sobre o altar feito por um carpinteiro caprichoso, a imagem de um Cristo cansado, a cabeça pensa, o olhar vazio. Descascado, ensanguentado, provocava nos fieis uma piedade quase dolorosa. Foi nessa igreja que meus pais me apresentaram ao Nosso Criador.

(BARROS, Adelice da Silveira. Mesa dos inocentes. Goiânia: Kelps, 2010. p. 74-75.)

No trecho extraído da obra Mesa dos inocentes, de Adelice da Silveira (Texto 7), podemos destacar várias expressões que revelam, ao mesmo tempo, elevado tom de humor e uma certa intromissão do narrador, o que caracteriza uma forma inteligente e divertida de prática do discurso indireto livre.

Com base na assertiva acima, assinale a alternativa cujo recorte melhor a representa:

TEXTO 6

                                 Rápido, rápido

      Sofro – sofri – de progéria, uma doença na qual o organismo corre doidamente para a velhice e a morte. Doidamente talvez não seja a palavra, mas não me ocorre outra e não tenho tempo de procurar no dicionário – nós, os da progéria, somos pessoas de um desmesurado senso de urgência. Estabelecer prioridades é, para nós, um processo tão vital como respirar. Para nós, dez minutos equivalem a um ano. Façam a conta, vocês que têm tempo, vocês que pensam que têm tempo. Enquanto isso, eu vou escrevendo aqui – e só espero poder terminar. Cada letra minha equivale a páginas inteiras de vocês. Façam a conta, vocês. Enquanto isso, e resumindo:

      8h15min – Estou nascendo. Sou o primeiro filho – que azar! – e o parto é longo, difícil. Respiro, e já vou dizendo as primeiras palavras (coisas muito simples, naturalmente: mamã, papá) para grande surpresa de todos! Maior surpresa eles têm quando me colocam no berço – desço meia hora depois, rindo e pedindo comida! Rindo! Àquela hora,

      8h45min – eu ainda podia rir.

      9h20min – Já fui amamentado, já passei da fase oral – meus pais (ele, dono de um pequeno armazém; ela, de prendas domésticas) já aceitaram, ao menos em parte, a realidade, depois que o pediatra (está aí uma especialidade que não me serve) lhes explicou o diagnóstico e o prognóstico. E já estou com dentes! Em poucos minutos (de acordo com o relógio de meu pai, bem entendido) tenho sarampo, varicela, essas coisas todas.

      Meus pais me matriculam na escola, não se dando conta que às 10h40min, quando a sineta bater para o recreio, já terei idade para concluir o primeiro grau. Vou para a escola de patinete; já na esquina, porém, abandono o brinquedo que parece-me então muito infantil. Volto-me, e lá estão os meus pais chorando, pobre gente.

      10h20min – Não posso esperar o recreio; peço licença à professora e saio. Vou ao banheiro; a seiva da vida circula impaciente em minhas veias. Manipulo-me. Meu desejo tem nome: Mara, da oitava série. Por enquanto é mais velha do que eu. Lá pelas onze horas poderia namorá-la – mas então, já não estarei no colégio. Ali, me foge o doce pássaro da juventude.

      [...]

(SCLIAR, Moacyr. Melhores contos. 6. ed. São Paulo: Global, 2003. p. 54-55.)

O desenvolvimento temático do conto “Rápido, rápido”, de Moacyr Scliar, cujo fragmento constitui o Texto 6, gira em torno da seguinte afirmação (assinale a alternativa correta):

TEXTO 2

                                          VI

      Para entenderes bem o que é a morte e a vida, basta contar-te como morreu minha avó.

      — Como foi?

      — Senta-te.

      Rubião obedeceu, dando ao rosto o maior interesse possível, enquanto Quincas Borba continuava a andar.

      — Foi no Rio de Janeiro, começou ele, defronte da Capela Imperial, que era então Real, em dia de grande festa; minha avó saiu, atravessou o adro, para ir ter à cadeirinha, que a esperava no Largo do Paço. Gente como formiga. O povo queria ver entrar as grandes senhoras nas suas ricas traquitanas. No momento em que minha avó saía do adro para ir à cadeirinha, um pouco distante, aconteceu espantar-se uma das bestas de uma sege; a besta disparou, a outra imitou-a, confusão, tumulto, minha avó caiu, e tanto as mulas como a sege passaram-lhe por cima. Foi levada em braços para uma botica da Rua Direita, veio um sangrador, mas era tarde; tinha a cabeça rachada, uma perna e o ombro partidos, era toda sangue; expirou minutos depois.

      — Foi realmente uma desgraça, disse Rubião.

      — Não.

      — Não?

      — Ouve o resto. Aqui está como se tinha passado o caso. O dono da sege estava no adro, e tinha fome, muita fome, porque era tarde, e almoçara cedo e pouco. Dali pôde fazer sinal ao cocheiro; este fustigou as mulas para ir buscar o patrão. A sege no meio do caminho achou um obstáculo e derribou-o; esse obstáculo era minha avó. O primeiro ato dessa série de atos foi um movimento de conservação: Humanitas tinha fome. Se em vez de minha avó, fosse um rato ou um cão, é certo que minha avó não morreria, mas o fato era o mesmo; Humanitas precisa comer. Se em vez de um rato ou de um cão, fosse um poeta, Byron ou Gonçalves Dias diferia o caso no sentido de dar matéria a muitos necrológios; mas o fundo subsistia. O universo ainda não parou por lhe faltarem alguns poemas mortos em flor na cabeça de um varão ilustre ou obscuro; mas Humanitas (e isto importa, antes de tudo) Humanitas precisa comer.

      Rubião escutava, com a alma nos olhos, sinceramente desejoso de entender; mas não dava pela necessidade a que o amigo atribuía a morte da avó. Seguramente o dono da sege, por muito tarde que chegasse à casa, não morria de fome, ao passo que a boa senhora morreu de verdade, e para sempre. Explicou-lhe, como pôde, essas dúvidas, e acabou perguntando-lhe:

      — E que Humanitas é esse?

      — Humanitas é o princípio. Mas não, não digo nada, tu não és capaz de entender isto, meu caro Rubião; falemos de outra coisa.

      — Diga sempre.

      Quincas Borba, que não deixara de andar, parou alguns instantes.

      — Queres ser meu discípulo?

      — Quero.

      — Bem, irás entendendo aos poucos a minha filosofia; no dia em que a houveres penetrado inteiramente, ah! nesse dia terás o maior prazer da vida, porque não há vinho que embriague como a verdade. Crê-me, o Humanitismo é o remate das coisas; e eu, que o formulei, sou o maior homem do mundo. Olha, vês como o meu bom Quincas Borba está olhando para mim? Não é ele, é Humanitas...

      — Mas que Humanitas é esse?

      — Humanitas é o principio. Há nas coisas todas certa substância recôndita e idêntica, um princípio único, universal, eterno, comum, indivisível e indestrutível, — ou, para usar a linguagem do grande Camões:

      Uma verdade que nas coisas anda,

      Que mora no visíbil e invisíbil. 

      Pois essa sustância ou verdade, esse princípio indestrutível é que é Humanitas. Assim lhe chamo, porque resume o universo, e o universo é o homem. Vais entendendo?

      — Pouco; mas, ainda assim, como é que a morte de sua avó...

      — Não há morte. O encontro de duas expansões, ou a expansão de duas formas, pode determinar a supressão de uma delas; mas, rigorosamente, não há morte, há vida, porque a supressão de uma é a condição da sobrevivência da outra, e a destruição não atinge o princípio universal e comum. Daí o carácter conservador e benéfico da guerra. Supõe tu um campo de batatas e duas tribos famintas. As batatas apenas chegam para alimentar uma das tribos, que assim adquire forças para transpor a montanha e ir à outra vertente, onde há batatas em abundância; mas, se as duas tribos dividirem em paz as batatas do campo, não chegam a nutrir-se suficientemente e morrem de inanição. A paz, nesse caso, é a destruição; a guerra é a conservação. Uma das tribos extermina a outra e recolhe os despojos. Daí a alegria da vitória, os hinos, aclamações, recompensas públicas e todos os demais efeitos das ações bélicas. Se a guerra não fosse isso, tais demonstrações não chegariam a dar-se, pelo motivo real de que o homem só comemora e ama o que lhe é aprazível ou vantajoso, e pelo motivo racional de que nenhuma pessoa canoniza uma ação que virtualmente a destrói. Ao vencido, ódio ou compaixão; ao vencedor, as batatas.

      — Mas a opinião do exterminado?

      — Não há exterminado. Desaparece o fenômeno; a substância é a mesma. Nunca viste ferver água? Hás de lembrar-te que as bolhas fazem-se e desfazem-se de contínuo, e tudo fica na mesma água. Os indivíduos são essas bolhas transitórias.

      — Bem; a opinião da bolha...

      — Bolha não tem opinião. Aparentemente, há nada mais contristador que uma dessas terríveis pestes que devastam um ponto do globo? E, todavia, esse suposto mal é um benefício, não só porque elimina os organismos fracos, incapazes de resistência, como porque dá lugar à observação, à descoberta da droga curativa. A higiene é filha de podridões seculares; devemo-la a milhões de corrompidos e infectos. Nada se perde, tudo é ganho. Repito, as bolhas ficam na água. Vês este livro? É Dom Quixote. Se eu destruir o meu exemplar, não elimino a obra, que continua eterna nos exemplares subsistentes e nas edições posteriores. Eterna e bela, belamente eterna, como este mundo divino e supradivino.

(ASSIS, Machado de. Quincas Borba. 18. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 2011. p. 26-28.)

TEXTO 1

                              Queimada

À fúria da rubra língua

do fogo

na queimada

envolve e lambe

o campinzal

estiolado em focos

enos

sinal.

É um correr desesperado

de animais silvestres

o que vai, ali, pelo mundo

incendiado e fundo,

talvez,

como o canto da araponga

nos vãos da brisa!

Tambores na tempestade

[...]

E os tambores

  e os tambores

    e os tambores

soando na tempestade,

ao efêmero de sua eterna idade.

[...]

          Onde?

Eu vos contemplo

     à inércia do que me leva

     ao movimento

de naufragar-me

     eternamente

na secura de suas águas

   mais à frente!

Ó tambores

   ruflai

sacudi suas dores!

Eu

que não me sei

não me venho

   por ser

busco apenas ser somenos

no viver,

nada mais que isso!

(VIEIRA, Delermando. Os tambores da tempestade. Goiânia: Poligráfica, 2010. p. 164, 544, 552.)

TEXTO 1

                              Queimada

À fúria da rubra língua

do fogo

na queimada

envolve e lambe

o campinzal

estiolado em focos

enos

sinal.

É um correr desesperado

de animais silvestres

o que vai, ali, pelo mundo

incendiado e fundo,

talvez,

como o canto da araponga

nos vãos da brisa!

Tambores na tempestade

[...]

E os tambores

  e os tambores

    e os tambores

soando na tempestade,

ao efêmero de sua eterna idade.

[...]

          Onde?

Eu vos contemplo

     à inércia do que me leva

     ao movimento

de naufragar-me

     eternamente

na secura de suas águas

   mais à frente!

Ó tambores

   ruflai

sacudi suas dores!

Eu

que não me sei

não me venho

   por ser

busco apenas ser somenos

no viver,

nada mais que isso!

(VIEIRA, Delermando. Os tambores da tempestade. Goiânia: Poligráfica, 2010. p. 164, 544, 552.)

INSTRUCTION: Consider texts 1 and 2 to solve the question.

After reading text 1 and text 2, one can state that

INSTRUCTION: Answer question according to text 2.

INSTRUCTION: Read the statements below about text 2 to solve the question.

1. The author decided to be an archeologist.

2. The author changed her professional goals.

3. The author used to travel to Mexico with her family.

4. The author took part in an excavation in the USA.

The facts presented by the author about her life are chronologically organized according to the sequence

INSTRUCTION: Answer question according to text 2.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the question considering the words that correctly and respectively complete the blanks in lines 16, 28, 39, and 48.

According to the text, the words that fit in the blanks are

INSTRUCTION: To answer the question, complete the rephrased speech of Peter Sutherland (lines 43-46), using the indirect speech.

Peter Sutherland said that ________ the international community ________ to frame its response to the crisis, it ________ a “moral failure”.

The alternative that fills in the blanks of the text above correctly is

INSTRUÇÃO: Para responder à questão, leia o fragmento de um capítulo do romance Dois irmãos, de Milton Hatoum, e analise a pintura da artista brasileira Tarsila Amaral, intitulada “O porto”.

Quando Yaqub chegou do Líbano, o pai foi buscá-lo no Rio de Janeiro. O cais Pharoux estava apinhado de parentes de pracinhas e oficiais que regressavam da Itália. Bandeiras brasileiras enfeitavam o balcão e a varanda dos apartamentos da Glória, rojões espocavam o céu, e para onde o pai olhava havia sinais de vitória. Ele avistou o filho no portaló do navio que acabara de chegar de Marselha. Não era mais o menino, mas o rapaz que passara cinco anos dos seus dezoito anos no sul do Líbano. O andar era o mesmo: passos rápidos e firmes que davam ao corpo um senso de equilíbrio e uma rigidez impensável no andar do outro filho, o Caçula.

Com base no texto e/ou na figura,  NÃO é correto afirmar: