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CDF693EB-B8 F370FD53-B8 Inglês
Verbos | VerbsUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.comChoose the alternative that correctly fills the blanks in the following question.
In the sentence John said, “I broke my foot during a tennis match.”, the reported/indirect speech of the sentence is: John said that he______________ his foot during a tennis match.F36DFC4B-B8 Inglês
Passado perfeito | Past perfectUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.comIn the following question, some sentences from the text have been modified to fit certain grammatical structures.
In terms of verb tense, the sentences “In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, bilingual subjects performed better than monolinguals.” and “The families had brought up the children in a bilingual environment.” are in theF36AACF5-B8 Inglês
Análise sintática | Syntax ParsingUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.comIn the following question, some sentences from the text have been modified to fit certain grammatical structures.
The sentences “This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century.” and “In the laboratory the children placed the blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square.” contain, respectively, at least oneF36546B4-B8 Inglês
Passado simples | Simple pastUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.comIn the following question, some sentences from the text have been modified to fit certain grammatical structures.
The verbs of the sentences “In the first task, the children sorted the shapes by color.”, “…since studies have shown that bilinguals…” and “Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition?” are respectively in theF343FC04-B8 Inglês
Sinônimos | SynonymsUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.com
An example of a pair of words/terms that appear in the text with similar meaning isF336A772-B8 Inglês
Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehensionUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosT E X TSPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.Bilinguals, for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle MartinRhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square and the other marked with a red circle.In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a bin marked with a conflicting color. The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of PompeuFabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with peers raised with one language. In an initial set of trials, the infants were presented with an audio cue and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned to look at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of trials, when the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other babies did not.Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset.Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?Source: www.nytimes.com
The study recently carried out with elderly Spanish-English bilinguals reached the conclusion that2AF05AA4-B8 Química
Química OrgânicaUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Os enólogos recomendam que as garrafas de vinho sejam guardadas em local climatizado e na posição horizontal. Assinale a opção que corretamente justifica essas recomendações.2AECC39B-B8 Química
Eletroquímica: Oxirredução, Potenciais Padrão de Redução, Pilha, Eletrólise e Leis de Faraday.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
A "pilha voltaica", como veio a ser chamada em homenagem ao seu inventor, foi a primeira pilha elétrica conhecida que tornou possível a geração de "eletricidade dinâmica". Em algumas dessas pilhas são usadas pontes salinas, cuja finalidade é2AE9BBBA-B8 Química
Soluções e Substâncias InorgânicasUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Na indústria, as aminas são muito usadas como corantes, sendo a principal delas a anilina (amina primária), que é um óleo incolor com odor aromático. Algumas aminas também são usadas na fabricação de protetor solar. Já as amidas são usadas na preparação de medicamentos sedativos, auxiliam na fabricação de plásticos, são úteis na preparação de adubos nitrogenados, e podem, ainda, ser utilizadas como estabilizadores de explosivos. Tanto as aminas quanto as amidas são consideradas substâncias de caráter básico, porque2ADA5380-B8 Química
Principais Funções Orgânicas: Funções Oxigenadas: Cetona, Aldeído, Éter, Éster, Ácido Carboxílico, Anidrido Orgânico e Cloreto de Ácido.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Existe um produto comercial denominado de Thinner, usado pelos pintores para a diluição das tintas à base de óleo, que é constituído de uma mistura de alcoóis, ésteres, cetonas e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos. Com relação a essa informação, pode-se afirmar corretamente que2AD2C2C0-B8 Química
Fórmulas, Balanceamento e Leis ponderais das reações químicasUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Em um laboratório de química, realizou-se a combustão de 10 g de palha de aço em um recipiente aberto e, após sua queima, a massa resultante obtida foi de 10,9 g. Assinale a única opção que explica corretamente por que esse valor obtido não invalida a lei da conservação das massas.2ACCB3A5-B8 Química
Eletroquímica: Oxirredução, Potenciais Padrão de Redução, Pilha, Eletrólise e Leis de Faraday.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Uma célula eletrolítica contendo uma solução aquosa de nitrato de certo metal é submetida a uma corrente elétrica de 6 A durante 2 h, 14 min e 30 s. A massa de metal depositada é 54 g. Através de cálculos aproximados, pode-se concluir corretamente que se trata do nitrato de2AC96AEF-B8 Química
Eletroquímica: Oxirredução, Potenciais Padrão de Redução, Pilha, Eletrólise e Leis de Faraday.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
O funcionamento de uma pilha não recarregável faz a sua força eletromotriz diminuir até zero quando os seus reagentes ficam em equilíbrio com os produtos e a pilha descarrega. Fora da condição padrão, a força eletromotriz de uma pilha é calculada através de uma equação atribuída a2AC360CA-B8 Química
Equilíbrio QuímicoUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
O óxido nítrico é um gás incolor que pode resultar de uma reação no interior de máquinas de combustão interna e, ao ser resfriado no ar, é convertido a dióxido de nitrogênio, um gás de cor castanha, que irrita os pulmões e diminui a resistência às infecções respiratórias, conforme a reação:2 NO(g) + O2(g)⇽⇾ 2 NO2(g) ΔH <0Considerando o sistema acima em equilíbrio, é correto afirmar-se que a produção de dióxido de nitrogênio será favorecida quando se
2ABF5D98-B8 Química
Interações Atômicas: Ligações Iônicas, Ligações Covalentes e Ligações Metálicas. Ligas Metálicas.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
As especulações sobre a natureza das ligações químicas receberam grande estímulo com as descobertas de Humpry Davy (1778-1829), no campo da eletrólise, e com as contribuições de Walter Kossel (1888-1956), Irving Langmuir (1881- 1957), de Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946) e Linus Pauling (1901-1994). Sobre o relevante tema das ligações químicas, após uma análise cuidadosa, assinale a única opção FALSA.2ABAB3B5-B8 Química
Propriedades Coligativas: Tonoscopia, Ebulioscopia, Crioscopia e Pressão Osmótica.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
As propriedades coligativas: pressão osmótica, abaixamento do ponto de fusão e elevação do ponto de ebulição são de suma importância para a ciência, a tecnologia e a vida. Assinale a única alternativa que NÃO é uma aplicação adequada de tais propriedades.2AB6A354-B8 Química
Transformações QuímicasUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Atente para as seguintes citações a respeito do tungstênio: "Meu tio apreciava a densidade do tungstênio que ele preparava, sua refratariedade, sua grande estabilidade química [...]”; “A sensação de tocar o tungstênio sinterizado é incomparável."SACHS, Oliver, Tio Tungstênio: Cia. de Bolso.Sobre o tungstênio, assinale a opção verdadeira.
2AAFE4ED-B8 Química
Sistemas Gasosos - Lei, Teoria Cinética, Equação e Mistura dos Gases. Princípio de Avogadro.UECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosDADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:
ELEMENTO NÚMERO MASSA ATÔMICA
QUÍMICO ATÔMICO
H 1 1,0
C 6 12,0
N 7 14,0
O 8 16,0
S 16 32,0Cl 17 35,5
Ca 20 40,0
Fe 26 56,0
Cu 29 63,5
Zn 30 65,4
Ag 47 108,0
Sn 50 119,0
Xe 54 131,0
W 74 184,0
Uma amostra de nitrogênio gasoso de volume conhecido V1 é mantida sob pressão constante a uma temperatura de 200o C. Reduzindo-se essa temperatura Celsius pela metade, e sem necessitar fazer conversão de escala termométrica, o volume V2 será obtido, em termos aproximados, multiplicando-se V1 por2AA9A0C1-B8 Física
ColisãoUECE · 2012MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritosEm dois disparos de uma arma de fogo, as balas colidem perpendicularmente à superfície de duas placas de aço verticais idênticas, e diretamente no seu centro geométrico. O projétil do segundo disparo tem massa maior que o do primeiro e em ambos as balas saem com a mesma velocidade inicial. Apenas no segundo disparo a placa foi derrubada. Desprezando-se o atrito do ar, a explicação mais plausível para que a placa tenha sido derrubada é: