Todas as questões do ENEM

Em 1519, os navegadores Fernão de Magalhães e Sebastião del Cano partiram de Cádiz, na Espanha, para uma viagem que entraria para a história por

Leia o texto.

Muitas invenções e descobertas dessa fase foram fruto de pesquisas científicas sistemáticas realizadas em laboratórios de universidades ou de indústrias. Os empresários passaram a investir no trabalho dos cientistas, buscando inventos que gerassem lucros.

A indústria química, por exemplo, benefiiou-se dessa aproximação, o que resultou na produção de fibras sintéticas, inseticidas, celuloide [...], borracha vulcanizada [...], corantes artificiais, adubos, explosivos [...], entre outros.

DOMINGUES, Joelza Esther. História em Documento. Imagem e texto. 8. 2ªed. São Paulo: FTD, 2013. p.192.

O texto descreve a relação entre ciência e indústria característica da

Um incêndio atingiu uma fábrica de resíduos industriais em Itapevi, na Grande São Paulo. O local armazenava três toneladas de fosfeto de alumínio (A P). De acordo com a Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (Cetesb), o fosfeto de alumínio reagiu com a água usada para apagar as chamas, produzindo hidróxido de alumínio e fosfina (PH3). A fosfina é um gás tóxico, incolor, e não reage com a água, porém reage rapidamente com o oxigênio liberando calor e produzindo pentóxido de difosfóro (P2O5). Segundo os médicos, a inalação do P2O5 pode causar queimadura tanto na pele quanto nas vias respiratórias devido à formação de ácido fosfórico.

<https://tinyurl.com/yafzufbo> Acesso em: 11.10.18. Adaptado.

A reação química da produção da fosfina pode ser representada pela equação

AlP (s) + 3 H2O (l) → Al (OH)3 (s) + PH3 (g)

Considerando que toda a massa de fosfeto de alumínio reagiu com a água e que o rendimento da reação é 100%, o volume aproximado de fosfina produzido no local, em litros, é

Dados:

Volume molar dos gases nas

condições descritas: 30 L/mol

Massas molares em g/mol:

Al = 27, P = 31

Um incêndio atingiu uma fábrica de resíduos industriais em Itapevi, na Grande São Paulo. O local armazenava três toneladas de fosfeto de alumínio (A P). De acordo com a Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (Cetesb), o fosfeto de alumínio reagiu com a água usada para apagar as chamas, produzindo hidróxido de alumínio e fosfina (PH3). A fosfina é um gás tóxico, incolor, e não reage com a água, porém reage rapidamente com o oxigênio liberando calor e produzindo pentóxido de difosfóro (P2O5). Segundo os médicos, a inalação do P2O5 pode causar queimadura tanto na pele quanto nas vias respiratórias devido à formação de ácido fosfórico.

<https://tinyurl.com/yafzufbo> Acesso em: 11.10.18. Adaptado.

Os gráficos 1, 2 e 3 representam a variação da energia em função do caminho da reação para três transformações químicas, sendo R o reagente e P o produto de cada reação.

Entre os gráficos 1, 2 e 3, aquele que representa corretamente a reação da fosfina com o oxigênio, descrita no texto, é o

Uma das substâncias que pode neutralizar o ácido fosfórico é o hidróxido de magnésio, Mg(OH)2.

A equação química balanceada que representa a reação de neutralização total que ocorre entre essas substâncias é

A reação que ocorre entre a fosfina e o oxigênio é representada pela equação química

2 PH3 (g) + 4 O2 (g) → P2O5 (g) + 3 H2O (g)

As substâncias que atuam como agente oxidante e agente redutor desse processo são, respectivamente,

A amônia (NH3), molécula de estrutura semelhante à da fosfina, reage com água produzindo uma solução de caráter básico. A reação que ocorre pode ser representada pela equação química

NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

Uma solução aquosa de NH3 apresenta concentração inicial de 0,02 mol/L a 25oC.

Nessas condições, o valor da concentração de íons OH– , em mol/L, é

Dado:

Constante de basicidade

da amônia a 25o C:

Kb = 1,8 × 10-5

     The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020: complex problem solving; critical thinking; creativity; people management; coordinating with others; emotional intelligence; judgement and decision making; service orientation; negotiation; cognitive flexibility.

     The ten skills on this list make sense fo r the age that we are living in. Of these, you want to focus on creative work, because that is where you are likely to remain employable. Every professional can be creative in the work she does.

     You might have started to realize that you will need more than the ten skills listed earlier. Alvin Toffler once said, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

     In some instances, relearning could be adapting what you know to a new reality. Take cell phones as an example. When they first came out, they were used solely as communications devices. Convergence happened, and now our smartphones are minicomputers. People had to relearn how to use a phone.

     In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills. Here are some of the additional skills that you will need to succeed in 2020. 

     Learning how to learn. Since skills are constantly changing, you have to learn how to learn. 

     Analyzing information. When you take good and detailed notes, you can review them to pick out the big ideas, understand, and make sense of information.

     Spotting patterns and trends. I recommend that you combine ideas from the different books that you read. By doing this, you may be able to spot ideas and trends.

Communicating – written and oral. You can combine ideas that once seemed unrelated to communicate them to influencers, who can help you to shape and implement them.

Understanding and leveraging technology. Technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, so you need to understand and keep on top of it.

<https://tinyurl.com/y7pahnqf> Acesso em: 15.10.2018. Adaptado.

Na frase, The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020…, presente no primeiro parágrafo do texto, a palavra thrive pode ser substituída por

     The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020: complex problem solving; critical thinking; creativity; people management; coordinating with others; emotional intelligence; judgement and decision making; service orientation; negotiation; cognitive flexibility.

     The ten skills on this list make sense fo r the age that we are living in. Of these, you want to focus on creative work, because that is where you are likely to remain employable. Every professional can be creative in the work she does.

     You might have started to realize that you will need more than the ten skills listed earlier. Alvin Toffler once said, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

     In some instances, relearning could be adapting what you know to a new reality. Take cell phones as an example. When they first came out, they were used solely as communications devices. Convergence happened, and now our smartphones are minicomputers. People had to relearn how to use a phone.

     In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills. Here are some of the additional skills that you will need to succeed in 2020. 

     Learning how to learn. Since skills are constantly changing, you have to learn how to learn. 

     Analyzing information. When you take good and detailed notes, you can review them to pick out the big ideas, understand, and make sense of information.

     Spotting patterns and trends. I recommend that you combine ideas from the different books that you read. By doing this, you may be able to spot ideas and trends.

Communicating – written and oral. You can combine ideas that once seemed unrelated to communicate them to influencers, who can help you to shape and implement them.

Understanding and leveraging technology. Technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, so you need to understand and keep on top of it.

<https://tinyurl.com/y7pahnqf> Acesso em: 15.10.2018. Adaptado.

De acordo com o texto, dentre as dez habilidades apontadas como necessárias para os profissionais prosperarem em 2020, a habilidade que apresenta maior probabilidade para que uma pessoa se mantenha empregada é

     The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020: complex problem solving; critical thinking; creativity; people management; coordinating with others; emotional intelligence; judgement and decision making; service orientation; negotiation; cognitive flexibility.

     The ten skills on this list make sense fo r the age that we are living in. Of these, you want to focus on creative work, because that is where you are likely to remain employable. Every professional can be creative in the work she does.

     You might have started to realize that you will need more than the ten skills listed earlier. Alvin Toffler once said, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

     In some instances, relearning could be adapting what you know to a new reality. Take cell phones as an example. When they first came out, they were used solely as communications devices. Convergence happened, and now our smartphones are minicomputers. People had to relearn how to use a phone.

     In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills. Here are some of the additional skills that you will need to succeed in 2020. 

     Learning how to learn. Since skills are constantly changing, you have to learn how to learn. 

     Analyzing information. When you take good and detailed notes, you can review them to pick out the big ideas, understand, and make sense of information.

     Spotting patterns and trends. I recommend that you combine ideas from the different books that you read. By doing this, you may be able to spot ideas and trends.

Communicating – written and oral. You can combine ideas that once seemed unrelated to communicate them to influencers, who can help you to shape and implement them.

Understanding and leveraging technology. Technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, so you need to understand and keep on top of it.

<https://tinyurl.com/y7pahnqf> Acesso em: 15.10.2018. Adaptado.

Na oração The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn, presente no terceiro parágrafo do texto, Toffler afirma que, no século 21, serão consideradas letradas as pessoas que souberem

     The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020: complex problem solving; critical thinking; creativity; people management; coordinating with others; emotional intelligence; judgement and decision making; service orientation; negotiation; cognitive flexibility.

     The ten skills on this list make sense fo r the age that we are living in. Of these, you want to focus on creative work, because that is where you are likely to remain employable. Every professional can be creative in the work she does.

     You might have started to realize that you will need more than the ten skills listed earlier. Alvin Toffler once said, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

     In some instances, relearning could be adapting what you know to a new reality. Take cell phones as an example. When they first came out, they were used solely as communications devices. Convergence happened, and now our smartphones are minicomputers. People had to relearn how to use a phone.

     In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills. Here are some of the additional skills that you will need to succeed in 2020. 

     Learning how to learn. Since skills are constantly changing, you have to learn how to learn. 

     Analyzing information. When you take good and detailed notes, you can review them to pick out the big ideas, understand, and make sense of information.

     Spotting patterns and trends. I recommend that you combine ideas from the different books that you read. By doing this, you may be able to spot ideas and trends.

Communicating – written and oral. You can combine ideas that once seemed unrelated to communicate them to influencers, who can help you to shape and implement them.

Understanding and leveraging technology. Technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, so you need to understand and keep on top of it.

<https://tinyurl.com/y7pahnqf> Acesso em: 15.10.2018. Adaptado.

Na oração In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills, presente no quinto parágrafo do texto, a expressão will have to indica

     So a scientist walks into a shopping mall to watch people laugh. There’s no punchline. Laughter is a serious scientific subject, one that researchers are still trying to figure out. Laughing is primal, our first way of communicating. Apes laugh. So do dogs and rats. Babies laugh long before they speak. No one teaches you how to laugh. You just do. And often you laugh involuntarily, in a specific rhythm and in certain spots in conversation.
    You may laugh at a prank on April Fools’ Day. But surprisingly,  only 10 to 15 percent of laughter is the result of someone making a joke, said Baltimore neuroscientist Robert Provine, who has studied laughter for decades. Laughter is mostly about social responses rather than reaction to a joke. “Laughter above all else is a social thing,’’ Provine said. “The requirement for laughter is another person.’’  
    Over the years, Provine, a professor with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, has boiled laughter down to its basics. “All language groups laugh ‘ha-ha-ha’ basically the same way,’’ he said. “Whether you speak Mandarin, French or English, everyone will understand laughter. ... There’s a pattern generator in our brain that produces this sound.’’
    Each “ha’’ is about one-15th of a second, repeated every fifth of a second, he said. Laugh faster or slower than that and it sounds more like panting or something else. Deaf people laugh without hearing, and people on cell phones laugh without seeing, illustrating that laughter isn’t dependent on a single sense but on social interactions, said Provine, author of the book “Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.’’   
    “It’s joy, it’s positive engagement with life,’’ said Jaak Panksepp, a Bowling Green University psychology professor. “It’s deeply social.’’ And it’s not just a people thing either. Chimps tickle each other and even laugh when another chimp pretends to tickle them. By studying rats, Panksepp and other scientists can figure out what’s going on in the brain during laughter. And it holds promise for human ills.
    Northwestern biomedical engineering professor Jeffrey Burgdorf has found that laughter in rats produces an insulin-like growth factor chemical that acts as an antidepressant and anxietyreducer. He thinks the same thing probably happens in humans, too. This would give doctors a new chemical target in the brain in their effort to develop drugs that fight depression and anxiety in people. Even so, laughter itself hasn’t been proven to be the best medicine, experts said.

     The World Economic Forum reports that you need ten skills to thrive in 2020: complex problem solving; critical thinking; creativity; people management; coordinating with others; emotional intelligence; judgement and decision making; service orientation; negotiation; cognitive flexibility.

     The ten skills on this list make sense fo r the age that we are living in. Of these, you want to focus on creative work, because that is where you are likely to remain employable. Every professional can be creative in the work she does.

     You might have started to realize that you will need more than the ten skills listed earlier. Alvin Toffler once said, “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

     In some instances, relearning could be adapting what you know to a new reality. Take cell phones as an example. When they first came out, they were used solely as communications devices. Convergence happened, and now our smartphones are minicomputers. People had to relearn how to use a phone.

     In terms of work, you will have to adapt some of your skills to the jobs of the future, and you will also have to learn new skills. Here are some of the additional skills that you will need to succeed in 2020. 

     Learning how to learn. Since skills are constantly changing, you have to learn how to learn. 

     Analyzing information. When you take good and detailed notes, you can review them to pick out the big ideas, understand, and make sense of information.

     Spotting patterns and trends. I recommend that you combine ideas from the different books that you read. By doing this, you may be able to spot ideas and trends.

Communicating – written and oral. You can combine ideas that once seemed unrelated to communicate them to influencers, who can help you to shape and implement them.

Understanding and leveraging technology. Technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, so you need to understand and keep on top of it.

<https://tinyurl.com/y7pahnqf> Acesso em: 15.10.2018. Adaptado.

De acordo com o texto, algumas habilidades adicionais serão necessárias para os empregos do futuro. A capacidade de fazer anotações detalhadas, selecionar ideias principais, entender e dar sentido às informações refere-se à habilidade de

Uma garrafa térmica tem formato de um cilindro circular reto, fundo plano e diâmetro da base medindo 8,0 cm. Ela está em pé sobre uma mesa e parte do suco em seu interior já foi consumido, sendo que o nível do suco está a 13 cm da base da garrafa, como mostra a figura.

O suco é despejado num copo vazio, também de formato cilíndrico e base plana, cujo diâmetro da base é 4 cm e com altura de 7 cm. O copo fica totalmente cheio de suco, sem desperdício.

Nessas condições, o volume de suco restante na garrafa é, em cm³, aproximadamente,

Adote π = 3.

Despreze a espessura

do material da garrafa

e do copo.