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Imagine uma festa. São centenas de pessoas aparentemente viajadas, inteligentes, abertas a novas amizades. Você seleciona uma delas e começa um diálogo. Apesar do assunto envolvente, você olha para o lado, perde o foco e dá início a um novo bate-papo. Trinta segundos depois, outra pessoa desperta a sua atenção. Você repete a mesma ação. Lá pelas tantas você se dá conta de que não lembra o nome de nenhuma das pessoas com quem conversou. A internet é mais ou menos assim, repleta de coisas legais, informações relevantes. São janelas e mais janelas abertas.
Disponível em: http://revistagalileu.globo.com. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2013 (adaptado).
Refletindo sobre a correlação entre meios de comunicação e vida social, o texto associa a internet a um padrão de sociabilidade que se caracteriza pelo(a)
A substância é um Ser capaz de Ação. Ela é simples ou composta. A substância simples é aquela que não tem partes. O composto é a reunião das substâncias simples ou Mônadas. Monas é uma palavra grega que significa unidade ou o que é uno. Os compostos ou os corpos são Multiplicidades, e as Substâncias simples, as Vidas, as Almas, os Espíritos são unidades. É preciso que em toda parte haja substâncias simples porque sem as simples não haveria as compostas, nem movimento. Por conseguinte, toda natureza está plena de vida.
LEIBNIZ, G. W. Discurso de metafísicas e outros textos. São Paulo: Matins Fontes, 2004 (adaptado).
Dentre suas diversas reflexões, Leibniz voltou sua atenção para o tema da metafísica, que trata basicamente do fundamento de realidade das coisas do mundo. A busca por esse fundamento muitas vezes é resumida a partir do conceito de substância, que para ele se refere a algo que é
Devem ser bons serviçais e habilidosos, pois noto que repetem logo o que a gente diz e creio que depressa se fariam cristãos; me pareceu que não tinham nenhuma religião. Eu, comprazendo a Nosso Senhor, levarei daqui, por ocasião de minha partida, seis deles para Vossas Majestades, para que aprendam a falar.
COLOMBO, C. Diários da descoberta da América: as quatro viagens e o testamento. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 1984.
O documento destaca um aspecto cultural relevante em torno da conquista da América, que se encontra expresso em:
TEXT
A library tradition is being refashioned to emphasize early literacy and better prepare young children for school, and drawing many new fans in the process.
Among parents of the under-5 set, spots for story time have become as coveted as seats for a hot Broadway show like “Hamilton.” Lines stretch down the block at some branches, with tickets given out on a first-come-first-served basis because there is not enough room to accommodate all of the children who show up.
Workers at the 67th Street Library on the Upper East Side of Manhattan turn away at least 10 people from every reading. They have been so overwhelmed by the rush at story time — held in the branch’s largest room, on the third floor — that once the space is full, they close the door and shut down the elevator. “It is so crowded and so popular, it’s insane,” Jacqueline Schector, a librarian, said.
Story time is drawing capacity crowds at public libraries across New York and across the country at a time when, more than ever, educators are emphasizing the importance of early literacy in preparing children for school and for developing critical thinking skills. The demand crosses economic lines, with parents at all income levels vying to get in.
Many libraries have refashioned the traditional readings to include enrichment activities such as counting numbers and naming colors, as well as music and dance. And many parents have made story time a fixture in their family routines alongside school pickups and playground outings — and, for those who employ nannies, a nonnegotiable requirement of the job.
In New York, demand for story time has surged across the city’s three library systems — the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Library — and has posed logistical challenges for some branches, particularly those in small or cramped buildings. Citywide, story time attendance rose to 510,367 people in fiscal year 2015, up nearly 28 percent from 399,751 in fiscal 2013.
“The secret’s out,” said Lucy Yates, 44, an opera coach with two sons who goes to story time at the Fort Washington Library every week.
Stroller-pushing parents and nannies begin to line up for story time outside some branches an hour before doors open. To prevent overcrowding, tickets are given out at the New Amsterdam and Webster branches, both in Manhattan, the Parkchester branch in the Bronx, and a half-dozen branches in Brooklyn, including in Park Slope, Kensington and Bay Ridge.
The 67th Street branch keeps adding story times — there are now six a week — and holds sessions outdoors in the summer, when crowds can swell to 200 people.
In Queens, 41 library branches are scheduled to add weekend hours this month, and many will undoubtedly include weekend story times. As Joanne King, a spokeswoman for the library explained, parents have been begging for them and “every story time is full, every time we have one.”
Long a library staple, story time has typically been an informal reading to a small group of boys and girls sitting in a circle. Today’s story times involve carefully planned lessons by specially trained librarians that emphasize education as much as entertainment, and often include suggestions for parents and caregivers about how to reinforce what children have learned, library officials said.
Libraries around the country have expanded story time and other children’s programs in recent years, attracting a new generation of patrons in an age when online offerings sometimes make trips to the book stacks unnecessary. Sari Feldman, president of the American Library Association, said such early-literacy efforts are part of a larger transformation libraries are undergoing to become active learning centers for their communities by offering services like classes in English as a second language, computer skills and career counseling.
Ms. Feldman said the increased demand for story time was a product, in part, of more than a decade of work by the library association and others to encourage libraries to play a larger role in preparing young children for school. In 2004, as part of that effort, the association developed a curriculum, “Every Child Ready to Read,” that she said is now used by thousands of libraries.
The New York Public Library is adding 45 children’s librarians to support story time and other programs, some of which are run in partnership with the city government. It has also designated 20 of its 88 neighborhood branches, including the Fort Washington Library, as “enhanced literary sites.” As such, they will double their story time sessions, to an average of four a week, and distribute 15,000 “family literacy kits” that include a book and a schedule of story times.
“It is clear that reading and being exposed to books early in life are critical factors in student success,” Anthony W. Marx, president of the New York Public Library, said. “The library is playing an increasingly important role in strengthening early literacy in this city, expanding efforts to bring reading to children and their families through quality, free story times, curated literacy programs, after-school programs and more.”
For its part, the Queens Library plans to expand a “Kick Off to Kindergarten” program that attracted more than 180 families for a series of workshops last year. Library officials said that more than three-quarters of the children who enrolled, many of whom spoke a language other than English at home, developed measurable classroom skills.
From: www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02
TEXTO I
Não é sem razão que o ser humano procura de boa vontade juntar-se em sociedade com outros que estão já unidos, ou pretendem unir-se, para a mútua conservação da vida, da liberdade e dos bens a que chamo de propriedade.
LOCKE, J. Segundo tratado sobre governo: ensaio relativo à verdadeira origem, extensão e objetivo do governo civil. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1978 (adaptado).
TEXTO II
Para que essas classes com interesses econômicos em conflitos não destruam a si mesmas e à sociedade numa luta estéril, surge a necessidade de um poder que, na aparência, esteja acima da sociedade, que atenue o conflito, mantenha-o dentro dos limites da ordem.
ENGELS, F. In: GALLINO, L. Dicionário de sociologia. São Paulo: Paulus, 2005 (adaptado).
Os textos expressam duas visões sobre a forma como os indivíduos se organizam socialmente. Tais visões apontam, respectivamente, para as concepções:
