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Questões do ENEM: nível médio

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27.392 questões encontradas. Mostrando a página 342 de 1370.

  • 70A248D7-8B

    Física

    Eletricidade
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Disjuntor é um dispositivo de segurança que impede a passagem de corrente elétrica em um circuito quando ela atinge um valor superior ao recomendado. Um chuveiro elétrico, cuja potência é de 5,5x103 W, necessita ser instalado em uma residência onde a tensão é de 220 V. O disjuntor adequado para a instalação desse chuveiro deve ser de
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 70a248d7-8b
  • 709D25CE-8B

    Física

    Dinâmica
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Um pedreiro utiliza uma roldana fixa (ideal) e uma corda de massa desprezível para descer verticalmente um balde de concreto de massa m = 20 kg. O pedreiro controla a corda de modo a que o balde desça com uma aceleração constante a = g/20, onde g representa a aceleração da gravidade, cujo valor no local é de 10 m/s2. Nesse caso, a intensidade da tensão T na corda é
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 709d25ce-8b
  • 7099286B-8B

    Física

    Dinâmica
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    Uma bilha de aço com massa m = 3,0x10-2 kg encontra-se em repouso sobre uma mola de massa desprezível que está comprimida de 5,0x10-2 m. A mola é liberada impulsionando verticalmente a bilha para cima.

    Considerando que a aceleração da gravidade vale g = 10 m/s2 e sabendo que a constante elástica da mola é k = 4,8 x 102 N/m, a altura máxima atingida pela bilha a partir do repouso é

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7099286b-8b
  • 70943451-8B

    Física

    Cinemática
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Um foguete de massa M viaja pelo espaço sideral com velocidade V. Em um dado instante, um pedaço do foguete, com um décimo de sua massa, desprende-se e continua movimentando-se com a mesma velocidade original V do foguete. Após o desprendimento desse pedaço, o que restou do foguete viaja com velocidade
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 70943451-8b
  • 708EF188-8B

    Física

    Estática e Hidrostática
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Um cubo de gelo encontra-se em repouso flutuando na água. Considere que P e E representam, respectivamente, os módulos do peso do cubo de gelo e do empuxo que a água exerce sobre o gelo. F denomina o módulo da resultante das forças que atuam no cubo de gelo. Então:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 708ef188-8b
  • 708A626C-8B

    Física

    Física Térmica - Termologia
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Uma amostra de gás ideal está contida em um cilindro metálico que está imerso em uma grande quantidade de água a temperatura constante. O gás é comprimido lentamente numa transformação isotérmica. A variação da energia interna do gás (ΔU) e o trabalho W realizado pelo gás nesse processo são:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 708a626c-8b
  • 7084FDE6-8B

    Física

    Ondas e Propriedades Ondulatórias
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Um objeto se afasta de um observador em alta velocidade. Ele emite uma luz amarela que, no entanto, chega ao observador em tom de vermelho, devido ao efeito Doppler. Esse efeito se deve à mudança na
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7084fde6-8b
  • 707A2E46-8B

    Biologia

    Hereditariedade e diversidade da vida
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    Células eucarióticas de origem animal apresentam DNA nuclear e mitocondrial. Ao compararmos as sequências de nucleotídeos desses dois tipos de genoma podemos deduzir que a sequência de DNA mitocondrial de uma célula é igual
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 707a2e46-8b
  • 705F6D07-8B

    Biologia

    Estrutura e fisiologia da Membrana Plasmática
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    A permeabilidade seletiva da membrana plasmática está relacionada à sua estrutura química, basicamente formada por uma bicamada constituída de lipídeos e proteínas. Em função disso, são necessários diferentes mecanismos de entrada de compostos químicos nas células, envolvendo proteínas transportadoras.

    O elemento que não apresenta proteína transportadora específica para atravessar a membrana plasmática é:

    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 705f6d07-8b
  • 705B31EB-8B

    Biologia

    Identidade dos seres vivos
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos
    A célula animal difere da célula vegetal em alguns aspectos estruturais e funcionais. São características exclusivas da célula vegetal:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 705b31eb-8b
  • 704A4A0A-8B

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    TEXTO 2


    MINHA INFÂNCIA (trecho)

    (Freudiana)

    Cora Coralina


    A rua... a rua!...

    (Atração lúdica, anseio vivo da criança,

    mundo sugestivo de maravilhosas descobertas)

    - proibida às meninas do meu tempo.

    Rígidos preconceitos familiares,

    normas abusivas de educação


    - emparedavam.


    Na quietude sepulcral da casa,

    era proibida, incomodava, a fala alta,

    a risada franca, o grito espontâneo,

    a turbulência ativa das crianças.


    Contenção. motivação.Comportamento estreito,

    limitando, estreitando exuberâncias,

    pisando sensibilidades.

    A gesta* dentro de mim...

    Um mundo heroico, sublimado,

    superposto, insuspeitado,

    misturado à realidade.

    *Gesta: composição poética que narra feitos memoráveis ou heroicos.

    CORALINA, Cora.[coordenação, apresentação crítica e biografia Darcy França Denófrio].(Coleção melhores poemas). São Paulo: Global, 2004. (p. 95 a 100).


    Cora Coralina (1889-1985), doutora honoris causa pela Universidade de Goiás, membro da Academia Goiana de Letras, recebeu, como poeta e ficcionista, o troféu Jabuti e o prêmio Juca Pato como intelectual do ano em 1984. Cora cursara somente o primário, mas poetara desde os 14 anos.

    TELLES, Norma. Escritoras, escritas, escrituras. In: PRIORE, Mary Del. (org.); PINSKY, Carla Bassanezi (coord. de textos). 10.ed. 6a. reimpr. São Paulo: Contexto, 2018. p.408-409.

    O enunciado “A rua... a rua!...”, no contexto do poema, constitui uma frase
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 704a4a0a-8b
  • 704684EE-8B

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    TEXTO 2


    MINHA INFÂNCIA (trecho)

    (Freudiana)

    Cora Coralina


    A rua... a rua!...

    (Atração lúdica, anseio vivo da criança,

    mundo sugestivo de maravilhosas descobertas)

    - proibida às meninas do meu tempo.

    Rígidos preconceitos familiares,

    normas abusivas de educação


    - emparedavam.


    Na quietude sepulcral da casa,

    era proibida, incomodava, a fala alta,

    a risada franca, o grito espontâneo,

    a turbulência ativa das crianças.


    Contenção. motivação.Comportamento estreito,

    limitando, estreitando exuberâncias,

    pisando sensibilidades.

    A gesta* dentro de mim...

    Um mundo heroico, sublimado,

    superposto, insuspeitado,

    misturado à realidade.

    *Gesta: composição poética que narra feitos memoráveis ou heroicos.

    CORALINA, Cora.[coordenação, apresentação crítica e biografia Darcy França Denófrio].(Coleção melhores poemas). São Paulo: Global, 2004. (p. 95 a 100).


    Cora Coralina (1889-1985), doutora honoris causa pela Universidade de Goiás, membro da Academia Goiana de Letras, recebeu, como poeta e ficcionista, o troféu Jabuti e o prêmio Juca Pato como intelectual do ano em 1984. Cora cursara somente o primário, mas poetara desde os 14 anos.

    TELLES, Norma. Escritoras, escritas, escrituras. In: PRIORE, Mary Del. (org.); PINSKY, Carla Bassanezi (coord. de textos). 10.ed. 6a. reimpr. São Paulo: Contexto, 2018. p.408-409.

    O trecho do poema de Cora Coralina revela inquietação quanto
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 704684ee-8b
  • 7042408C-8B

    Português

    Interpretação de Textos
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    TEXTO 1


    NOS ANOS 1940, MULHERES FORAM PRESAS POR JOGAR FUTEBOL NAS RUAS DE BELO HORIZONTE

    Renan Damasceno /Estado de Minas


                               Imagem da questão de Português, CEDERJ 2019, Interpretação de Textos

                             Página original do Diário da Tarde (Foto: Arquivo EM)


    Em 1940, mulher jogando futebol em Belo Horizonte era caso de polícia. “Mulheres jogavam futebol à noite, no fim da linha de Lourdes”, chamava a atenção o Diário da Tarde de 20/4/1940. “O guarda prendeu as jogadoras e o seu treinador. Uma conseguiu escapar e trancar-se em casa”. O caso parece pitoresco, não fosse trágico, e revela um pouco sobre o preconceito dos primeiros registros de mulheres jogando futebol na capital mineira encontrados nos arquivos dos Diários Associados.


    Disponível em: https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/interior/ 2019/03/22/noticia_interior,574010/nos-anos-1940-mulheres-foram-presas-por-jogar-futebol-nas-ruas-de-bel. shtml?fbclid=IwAR3S-N0oyIuAcC-U6vICoxuxSKonZYQ9p1 iMmDNHIqQvgPWDGB-Kb2_a__E?utm_ source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social

    A grafia de “ha”, “Bello Horizonte”, “team”, “ellas” e “rehabilitar” em “Ha dias noticiamos que em Bello Horizonte ia ser formado um ‘team’ feminino de futebol. Ellas, as doces filhas de Eva, queriam, segundo declaravam, rehabilitar o esporte...” provam que o texto é
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7042408c-8b
  • 703E5639-8B

    Português

    Coesão e coerência
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    TEXTO 1


    NOS ANOS 1940, MULHERES FORAM PRESAS POR JOGAR FUTEBOL NAS RUAS DE BELO HORIZONTE

    Renan Damasceno /Estado de Minas


                               Imagem da questão de Português, CEDERJ 2019, Coesão e coerência

                             Página original do Diário da Tarde (Foto: Arquivo EM)


    Em 1940, mulher jogando futebol em Belo Horizonte era caso de polícia. “Mulheres jogavam futebol à noite, no fim da linha de Lourdes”, chamava a atenção o Diário da Tarde de 20/4/1940. “O guarda prendeu as jogadoras e o seu treinador. Uma conseguiu escapar e trancar-se em casa”. O caso parece pitoresco, não fosse trágico, e revela um pouco sobre o preconceito dos primeiros registros de mulheres jogando futebol na capital mineira encontrados nos arquivos dos Diários Associados.


    Disponível em: https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/interior/ 2019/03/22/noticia_interior,574010/nos-anos-1940-mulheres-foram-presas-por-jogar-futebol-nas-ruas-de-bel. shtml?fbclid=IwAR3S-N0oyIuAcC-U6vICoxuxSKonZYQ9p1 iMmDNHIqQvgPWDGB-Kb2_a__E?utm_ source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social

    Em “O guarda prendeu as jogadoras e o seu treinador. – Uma conseguiu escapar e trancar-se em casa”, os elementos sublinhados atuam em uma
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 703e5639-8b
  • 70398351-8B

    Português

    Análise sintática
    CEDERJ · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

    TEXTO 1


    NOS ANOS 1940, MULHERES FORAM PRESAS POR JOGAR FUTEBOL NAS RUAS DE BELO HORIZONTE

    Renan Damasceno /Estado de Minas


                               Imagem da questão de Português, CEDERJ 2019, Análise sintática

                             Página original do Diário da Tarde (Foto: Arquivo EM)


    Em 1940, mulher jogando futebol em Belo Horizonte era caso de polícia. “Mulheres jogavam futebol à noite, no fim da linha de Lourdes”, chamava a atenção o Diário da Tarde de 20/4/1940. “O guarda prendeu as jogadoras e o seu treinador. Uma conseguiu escapar e trancar-se em casa”. O caso parece pitoresco, não fosse trágico, e revela um pouco sobre o preconceito dos primeiros registros de mulheres jogando futebol na capital mineira encontrados nos arquivos dos Diários Associados.


    Disponível em: https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/interior/ 2019/03/22/noticia_interior,574010/nos-anos-1940-mulheres-foram-presas-por-jogar-futebol-nas-ruas-de-bel. shtml?fbclid=IwAR3S-N0oyIuAcC-U6vICoxuxSKonZYQ9p1 iMmDNHIqQvgPWDGB-Kb2_a__E?utm_ source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social

    A manchete do Jornal Estado de Minas “NOS ANOS 1940, MULHERES FORAM PRESAS POR JOGAR FUTEBOL NAS RUAS DE BELO HORIZONTE” reúne as informações básicas de um lide: o que aconteceu, com quem, quando, onde e por quê. Ao cumprir essa função, essa manchete foi estruturada a partir de uma oração que contém
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 70398351-8b
  • 7FE92F2F-3E

    Inglês

    Discurso direto e indireto | Reported speech
    UEMG · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                   Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

    The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                        By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                       PUBLISHED September 6, 2018


    Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

    The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

    Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

    (…)

    An Irreplaceable Loss

    It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

    “The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

    “In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

    Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

    Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

    Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

    “I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

    On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

    (…)

    Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

    Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

    The correct reported speech form for the sentence “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost”, said by Dimila Mothé, is:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7fe92f2f-3e
  • 7FE5D26E-3E

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UEMG · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                   Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

    The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                        By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                       PUBLISHED September 6, 2018


    Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

    The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

    Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

    (…)

    An Irreplaceable Loss

    It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

    “The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

    “In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

    Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

    Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

    Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

    “I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

    On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

    (…)

    Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

    Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

    The fire caused damages and losses in different areas of the National Museum, EXCEPT in:
    Escolha uma alternativa para a questão 7fe5d26e-3e
  • 7FE1F6C4-3E

    Inglês

    Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
    UEMG · 2019MédioEntre para guardar nos favoritos

                   Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

    The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                        By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                       PUBLISHED September 6, 2018


    Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

    The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

    Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

    (…)

    An Irreplaceable Loss

    It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

    “The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

    “In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

    Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

    Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

    Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

    “I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

    On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

    (…)

    Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

    Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

    According to the text about the Brazilian National Museum, the fire
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  • 7FDE72A2-3E

    Inglês

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                   Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum

    The overnight inferno likely claimed fossils, cultural artifacts, and more irreplaceable collections amassed over 200 years.

                                                                                        By Michael Greshko                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                       PUBLISHED September 6, 2018


    Major pieces of Brazil's scientific and cultural heritage went up in smoke on September 2, as a devastating fire ripped through much of Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional, or National Museum. Founded in 1818, the museum is Brazil's oldest scientific institution and one of the largest and most renowned museums in Latin America, amassing a collection of some 20 million scientifically and culturally invaluable artifacts.

    The Museu Nacional's holdings include Luzia, an 11,500-year-old skull considered one of South America's oldest human fossils, as well as the bones of uniquely Brazilian creatures such as the long-necked dinosaur Maxakalisaurus. Because of the auction tastes of Brazil's 19th-century emperors, the Museu Nacional also ended up with Latin America's oldest collection of Egyptian mummies and artifacts.

    Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon. The complex also served as the palace for Brazil's post-independence emperors until 1889, before the museum collections were transferred there in 1902. In an September 5 email, Museu Nacional curator Débora Pires wrote that the entomology and arachnology collections were completely destroyed, as was most of the mollusk collection. However, technicians had braved the fire to save 80 percent of the mollusk holotypes—the specimens that formally serve as the global references for a given species. The museum's vertebrate specimens, herbarium, and library were housed separately and survived the fire.

    (…)

    An Irreplaceable Loss

    It's not yet clear how the fire started, but it did begin after the museum was closed to the public, and no injuries have yet been reported. Firefighters worked through the night to douse the burnt-out shell of the main building, but it seems the blaze has already seared a gaping hole in many scientists' careers.

    “The importance of the collections that were lost couldn't be overstated,” says Luiz Rocha, a Brazilian ichthyologist now at the California Academy of Sciences who has visited the Museu Nacional several times to study its collections. “They were unique as it gets: Many of them were irreplaceable, there's no way to put a monetary value on it.”

    “In terms of [my] life-long research agenda, I'm pretty much lost,” says Marcus Guidoti, a Brazilian entomologist finishing up his Ph.D. in a program co-run by Brazil's Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

    Guidoti studies lace bugs, an insect family with more than 2,000 species worldwide. The Museu Nacional held one of the world's largest lace bug collections, but the fire likely destroyed it and the rest of the museum's five million arthropod specimens. “Those type specimens can't be replaced, and they are crucial to understand the species,” he says by text message. “If I was willing to keep working on this family in this region of the globe, this was definitely a big hit.”

    Paleontologist Dimila Mothé, a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, adds that the blows to science extend beyond the collections themselves. “It's not only the cultural history, the natural history, but all the theses and research developed there,” she says. “Most of the laboratories there were lost, too, and the research of several professors. I'm not sure you can say the impact of what was lost.”

    Brazil’s indigenous knowledge also has suffered. The Museu Nacional housed world-renowned collections of indigenous objects, as well as many audio recordings of indigenous languages from all over Brazil. Some of these recordings, now lost, were of languages that are no longer spoken.

    “I have no words to say how horrible this is,” says Brazilian anthropologist Mariana Françozo, an expert on South American indigenous objects at Leiden University. “The indigenous collections are a tremendous loss … we can no longer study them, we can no longer understand what our ancestors did. It’s heartbreaking.” 

    On Monday, The Brazilian publication G1 Rio reported that ashes of burned documents—some still flecked in notes or illustrations—have rained down from the sky more than a mile away from the Museu Nacional, thrown aloft by the inferno.

    (…)

    Editor's Note: This story was updated on September 6, 2018, with new details about which artifacts survived the fire. 

    Taken from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/. Access: 11 dez. 2018.

    In the excerpt “Even the building holds historical importance: It housed the exiled Portuguese royal family from 1808 to 1821, after they fled to Rio de Janeiro in 1807 to escape Napoleon”, the word IT refers to:
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