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A taxação de livros tem um efeito cascata que acaba custando caro não apenas ao leitor, como também ao mercado editorial – que há anos não anda bem das pernas – e, em última instância, ao desenvolvimento econômico do país. A gente explica. Taxar um produto significa, quase sempre, um aumento no valor do produto final. Isso porque ao menos uma parte desse imposto será repassada ao consumidor, especialmente se considerarmos que as editoras e livrarias enfrentam há anos uma crise que agora está intensificada pela pandemia e não poderiam retirar o valor desse imposto de seu já apertado lucro. Livros mais caros também resultam em queda de vendas, que, por sua vez, enfraquece ainda mais editoras e as impede de investir em novas publicações – especialmente aquelas de menor apelo comercial, mas igualmente importantes para a pluralidade de ideias. Já deu para perceber a confusão, não é? Mas, além disso, qual seria o custo de uma sociedade com menos leitores e menos livros?
Taís Ilhéu. “Por que taxar os livros pode gerar retrocesso social e econômico no país”. Guia do Estudante. Setembro/2020. Adaptado.
Largo em sentir, em respirar sucinto,
Peno, e calo, tão fino, e tão atento,
Que fazendo disfarce do tormento
Mostro que o não padeço, e sei que o sinto.
O mal, que fora encubro, ou que desminto,
Dentro no coração é que o sustento:
Com que, para penar é sentimento,
Para não se entender, é labirinto.
Ninguém sufoca a voz nos seus retiros;
Da tempestade é o estrondo efeito:
Lá tem ecos a terra, o mar suspiros.
Mas oh do meu segredo alto conceito!
Pois não me chegam a vir à boca os tiros
Dos combates que vão dentro no peito.
Gregório de Matos e Guerra
No soneto, o eu lírico:
No modelo hegemônico, quase todo o treinamento é reservado para o desenvolvimento muscular, sobrando muito pouco tempo para a mobilidade, a flexibilidade, o treino restaurativo, o relaxamento e o treinamento cardiovascular. Na teoria, seria algo em torno de 70% para o fortalecimento, 20% para o cárdio e 10% para a flexibilidade e outros. Na prática, muitos alunos direcionam 100% do tempo para o fortalecimento.
Como a prática cardiovascular é infinitamente mais significativa e determinante para a nossa saúde orgânica como um todo, podendo ser considerada o “coração” de um treinamento consciente e saudável, essa ordem deveria ser revista.
Nuno Cobra Jr. “Fitness não é saúde”. Uol. 06/05/2021. Adaptado.
O gráfico representa a proporção de células em diferentes fases do ciclo celular de dois tecidos humanos (1 e 2), bem como o efeito do tratamento do tecido 2 com uma substância que afeta a divisão celular:
Os tecidos 1 e 2 e uma aplicação médica do efeito do
tratamento são, respectivamente:
O gráfico mostra linhas de tendência de cinco parâmetros da água (eixo y), medidos por pesquisadores, durante os estágios iniciais do processo de eutrofização de uma lagoa, a partir do momento em que começou a haver aporte de esgoto não tratado e antes de haver a estabilização do sistema. Entretanto, os técnicos da companhia de saneamento notaram que nem todas as tendências mostradas no gráfico estão corretas.
São corretas apenas as linhas de tendência representadas em
Considerando a ironia da tirinha, é possível inferir que
A deficiência na enzima G6PD é uma condição recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, que pode ser diagnosticada no teste do pezinho expandido. Pessoas com deficiência nesta enzima são suscetíveis à anemia hemolítica ao serem expostas à cloroquina ou primaquina, drogas amplamente prescritas por médicos no tratamento da malária. No Brasil, a prevalência de deficiência em G6PD na população geral varia de acordo com as áreas mostradas no mapa:
Dombrowski, J G et al. (2017), Malar J, 16:253, doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1889-6 e Monteiro, W M et al. (2014), Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 109:5, 553- 568, doi: 10.1590/00740276140123. Adaptados.
Indique a afirmação correta sobre a segurança da prescrição de cloroquina nesse contexto.
Note e adote:
População de três regiões brasileiras: Norte = 18 milhões; Nordeste = 58 milhões; Centro-Oeste = 17 milhões.
T E X T
Men Fall Behind in College Enrollment.
Women Still Play Catch-Up at Work.
The coronavirus upended the lives of millions of college students. The Wall Street Journal reported this week that men have been hit particularly hard — accounting for roughly three-fourths of pandemic-driven dropouts — and depicted an accelerating crisis in male enrollment.
A closer look at historical trends and the labor market reveals a more complex picture, one in which women keep playing catch-up in an economy structured to favor men.
In many ways, the college gender imbalance is not new. Women have outnumbered men on campus since the late 1970s. The ratio of female to male undergraduates increased much more from 1970 to 1980 than from 1980 to the present. And the numbers haven’t changed much in recent decades. In 1992, 55 percent of college students were women. By 2019, the number had nudged up to 57.4 percent.
While the shift in the college gender ratio is often characterized as men “falling behind,” men are actually more likely to go to college today than they were when they were the majority, many decades ago. In 1970, 32 percent of men 18 to 24 were enrolled in college, a level that was most likely inflated by the opportunity to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War. That percentage dropped to 24 percent in 1978 and then steadily grew to a stable 37 percent to 39 percent over the last decade.
The gender ratio mostly changed because female enrollment increased even faster, more than doubling over the last half-century.
Because of the change in ratio, some selective colleges discriminate against women in admissions to maintain a gender balance, as The Journal reported. Generally, admissions officials prefer to limit the disparity to 55 percent female and 45 percent male. Their reason not to let the gender ratio drift further toward 2 to 1 is straightforward: Such a ratio would most likely cause a decrease in applications.
In a New York Times essay in 2006 titled “To All the Girls I’ve Rejected,” the dean of admissions at Kenyon College at the time explained: “Beyond the availability of dance partners for the winter formal, gender balance matters in ways both large and small on a residential college campus. Once you become decidedly female in enrollment, fewer males and, as it turns out, fewer females find your campus attractive.”
The raw numbers don’t take into account the varying value of college degrees. Men still dominate in fields like technology and engineering, which offer some of the highest salaries for recent graduates. Perhaps not coincidentally, the professors in those fields remain overwhelmingly male.
Women surged into college because they were able to, but also because many had to. There are still some good-paying jobs available to men without college credentials. There are relatively few for such women. And despite the considerable cost in time and money of earning a degree, many female-dominated jobs don’t pay well.
The fact that the male-female wage gap remains large after more than four decades in which women outnumbered men in college strongly suggests that college alone offers a narrow view of opportunity. Women often seem stuck in place: As they overcome obstacles and use their degrees to move into male-dominated fields, the fields offer less pay in return.
None of this diminishes the significance of the male decrease in college enrollment and graduation. Educators view the male-driven dive in community college enrollment over the last 18 months as a calamity. The pandemic confirmed what was already known. Higher socioeconomic classes are deeply embedded in college and will bear considerable cost and inconvenience to stay there, even if it means watching lectures on a laptop in the room above your parent’s garage and missing a season of parties and football games.
For other people, college attendance is far more fragile. It does not define their identities and is not as important as earning a steady paycheck or starting and nurturing a family. In a time of crisis, it can be delayed — but the reality is that people who drop out of college are statistically unlikely to complete a degree.
Last year, women were less likely than men to leave community college, despite their disproportionate responsibility for caregiving and domestic work, because they no doubt understood the bleak long-term job prospects for women without a credential.
www.nytimes.com/Sept.9,2021
T E X T
Men Fall Behind in College Enrollment.
Women Still Play Catch-Up at Work.
The coronavirus upended the lives of millions of college students. The Wall Street Journal reported this week that men have been hit particularly hard — accounting for roughly three-fourths of pandemic-driven dropouts — and depicted an accelerating crisis in male enrollment.
A closer look at historical trends and the labor market reveals a more complex picture, one in which women keep playing catch-up in an economy structured to favor men.
In many ways, the college gender imbalance is not new. Women have outnumbered men on campus since the late 1970s. The ratio of female to male undergraduates increased much more from 1970 to 1980 than from 1980 to the present. And the numbers haven’t changed much in recent decades. In 1992, 55 percent of college students were women. By 2019, the number had nudged up to 57.4 percent.
While the shift in the college gender ratio is often characterized as men “falling behind,” men are actually more likely to go to college today than they were when they were the majority, many decades ago. In 1970, 32 percent of men 18 to 24 were enrolled in college, a level that was most likely inflated by the opportunity to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War. That percentage dropped to 24 percent in 1978 and then steadily grew to a stable 37 percent to 39 percent over the last decade.
The gender ratio mostly changed because female enrollment increased even faster, more than doubling over the last half-century.
Because of the change in ratio, some selective colleges discriminate against women in admissions to maintain a gender balance, as The Journal reported. Generally, admissions officials prefer to limit the disparity to 55 percent female and 45 percent male. Their reason not to let the gender ratio drift further toward 2 to 1 is straightforward: Such a ratio would most likely cause a decrease in applications.
In a New York Times essay in 2006 titled “To All the Girls I’ve Rejected,” the dean of admissions at Kenyon College at the time explained: “Beyond the availability of dance partners for the winter formal, gender balance matters in ways both large and small on a residential college campus. Once you become decidedly female in enrollment, fewer males and, as it turns out, fewer females find your campus attractive.”
The raw numbers don’t take into account the varying value of college degrees. Men still dominate in fields like technology and engineering, which offer some of the highest salaries for recent graduates. Perhaps not coincidentally, the professors in those fields remain overwhelmingly male.
Women surged into college because they were able to, but also because many had to. There are still some good-paying jobs available to men without college credentials. There are relatively few for such women. And despite the considerable cost in time and money of earning a degree, many female-dominated jobs don’t pay well.
The fact that the male-female wage gap remains large after more than four decades in which women outnumbered men in college strongly suggests that college alone offers a narrow view of opportunity. Women often seem stuck in place: As they overcome obstacles and use their degrees to move into male-dominated fields, the fields offer less pay in return.
None of this diminishes the significance of the male decrease in college enrollment and graduation. Educators view the male-driven dive in community college enrollment over the last 18 months as a calamity. The pandemic confirmed what was already known. Higher socioeconomic classes are deeply embedded in college and will bear considerable cost and inconvenience to stay there, even if it means watching lectures on a laptop in the room above your parent’s garage and missing a season of parties and football games.
For other people, college attendance is far more fragile. It does not define their identities and is not as important as earning a steady paycheck or starting and nurturing a family. In a time of crisis, it can be delayed — but the reality is that people who drop out of college are statistically unlikely to complete a degree.
Last year, women were less likely than men to leave community college, despite their disproportionate responsibility for caregiving and domestic work, because they no doubt understood the bleak long-term job prospects for women without a credential.
www.nytimes.com/Sept.9,2021
T E X T
Men Fall Behind in College Enrollment.
Women Still Play Catch-Up at Work.
The coronavirus upended the lives of millions of college students. The Wall Street Journal reported this week that men have been hit particularly hard — accounting for roughly three-fourths of pandemic-driven dropouts — and depicted an accelerating crisis in male enrollment.
A closer look at historical trends and the labor market reveals a more complex picture, one in which women keep playing catch-up in an economy structured to favor men.
In many ways, the college gender imbalance is not new. Women have outnumbered men on campus since the late 1970s. The ratio of female to male undergraduates increased much more from 1970 to 1980 than from 1980 to the present. And the numbers haven’t changed much in recent decades. In 1992, 55 percent of college students were women. By 2019, the number had nudged up to 57.4 percent.
While the shift in the college gender ratio is often characterized as men “falling behind,” men are actually more likely to go to college today than they were when they were the majority, many decades ago. In 1970, 32 percent of men 18 to 24 were enrolled in college, a level that was most likely inflated by the opportunity to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War. That percentage dropped to 24 percent in 1978 and then steadily grew to a stable 37 percent to 39 percent over the last decade.
The gender ratio mostly changed because female enrollment increased even faster, more than doubling over the last half-century.
Because of the change in ratio, some selective colleges discriminate against women in admissions to maintain a gender balance, as The Journal reported. Generally, admissions officials prefer to limit the disparity to 55 percent female and 45 percent male. Their reason not to let the gender ratio drift further toward 2 to 1 is straightforward: Such a ratio would most likely cause a decrease in applications.
In a New York Times essay in 2006 titled “To All the Girls I’ve Rejected,” the dean of admissions at Kenyon College at the time explained: “Beyond the availability of dance partners for the winter formal, gender balance matters in ways both large and small on a residential college campus. Once you become decidedly female in enrollment, fewer males and, as it turns out, fewer females find your campus attractive.”
The raw numbers don’t take into account the varying value of college degrees. Men still dominate in fields like technology and engineering, which offer some of the highest salaries for recent graduates. Perhaps not coincidentally, the professors in those fields remain overwhelmingly male.
Women surged into college because they were able to, but also because many had to. There are still some good-paying jobs available to men without college credentials. There are relatively few for such women. And despite the considerable cost in time and money of earning a degree, many female-dominated jobs don’t pay well.
The fact that the male-female wage gap remains large after more than four decades in which women outnumbered men in college strongly suggests that college alone offers a narrow view of opportunity. Women often seem stuck in place: As they overcome obstacles and use their degrees to move into male-dominated fields, the fields offer less pay in return.
None of this diminishes the significance of the male decrease in college enrollment and graduation. Educators view the male-driven dive in community college enrollment over the last 18 months as a calamity. The pandemic confirmed what was already known. Higher socioeconomic classes are deeply embedded in college and will bear considerable cost and inconvenience to stay there, even if it means watching lectures on a laptop in the room above your parent’s garage and missing a season of parties and football games.
For other people, college attendance is far more fragile. It does not define their identities and is not as important as earning a steady paycheck or starting and nurturing a family. In a time of crisis, it can be delayed — but the reality is that people who drop out of college are statistically unlikely to complete a degree.
Last year, women were less likely than men to leave community college, despite their disproportionate responsibility for caregiving and domestic work, because they no doubt understood the bleak long-term job prospects for women without a credential.
www.nytimes.com/Sept.9,2021
The text mentions a strategy of discrimination in some colleges in the process of admitting women in order to
