Questões de Inglês do ENEM

GOAL

GOAL has worked to improve access to food for highly vulnerable and food-insecure households in many districts of Zimbabwe. We identify such households, supply them with monthly food rations, and conduct monthly post-distribution monitoring. GOAL works in the same districts, to improve access to food for the most vulnerable primary school children during the peak hungry months. The emphasis is on orphans and vulnerable children. GOAL provides short-term food security support to other vulnerable households by increasing the availability of grain, and by helping enhance their ability to meet basic needs.

Disponível em: www.goal.ie. Acesso em: 5 dez. 2012 (adaptado).

Tendo como público-alvo crianças órfãs e em situações de vulnerabilidade, a organização não governamental GOAL tem atuado no Zimbábue para

Disponível em: www.toxel.com. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2012.

A observação dos elementos verbais e visuais do anúncio leva-nos à compreensão de que o objetivo da companhia de abastecimento de água de Denver é

Text 1

NEWSWEEK Remembers Paul the Octopus

      Less than six months ago, Paul the Octopus catapulted from a life of obscurity to worldwide fame. Now, Paul has died, at the ripe old octopus age of two.

      A common octopus living at the Sea Life Center in Oberhausen, Germany, Paul was able to correctly predict the winner of all Germany's World Cup matches. Prior to the matches, Paul was given two boxes of food, identical except for the flags of the competing teams. The team represented on the box Paul chose to eat from inevitably won the match. His picking prowess made him an international star.

       Here at NEWSWEEK, we were just as taken with Paul as was the rest of the news media, and in an attempt to get inside his cephalopodial head, we sought out prestigious pet psychic Catherine Ferguson. In honor of Paul, we present that video yet again. Rest in peace, Paul the Octopus.

Newsweek, October 28th, 2010 

Analyze the following statements:

I. “Catapulted from” (line 2) can be understood as “saiu de”.

II. The sentence “Paul has died” (line 3) is in the simple past.

III. In the expressions “Sea Life Center” (line 5 and 6) and “Germany's World Cup matches” (lines 7 and 8), the expressions “Sea Life” and “Germany’s World Cup” are modifiers.

IV. The words “inevitably” and “correctly” are formed by the suffix –ly, and are adjectives.

Mark the correct alternative:

Text 1

NEWSWEEK Remembers Paul the Octopus

      Less than six months ago, Paul the Octopus catapulted from a life of obscurity to worldwide fame. Now, Paul has died, at the ripe old octopus age of two.

      A common octopus living at the Sea Life Center in Oberhausen, Germany, Paul was able to correctly predict the winner of all Germany's World Cup matches. Prior to the matches, Paul was given two boxes of food, identical except for the flags of the competing teams. The team represented on the box Paul chose to eat from inevitably won the match. His picking prowess made him an international star.

       Here at NEWSWEEK, we were just as taken with Paul as was the rest of the news media, and in an attempt to get inside his cephalopodial head, we sought out prestigious pet psychic Catherine Ferguson. In honor of Paul, we present that video yet again. Rest in peace, Paul the Octopus.

Newsweek, October 28th, 2010 

Text 2

       Because of the bright lights of the modern cities, when we look up at the sky we can see no more than 100 stars. But from dark parts of the Earth, the naked eye can see more than 5,000! And modern telescopes tell a very different story.

         With the help of some of the world’s most powerful instruments to measure the brightness of all the galaxies in one sector of the cosmos, Australian astronomers say it is probable that there are 70 sextillion stars in the visible Universe. In other words and numbers, seven followed by 22 zeroes, a really astronomical figure.

       That is more than the total number of grains of sand in all the world’s beaches and deserts, and that is only the visible Universe within range of our telescopes.

       Dr. Simon Driver, of the Australian National University, has a theory that some of them probably have life. Dr. Driver’s theory is not exactly new, and those planets are so distant, he says, that there is no real possibility for us to see or contact anyone living on them. 

Retirado do livro “Inglês série Brasil”, p. 8, 2008

Text 2

       Because of the bright lights of the modern cities, when we look up at the sky we can see no more than 100 stars. But from dark parts of the Earth, the naked eye can see more than 5,000! And modern telescopes tell a very different story.

         With the help of some of the world’s most powerful instruments to measure the brightness of all the galaxies in one sector of the cosmos, Australian astronomers say it is probable that there are 70 sextillion stars in the visible Universe. In other words and numbers, seven followed by 22 zeroes, a really astronomical figure.

       That is more than the total number of grains of sand in all the world’s beaches and deserts, and that is only the visible Universe within range of our telescopes.

       Dr. Simon Driver, of the Australian National University, has a theory that some of them probably have life. Dr. Driver’s theory is not exactly new, and those planets are so distant, he says, that there is no real possibility for us to see or contact anyone living on them. 

Retirado do livro “Inglês série Brasil”, p. 8, 2008

Text 2

       Because of the bright lights of the modern cities, when we look up at the sky we can see no more than 100 stars. But from dark parts of the Earth, the naked eye can see more than 5,000! And modern telescopes tell a very different story.

         With the help of some of the world’s most powerful instruments to measure the brightness of all the galaxies in one sector of the cosmos, Australian astronomers say it is probable that there are 70 sextillion stars in the visible Universe. In other words and numbers, seven followed by 22 zeroes, a really astronomical figure.

       That is more than the total number of grains of sand in all the world’s beaches and deserts, and that is only the visible Universe within range of our telescopes.

       Dr. Simon Driver, of the Australian National University, has a theory that some of them probably have life. Dr. Driver’s theory is not exactly new, and those planets are so distant, he says, that there is no real possibility for us to see or contact anyone living on them. 

Retirado do livro “Inglês série Brasil”, p. 8, 2008

Analyze the following statements:

I. The number of stars in the visible Universe is an astronomical figure.

II. Some stars have life, but they are too far away from the Earth.

III. There are more grains of sands on the world’s beaches and deserts than all the stars in the Universe.

IV. Life is impossible on those distant planets, according to Dr. Simon Driver.

Mark the correct alternative:

Text 3

What is a Computer?

           Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has idea about what a computer is. We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not. But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?

       A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is input, which consists of feeding data into the computer’s memory. Then comes the processing: the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the results either in printed form or on the screen.

         The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.

         Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to believe that everybody in the world is computerliterate, i.e., is familiar with computers and knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.

Inglês.com.textos para informática, p. 25, 2001

Text 3

What is a Computer?

           Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has idea about what a computer is. We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not. But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?

       A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is input, which consists of feeding data into the computer’s memory. Then comes the processing: the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the results either in printed form or on the screen.

         The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.

         Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to believe that everybody in the world is computerliterate, i.e., is familiar with computers and knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.

Inglês.com.textos para informática, p. 25, 2001

Read the following interview to answer question.

ISSIE LAPOWSKY SCIENCE 05.24.16 6:50 AM

10 YEARS AFTER AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH,

AL GORE MAY ACTUALLY BE WINNING

    AL GORE SNEEZES a hefty achoo. “Excuse me,” the former vice president says, dabbing a tissue at his nose before offering up an explanation. “Spring.”

    Outside Gore’s New York City office, spring has certainly sprung—early too. This March was the hottest one ever, beating the prior record set in March 2015. The same goes for February and January of this year, and, oh, the eight consecutive months before. Gore knows these statistics by heart. The fact that you might know them too is likely because of him. These kinds of numbers— and the scary story they tell about the future of Earth—have been Gore’s chief motivation since he failed to win the presidency in 2000. Gore emerged from that weird, disputed election armed with what is now possibly the most famous slide¬show in human history. He has traveled the world delivering that deck to hundreds of people at a time, showing in irrefutable detail just how mind-bogglingly badly we have treated our planet and what we might be able to do about it.

    Ten years ago, the slide¬show became An Inconvenient Truth, the documentary that spread those ideas to millions. Gore says he still tinkers with the slide¬show every day, because, well, the numbers keep changing. Not always for the better. Yet this year Gore and his fellow activists have a rare reason to celebrate. In April, 175 world leaders gathered at the United Nations to sign the Paris Agreement, a global pact that aims to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Now, a decade after his movie sounded the alarm about climate change and 16 years after he ran for president, it looks like Al Gore might finally be … winning?

    WIRED: Why did you want to make An Inconvenient Truth?

    GORE: I have to admit to you that initially I did not want to do a documentary.

    What? Why not?

   It’s a dumb reason. I didn’t think a slide¬show could translate into a movie. (…) Participant Media and Davis Guggenheim had to convince me it was a good idea, and I’m so glad they found ways to reveal to me the depths of my ignorance about moviemaking. It’s a message that has to be heard. Sorry to risk sounding grandiose, but the future of human civilization is at stake.

    The Paris Agreement must feel like a big point of progress.

    It really does. Sometimes in sports you can sense a palpable shift in the momentum of the contest. A team will be behind on the scoreboard, but the shift in momentum is so obvious and dramatic that you just have the feeling they’re going to win. That’s where we are in solving the climate crisis. We’re still behind on the scoreboard, but the momentum has shifted. We are winning.

    When renewable electricity becomes cheaper than electricity that comes from burning coal or gas, then that changes everything. The marketplace makes it the default option, and you get what you saw in the world in 2015—90 percent of the new electricity generated in the world last year was from renewables. That is an astonishing change. The Paris Agreement exceeded the upper range of my expectations. Does it go far enough? No, of course not. Can it be improved? Yes, it’s designed to be constantly improved, and that’s what I’m focused on now.

    You’ve been at this a long time. Was it lonely fighting for this stuff in government in the 1980s and 1990s?

    It was certainly a different time and a different environment. But I don’t ever remember feeling lonely, because I was always focused on reaching more and more people. Building a global grassroots movement is really the only way to solve this, because so many political systems have been captured by legacy industries. And that influence over policymaking has to be counterbalanced by a grassroots awareness.

    It’s sometimes tough for people to get climate change because they’re not seeing its effects every day—or at least they don’t realize they are. What have you seen that has stuck with you?

    In March, I went to Tacloban in the Philippines and talked with survivors there who endured the ravages of Super Typhoon Haiyan. When you see how their lives were utterly transformed and feel the painful losses they suffered, it certainly will stick with you. I conducted a training in Miami last fall during one of the highest high tides and saw fish from the ocean swimming in the streets in Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale on a sunny day.

    You talk a lot about “winning” the fight against climate change. How do you define a win?

   Winning means avoiding catastrophic consequences that could utterly disrupt the future of human civilization. It means bending the curves downward so that the global warming pollution stops accumulating in the atmosphere and begins to reduce in volume. It means creating tens of millions of new jobs to retrofit buildings, to transform energy systems and install advanced batteries, to transform agriculture and forestry, and to make the solutions to the climate crisis the central organizing principle of our civilization.

Source: https://www.wired.com/2016/05/wired-al-gore-climate-change/ Access October 16, 2016. Adapted.

Read the following interview to answer question.

ISSIE LAPOWSKY SCIENCE 05.24.16 6:50 AM

10 YEARS AFTER AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH,

AL GORE MAY ACTUALLY BE WINNING

    AL GORE SNEEZES a hefty achoo. “Excuse me,” the former vice president says, dabbing a tissue at his nose before offering up an explanation. “Spring.”

    Outside Gore’s New York City office, spring has certainly sprung—early too. This March was the hottest one ever, beating the prior record set in March 2015. The same goes for February and January of this year, and, oh, the eight consecutive months before. Gore knows these statistics by heart. The fact that you might know them too is likely because of him. These kinds of numbers— and the scary story they tell about the future of Earth—have been Gore’s chief motivation since he failed to win the presidency in 2000. Gore emerged from that weird, disputed election armed with what is now possibly the most famous slide¬show in human history. He has traveled the world delivering that deck to hundreds of people at a time, showing in irrefutable detail just how mind-bogglingly badly we have treated our planet and what we might be able to do about it.

    Ten years ago, the slide¬show became An Inconvenient Truth, the documentary that spread those ideas to millions. Gore says he still tinkers with the slide¬show every day, because, well, the numbers keep changing. Not always for the better. Yet this year Gore and his fellow activists have a rare reason to celebrate. In April, 175 world leaders gathered at the United Nations to sign the Paris Agreement, a global pact that aims to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Now, a decade after his movie sounded the alarm about climate change and 16 years after he ran for president, it looks like Al Gore might finally be … winning?

    WIRED: Why did you want to make An Inconvenient Truth?

    GORE: I have to admit to you that initially I did not want to do a documentary.

    What? Why not?

   It’s a dumb reason. I didn’t think a slide¬show could translate into a movie. (…) Participant Media and Davis Guggenheim had to convince me it was a good idea, and I’m so glad they found ways to reveal to me the depths of my ignorance about moviemaking. It’s a message that has to be heard. Sorry to risk sounding grandiose, but the future of human civilization is at stake.

    The Paris Agreement must feel like a big point of progress.

    It really does. Sometimes in sports you can sense a palpable shift in the momentum of the contest. A team will be behind on the scoreboard, but the shift in momentum is so obvious and dramatic that you just have the feeling they’re going to win. That’s where we are in solving the climate crisis. We’re still behind on the scoreboard, but the momentum has shifted. We are winning.

    When renewable electricity becomes cheaper than electricity that comes from burning coal or gas, then that changes everything. The marketplace makes it the default option, and you get what you saw in the world in 2015—90 percent of the new electricity generated in the world last year was from renewables. That is an astonishing change. The Paris Agreement exceeded the upper range of my expectations. Does it go far enough? No, of course not. Can it be improved? Yes, it’s designed to be constantly improved, and that’s what I’m focused on now.

    You’ve been at this a long time. Was it lonely fighting for this stuff in government in the 1980s and 1990s?

    It was certainly a different time and a different environment. But I don’t ever remember feeling lonely, because I was always focused on reaching more and more people. Building a global grassroots movement is really the only way to solve this, because so many political systems have been captured by legacy industries. And that influence over policymaking has to be counterbalanced by a grassroots awareness.

    It’s sometimes tough for people to get climate change because they’re not seeing its effects every day—or at least they don’t realize they are. What have you seen that has stuck with you?

    In March, I went to Tacloban in the Philippines and talked with survivors there who endured the ravages of Super Typhoon Haiyan. When you see how their lives were utterly transformed and feel the painful losses they suffered, it certainly will stick with you. I conducted a training in Miami last fall during one of the highest high tides and saw fish from the ocean swimming in the streets in Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale on a sunny day.

    You talk a lot about “winning” the fight against climate change. How do you define a win?

   Winning means avoiding catastrophic consequences that could utterly disrupt the future of human civilization. It means bending the curves downward so that the global warming pollution stops accumulating in the atmosphere and begins to reduce in volume. It means creating tens of millions of new jobs to retrofit buildings, to transform energy systems and install advanced batteries, to transform agriculture and forestry, and to make the solutions to the climate crisis the central organizing principle of our civilization.

Source: https://www.wired.com/2016/05/wired-al-gore-climate-change/ Access October 16, 2016. Adapted.

First read the review below and then answer question.

REVIEW: ‘MULTITUDINOUS HEART,’ NEWLY TRANSLATED POETRY BY CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE

Books of The Times

By Dwight Garner JULY 2, 2015

    Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902-1987) is widely considered the greatest poet in the history of Brazil, a country where poets are taken seriously. One of his poems, “Canção Amiga” (“Friendly Song”), was once printed on the 50 cruzados bill.

    Mr. Drummond’s bald, equine, bespectacled visage appears on T-shirts and book bags in Brazil. Since 2002 there has been a statue of him on the Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro, his adopted hometown. This statue faces away from, not toward, the ocean. This was a witty decision (he was an inward poet) that annoys the unintelligentsia, who want him spun around.

    Now we have “Multitudinous Heart,” an expanded, reshuffled and welcome selection of Mr. Drummond’s verse. In new translations by Richard Zenith, we meet a sophisticated and cerebral poet who, true to this book’s title, speaks in many registers. He is by turns melancholy and ironic, sentimental and self-deprecating, remote and boyish.

    His wealthy father owned ranches in the mountainous state of Minas Gerais, and the poet was the fifth of six children to reach adulthood. He was used to hubbub. Large family meals are recalled, and there is a constant sense of a raucous daily grind: “Weddings, mortgages,/the cousins with TB,/ the crazy aunt.”

    Yet the poems more often contain a measured sense of solitude. Mr. Drummond studied to become a pharmacist but worked most of his life as a civil servant in the Ministry of Education.

    He was said to be anything but gregarious; he was never a “smiling public man,” in Yeats’s locution. He was animated on the inside. One of his favorite words was “twisted.” He thought we humans were mostly impertinent and odd.

    He felt wizened before his time. In a 1945 poem, he speaks of “the old man in me./He began to harass me in childhood.” In a 1951 poem, “The Table,” he writes:

A bunch of louts in our fifties,

balding, used up, burned out,

yet in our chests we preserve

intact that boyish candor,

that scampering into the woods,

that craving for things forbidden.

    Mr. Drummond is worth encountering on the page. You probably need this volume and the earlier one, alas, to glimpse him in full. In a satirical 1945 poem titled “In Search of Poetry,” he offered this advice for the apprentice poet:

    Don’t dramatize, don’t invoke,

don’t inquire. Don’t waste time lying.

Don’t get cross.

Your ivory yacht, your diamond shoe,

your mazurkas and superstitions, your family skeletons

all vanish in the curve of time, they’re worthless.

    Ha. The good news about “Multitudinous Heart” is that it proves Mr. Drummond didn’t believe a word of that hooey.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/03/books/review-multitudinous-heart-newly-translated- -poetry-by-carlos-drummond-de-andrade.html Access October 15, 2016. Adapted.

First read the review below and then answer question.

REVIEW: ‘MULTITUDINOUS HEART,’ NEWLY TRANSLATED POETRY BY CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE

Books of The Times

By Dwight Garner JULY 2, 2015

    Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902-1987) is widely considered the greatest poet in the history of Brazil, a country where poets are taken seriously. One of his poems, “Canção Amiga” (“Friendly Song”), was once printed on the 50 cruzados bill.

    Mr. Drummond’s bald, equine, bespectacled visage appears on T-shirts and book bags in Brazil. Since 2002 there has been a statue of him on the Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro, his adopted hometown. This statue faces away from, not toward, the ocean. This was a witty decision (he was an inward poet) that annoys the unintelligentsia, who want him spun around.

    Now we have “Multitudinous Heart,” an expanded, reshuffled and welcome selection of Mr. Drummond’s verse. In new translations by Richard Zenith, we meet a sophisticated and cerebral poet who, true to this book’s title, speaks in many registers. He is by turns melancholy and ironic, sentimental and self-deprecating, remote and boyish.

    His wealthy father owned ranches in the mountainous state of Minas Gerais, and the poet was the fifth of six children to reach adulthood. He was used to hubbub. Large family meals are recalled, and there is a constant sense of a raucous daily grind: “Weddings, mortgages,/the cousins with TB,/ the crazy aunt.”

    Yet the poems more often contain a measured sense of solitude. Mr. Drummond studied to become a pharmacist but worked most of his life as a civil servant in the Ministry of Education.

    He was said to be anything but gregarious; he was never a “smiling public man,” in Yeats’s locution. He was animated on the inside. One of his favorite words was “twisted.” He thought we humans were mostly impertinent and odd.

    He felt wizened before his time. In a 1945 poem, he speaks of “the old man in me./He began to harass me in childhood.” In a 1951 poem, “The Table,” he writes:

A bunch of louts in our fifties,

balding, used up, burned out,

yet in our chests we preserve

intact that boyish candor,

that scampering into the woods,

that craving for things forbidden.

    Mr. Drummond is worth encountering on the page. You probably need this volume and the earlier one, alas, to glimpse him in full. In a satirical 1945 poem titled “In Search of Poetry,” he offered this advice for the apprentice poet:

    Don’t dramatize, don’t invoke,

don’t inquire. Don’t waste time lying.

Don’t get cross.

Your ivory yacht, your diamond shoe,

your mazurkas and superstitions, your family skeletons

all vanish in the curve of time, they’re worthless.

    Ha. The good news about “Multitudinous Heart” is that it proves Mr. Drummond didn’t believe a word of that hooey.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/03/books/review-multitudinous-heart-newly-translated- -poetry-by-carlos-drummond-de-andrade.html Access October 15, 2016. Adapted.

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

Based on the text, mark the statements below as true (T) or false (F).

( ) Gender inequity in medical leadership is due to few women who want to take leading positions.

( ) Difference between genders has little effect when disciplining transgressive attitudes at work.

( ) Women physicians have been found to improve the quality of health care services.

The statements are, respectively,

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.

Read the text below and answer the question. 

Advancing gender equity in medicine

        […]

        The problem of gender inequity in medical leadership is not the result of too few candidates who are not men with the appropriate experience and training to fulfill leadership roles, nor can it be explained by merely suggesting that different genders do not have the same aspirations as men. Gender inequity is largely underpinned by socially constructed gender norms, roles and relations. For example, gender roles explain why female clinicians with children spend 100.2 minutes more per day on household activities and child care than their male counterparts. This makes it more challenging for female clinicians with children to get ahead. Gender norms explain why more men are given leadership opportunities and have stronger letters of reference than other genders. Furthermore, gender relations explain why men have fewer consequences for uncivil behaviour or for harassment in the workplace compared with other genders. A recent observational study of operating room culture evaluated the prevalence and predictors of exposure to disruptive behaviour in the operating room. Disruptive behaviour was described as a range of unacceptable workplace behaviours, including incivility, bullying and harassment. A further definition provided is “interpersonal behaviour (i.e., directed toward others or occurring in the presence of others) that results in a perceived threat to victims and/or witnesses and violates a reasonable person’s standard of respectful behaviour.” The study found that clinicians who are women report more exposure to disruptive behaviour and are substantially less confident or empowered to take action to address incivility in their hospital and university settings. Gender and sexual harassment may be associated with environments that exhibit gender inequity in pay, opportunity and promotion. Disruptive behaviour and overt harassment likely endure within our medical institutions because the offenders are often considered invaluable to the organization for their stature, leadership, productivity or reputation, and are largely not held unaccountable for their actions, which further amplifies gender inequities.

        Ensuring gender equity in medicine is an issue of justice and rights. Having more physicians who are women and more women in health policy leadership also appears to enhance the provision of high-quality patient care. Large, well-conducted observational studies have shown that patients of female clinicians experience better quality of care for diabetes, and significantly lower rates of mortality, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits than those treated by male clinicians. One study considered that reasons for this may include that women spend more time with their patients, are more patient-centred in their approach and provide more evidence-based care. Two recent opinion pieces discuss research showing that female representation on corporate boards, such as hospital boards, results in more socially thoughtful decisions and less corruption. Without gender equity, we risk extinguishing creative solutions to complex health problems and, most importantly, limiting patient access to the best care. 

From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8034331/ CMAJ. 2021 Feb 16; 193(7): E244–E250.