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    Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population evolution and health


        Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest recently admixed population1 . The colonization process brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil, alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once included more than 10 million people speaking more than 1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless, similar to other populations in the Global South2 , the Brazilian population remains notably underrepresented in genomic research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity, and health status.

        To address these gaps, a research group generated 2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil. This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds, including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous people, and provides a comprehensive representation of Brazilian genomic diversity.


    (Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)


    1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding of two or more previously isolated populations.

    2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed or underdeveloped.
    In the excerpt from the first paragraph “The colonization process brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil, alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans”, the underlined word can be replaced, without meaning change, by:
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    Admixture’s impact on Brazilian population evolution and health


        Brazil is a vast continental country home to the largest population in Latin America and boasts the world’s largest recently admixed population1 . The colonization process brought approximately 5 million Europeans to Brazil, alongside the forced migration of at least 5 million Africans and the decimation of Indigenous populations, which once included more than 10 million people speaking more than 1000 languages. This distinctive historical interplay shaped a complex mosaic of genetic diversity, underscoring the importance of detailed genomic studies. Nevertheless, similar to other populations in the Global South2 , the Brazilian population remains notably underrepresented in genomic research, where there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of this population’s admixture on its evolution, diversity, and health status.

        To address these gaps, a research group generated 2723 high-coverage whole-genome sequences of the Brazilian population, encompassing urban, rural, and riverine communities from all five geographical regions of Brazil. This dataset reflects a diverse group of ethnic backgrounds, including Afro-Brazilians and descendants of Indigenous people, and provides a comprehensive representation of Brazilian genomic diversity.


    (Kelly Nunes et al. www.science.org, 15.05.2025. Adaptado.)


    1admixed population: group of individuals formed through interbreeding of two or more previously isolated populations.

    2Global South: a group of countries mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere that are often characterized as developing, less developed or underdeveloped.
    According to the first paragraph, one of the facts about the Brazilian population is:
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        During the nineteen-seventies and eighties, a researcher at the University of Washington started noticing something strange in the college’s experimental forest. For years, a blight of caterpillars had been munching the trees to death. Then, suddenly, the caterpillars themselves started dying off. The forest was able to recover. But what had happened to the caterpillars? The researcher, David Rhoades, who had a background in chemistry and zoology, found that the trees in the forest had changed the chemistry of their leaves, to the detriment of the caterpillars. Even more surprising, trees that had been nibbled by caterpillars weren’t the only ones that had changed their chemistry. Some were changing their leaves before caterpillars reached them, as if they’d received a warning. A shocking possibility presented itself: the trees were signalling to one another.
        Zoë Schlanger recounts Rhoades’s story in her new book, “The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth.”
        The contemporary world of botany that Schlanger explores in “The Light Eaters” is still divided over the matter of how plants sense the world and whether they can be said to communicate. But, in the past twenty years, the idea that plants communicate has gained broader acceptance. Research in recent decades has shown garden-variety lima beans protecting themselves by synthesizing and releasing chemicals to summon the predators of the insects that eat them; lab-grown pea shoots navigating mazes and responding to the sound of running water; and a chameleonic vine in the jungles of Chile mimicking the shape and color of nearby plants by a mechanism that’s not yet understood.
        Schlanger acknowledges that some of the research yields as many questions as answers. It’s not clear how the vine gathers information about surrounding plants to perform its mimicry.


    New Yorker. 12 June 2024. Adaptado.
    O caso da vinha chilena apresentado no texto suscita questionamentos científicos quanto
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        During the nineteen-seventies and eighties, a researcher at the University of Washington started noticing something strange in the college’s experimental forest. For years, a blight of caterpillars had been munching the trees to death. Then, suddenly, the caterpillars themselves started dying off. The forest was able to recover. But what had happened to the caterpillars? The researcher, David Rhoades, who had a background in chemistry and zoology, found that the trees in the forest had changed the chemistry of their leaves, to the detriment of the caterpillars. Even more surprising, trees that had been nibbled by caterpillars weren’t the only ones that had changed their chemistry. Some were changing their leaves before caterpillars reached them, as if they’d received a warning. A shocking possibility presented itself: the trees were signalling to one another.
        Zoë Schlanger recounts Rhoades’s story in her new book, “The Light Eaters: How the Unseen World of Plant Intelligence Offers a New Understanding of Life on Earth.”
        The contemporary world of botany that Schlanger explores in “The Light Eaters” is still divided over the matter of how plants sense the world and whether they can be said to communicate. But, in the past twenty years, the idea that plants communicate has gained broader acceptance. Research in recent decades has shown garden-variety lima beans protecting themselves by synthesizing and releasing chemicals to summon the predators of the insects that eat them; lab-grown pea shoots navigating mazes and responding to the sound of running water; and a chameleonic vine in the jungles of Chile mimicking the shape and color of nearby plants by a mechanism that’s not yet understood.
        Schlanger acknowledges that some of the research yields as many questions as answers. It’s not clear how the vine gathers information about surrounding plants to perform its mimicry.


    New Yorker. 12 June 2024. Adaptado.
    Conforme o texto, a experiência conduzida por David Rhoades, na floresta experimental da Universidade de Washington, tornou-se marcante para a botânica, por revelar a
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    Imagem da questão de Inglês, FUVEST 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension






       Researchers investigated the quantities of thousands of muscle proteins and found a possible new explanation for muscle memory. A study showed for the first time that muscles "remember" training at the protein level. It is often thought that the effects of exercise are short-lived, and a break from the gym can cause stress over muscle loss. However, the research has shown that this stress is partly unnecessary, as the effects of resistance training persist in muscles for up to two months and the gains are fast when training is started again. But what mechanisms and changes at the cellular and molecular levels explain muscle memory? In the study, ten weeks of resistance training was followed by a break of the same length and then followed by another ten weeks of resistance training. Using the proteomics method, it was possible to study the quantities of over 3,000 muscle proteins using advanced mass spectrometry equipment. The study found two types of change profiles in muscle proteins. Some proteins changed as a result of training, returned to their pre-training state during the break, and changed again during the new training period similarly to the first training period. These included proteins related to aerobic metabolism. Another group of proteins changed as a result of training and remained changed during the break and after the new training period. Among these proteins were several calcium-binding proteins, such as calpain-2, whose gene has recently been identified to retain a memory trace even after a training break. "At the level of the number of muscle nuclei and the memory traces of genes, that is, epigenetics, long-term responses that persist even after a break and possibly explain 'muscle memory' have previously been observed," says a researcher. "Now, for the first time, we have shown that muscles 'remember' previous resistance training at the protein level for at least two and a half months."




    Disponível em https://jyu.fi/en/news/. 14 April 2025. Adaptado.
    Segundo o texto, os experimentos demonstram que
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    Nearly a century ago, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is getting larger. Modern measurements of how fast it is expanding disagree, however, suggesting that our understanding of the laws of physics might be off. Everyone expected the sharp vision of the James Webb Space Telescope to bring the answer into focus. But a long-awaited analysis of the telescope’s observations released late Monday evening once again gleans conflicting expansion rates from different types of data, while homing in on possible sources of error at the heart of the conflict.

    Two rival teams have led the effort to measure the cosmic expansion rate, which is known as the Hubble constant, or H0. One of these teams, led by Adam Riess of Johns Hopkins University, has consistently measured H0 to be about 8 percent higher than the theoretical prediction for how fast space should be expanding, based on the cosmos’s known ingredients and governing equations. This discrepancy, known as the Hubble tension, suggests that the theoretical model of the cosmos might be missing something—some extra ingredient or effect that speeds up cosmic expansion.

    Riess and his team released their latest measurement of H0 based on Webb data this spring, getting a value that agrees with their earlier estimates.

    But for years a rival team led by Wendy Freedman of the University of Chicago has urged caution, arguing that cleaner measurements were needed. Her team’s own measurements of H0 have invariably landed closer than Riess’ to the theoretical prediction, implying that the Hubble tension may not be real.

    Since the Webb telescope started taking data in 2022, the astrophysics community has awaited Freedman’s multipronged analysis using the telescope’s observations of three types of stars. Now, the results are in: Two types of stars yield H0 estimates that align with the theoretical prediction, while the third—the same type of star Riess uses—matches his team’s higher H0 value.


    Disponível em https://wired.com/. 08 Sep 2024. Adaptado.
    De acordo com o texto, a abordagem metodológica da equipe de Adam Riess¬
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    Considere o texto a seguir:




    Imagem da questão de Inglês, FUVEST 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension



        Ice flows across Antarctica and continues to do so as it reaches the edge of the land mass and extends over the ocean. The huge floating tongues of ice often remain attached to the continent. Anything that remains grounded on the land is part of the Antarctic ice sheet; the floating part is an ice shelf. Floating ice shelves surround three-quarters of Antarctica’s coast and make up about 11% of its total area. One of the largest, the Ross Ice Shelf, is roughly the size of France. The George VI Ice Shelf is shown in the image, taken by NASA’s Landsat 8 in January 2020.

        It may seem intuitive that all the ice added to the ocean from melting ice shelves would raise global sea level, but that’s not the case. By Archimedes’s principle, ice shelves floating on the water have already displaced their own weight, so their disintegration or melting won’t change the water level. Ice shelves do, however, regulate the speed of glaciers on Antarctica’s land. Ice shelves act to hold glaciers back. Take  the shelf away, and the glaciers are free to speed up and flow into the ocean. Any ice and liquid water that the glaciers take with them will raise sea level. Of Earth’s fresh water, 70% is stored in Antarctica’s ice; that is the equivalent of about 58 meters of sea-level rise if all of it were to melt.


    Buzzard, S. “The surface hydrology of Antarctica’s floating ice”. Physics Today 75, 28-33 (2022). Adaptado.





    Segundo o texto, é correto afirmar:

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    TEXTO 1


    THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON SELF-IDENTITY FORMATION: A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE


    Berumen Victoria




    Imagem da questão de Inglês, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Maricá (FACMAR) 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension



    Available at: https://www.stasson.org/the-impact-of-social-media-on-self-identity-formation-a-psychological-and-sociological-perspective/. Accessed August 30th, 2025. (Adapted).

    Still, this virtual social landscape can also lead to shallow interactions, with the quantity of connections often overshadowing the quality of relationships. (l. 12-14)


    The discourse marker “still” that opens this sentence helps convey the following idea:
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    Leia o parágrafo.


    Bali and Lombok are neighbouring islands; both are part of the Indonesian archipelago. It is easy to appreciate each island as an attractive tourist destination – majestic scenery; rich culture; white sands and warm, azure waters draw visitors like magnets every year. Snorkelling and diving around the nearby Gili Islands is magnificent, with marine fish, starfish, turtles and coral reef present in abundance. Whereas Bali is predominantly a Hindu country, the inhabitants of Lombok are mostly Muslim with a Hindu minority. Bali is known for its elaborate, traditional dancing which is inspired by its Hindi beliefs. Most of the dancing portrays tales of good versus evil; to watch it is a breathtaking experience. Art is another Balinese passion – batik paintings and carved statues make popular souvenirs. Artists can be seen whittling and painting on the streets, particularly in Ubud. The island is home to some spectacular temples, the most significant being the Mother Temple, Besakih. Lombok, too, has some impressive points of interest – the majestic Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano and the second highest peak in Indonesia. Like Bali, Lombok has several temples worthy of a visit, though they are less prolific. Lombok remains the most understated of the two islands.


    Disponível em: https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/preparing-for-uni/0/steps/1177/. Acesso em: 11 set. 2025.

    Considerando-se esse parágrafo, associe corretamente a palavra, no contexto em que foi empregada no texto, ao seu sinônimo.


    PALAVRAS                                                       SINÔNIMOS

    1 - Breathtaking                                                   ( ) Intricate

    2 - Elaborate                                                        ( ) Stunning

    3 - Worthy                                                            ( ) Deserving


    A sequência correta para essa associação é:

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    Leia o texto.


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, Universidade Federal de Itajubá 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension


    Disponível em: https://www.thepopverse.com/one-of-frances-top-modern-webcomics-creators-boulet-is-finally-coming-to-us-english-speakers/. Acesso em: 10 set. 2025.


    Informe se é verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F) o que se afirma sobre a história em quadrinhos.



    ( ) O processo criativo começa com uma ideia.


    ( ) São necessários poucos meses para que o livro fique completo.


    ( ) A coerência faz parte do processo criativo.


    ( ) Se o resultado é monstruoso, ele deve ser descartado.



    De acordo com as afirmações, a sequência correta é:

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    Examine a tira de Bill Watterson.


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    (www.facebook.com)


    In the comic strip, Calvin, the boy,


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    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension


    (www.farmprogress.com, 25.03.2025. Adaptado.)


    1acreage: an area of land measured in acres.

    2bushel: a measure internationally used for grains; for soybean, it is equivalent to 27,216 kg.



    According to the information presented in the chart, 


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    Dr. Mariangela Hungria will receive the $500,000 award for her work to utilize biological processes to sustainably improve crop1 nutrition, yields2 and productivity. The scientist whose discoveries helped Brazil become a global agricultural powerhouse has been named the 2025 World Food Prize Laureate.



    Dr. Mariangela Hungria, a microbiologist from São Paulo, has developed dozens of biological seed and soil treatments that help crops source nutrients through soil bacteria, significantly increasing yields of major crops while also reducing the need for synthetic fertilizer. Her products are estimated to have been used across more than 40 million hectares in Brazil, saving farmers up to US$40 billion a year in costs while avoiding more than 180 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per year.



    Dr. Hungria’s work has helped improve yields of wheat, corn, rice, common beans, and other major crops, including soybean, which is now Brazil’s top agricultural export. Over her 40-year career with the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), national soybean production increased from 15 million tons in 1979 to an anticipated 173 million tons in the next harvest3 in 2025.



    Dr. Hungria, who overcame prejudices against women and young mothers in academia to be named one of the 100 most powerful women in agriculture in Brazil by Forbes magazine in 2021, said she was inspired by Dr. Norman Borlaug, the father of the Green Revolution and founder of the World Food Prize. “I like to say that he made the Green Revolution possible, and we had this great opportunity to start a ‘micro green revolution’ — a green revolution, but with microorganisms,” she added. “I can’t quite believe I am now receiving the World Food Prize. Many people questioned me and my abilities throughout my career but I believed in what I was doing and persevered. The role of women in agriculture, from farming to science, deserves more recognition. I hope my achievement inspires others to pursue their passions in science.”



    (www.worldfoodprize.org, 13.05.2025. Adaptado.)


    1crop: cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially grain, fruit or vegetable.


    2yields: the full amounts of an agricultural product.


    3harvest: the crops that are cut and collected.

    In the excerpt from the fourth paragraph “this great opportunity to start a ‘micro green revolution’ — a green revolution, but with microorganisms”, the underlined phrase

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    Dr. Mariangela Hungria will receive the $500,000 award for her work to utilize biological processes to sustainably improve crop1 nutrition, yields2 and productivity. The scientist whose discoveries helped Brazil become a global agricultural powerhouse has been named the 2025 World Food Prize Laureate.



    Dr. Mariangela Hungria, a microbiologist from São Paulo, has developed dozens of biological seed and soil treatments that help crops source nutrients through soil bacteria, significantly increasing yields of major crops while also reducing the need for synthetic fertilizer. Her products are estimated to have been used across more than 40 million hectares in Brazil, saving farmers up to US$40 billion a year in costs while avoiding more than 180 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per year.



    Dr. Hungria’s work has helped improve yields of wheat, corn, rice, common beans, and other major crops, including soybean, which is now Brazil’s top agricultural export. Over her 40-year career with the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), national soybean production increased from 15 million tons in 1979 to an anticipated 173 million tons in the next harvest3 in 2025.



    Dr. Hungria, who overcame prejudices against women and young mothers in academia to be named one of the 100 most powerful women in agriculture in Brazil by Forbes magazine in 2021, said she was inspired by Dr. Norman Borlaug, the father of the Green Revolution and founder of the World Food Prize. “I like to say that he made the Green Revolution possible, and we had this great opportunity to start a ‘micro green revolution’ — a green revolution, but with microorganisms,” she added. “I can’t quite believe I am now receiving the World Food Prize. Many people questioned me and my abilities throughout my career but I believed in what I was doing and persevered. The role of women in agriculture, from farming to science, deserves more recognition. I hope my achievement inspires others to pursue their passions in science.”



    (www.worldfoodprize.org, 13.05.2025. Adaptado.)


    1crop: cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially grain, fruit or vegetable.


    2yields: the full amounts of an agricultural product.


    3harvest: the crops that are cut and collected.

    No trecho do segundo parágrafo “saving farmers up to US$40 billion a year in costs while avoiding more than 180 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per year”, o termo sublinhado indica


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    Examine o cartaz para responder à questão.


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    (https://commons.wikimedia.org. Adaptado.)

    In the excerpt from the poster “Do not bring this pest home”, the underlined word refers to

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    Examine o cartaz para responder à questão.


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, UNESP 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    (https://commons.wikimedia.org. Adaptado.)

    The main purpose of the poster is to


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    Read Text III below and answer the  question that follow it.


    Text III


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    From:https://images.baklol.com/08753e49e68e27620affe1eb2c60c1441450870314. JPG

    In the second panel, the phone
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    Read Text II below and answer the question that follow it.

    Text II


    Imagem da questão de Inglês, Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná 2025, Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension

    From: https://cdn.quotesgram.com/img/31/9/1932969763-Thoreau-empathyquote.jpg
    The phrasal verb “take place” in this poster means to
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    Read Text I below and answer the  question that follow it.


    Text I


    Jonathan Haidt: How to make the 'anxious generation' happy again


    Academics researching wellbeing have for a long time almost unanimously agreed on one thing: over the typical lifetime, happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve, peaking at 30, plummeting at age 50, before spiking again after 70. It’s a pattern replicated using data going back as far as the 1970s in almost 150 countries.

    But around 2011, researchers noticed an astonishing reversal in this trend. “This empirical regularity has been replaced by a monotonic decrease in ill-being by age,” they reported in an NBER working paper. In plain English, younger people today are unhappier, both compared to previous generations and to their older peers. Or, to quote the title of the most recent book from Jonathan Haidt, Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York University, they are the anxious generation […].

    Today, rather than playing with their friends, kids stay at home on their devices. Instead of hearing chatter and laughter in the corridor of schools, we hear the gentle tapping of screens. The social isolation many of us experienced during pandemic-induced lockdowns was nothing new for children, Haidt said. “They began social distancing as soon as they got smartphones.”

    The good news for parents is that, while this trend is worrying, it is not inevitable. There are things we can do. “We can turn this around with four new norms,” Haidt proposed.

    The first norm is a commitment to not give our children a smartphone until they are at least 14. “Give them a flip-phone if you want to, so they can call and text you,” he said. “But don’t give the entire world access to your child.” The second is to not allow our children to use social media until they are at least 16. “Social media is wildly inappropriate for children — you have strangers trying to talk to them, cyberbullying, explosive drama.”

    The third norm is that schools should be a phone-free environment. “All schools need to be phone free from bell to bell — from the morning when kids arrive to the end when they leave,” Haidt explained.

    And finally, the fourth norm involves going back to a time where parents felt more comfortable letting their kids walk to the shops or play outside with friends. “The fourth norm is to give them much more independence in the real world,” he said. “Ultimately, our mission is to restore childhood: the kind of wonderful, fun, exciting childhood we all had, which was full of conflicts, failures, exploration, adventure, risk-taking, thrills and all those emotions that you experienced not with your parents, but when you were out, away from your secure home base.”


    Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/jonathan-haidt-digitaltechnology-social-media-childhood/
    When the author argues that the trend “is not inevitable” (4th paragraph), he means that it is 
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    Read Text I below and answer the  question that follow it.


    Text I


    Jonathan Haidt: How to make the 'anxious generation' happy again


    Academics researching wellbeing have for a long time almost unanimously agreed on one thing: over the typical lifetime, happiness tends to follow a U-shaped curve, peaking at 30, plummeting at age 50, before spiking again after 70. It’s a pattern replicated using data going back as far as the 1970s in almost 150 countries.

    But around 2011, researchers noticed an astonishing reversal in this trend. “This empirical regularity has been replaced by a monotonic decrease in ill-being by age,” they reported in an NBER working paper. In plain English, younger people today are unhappier, both compared to previous generations and to their older peers. Or, to quote the title of the most recent book from Jonathan Haidt, Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York University, they are the anxious generation […].

    Today, rather than playing with their friends, kids stay at home on their devices. Instead of hearing chatter and laughter in the corridor of schools, we hear the gentle tapping of screens. The social isolation many of us experienced during pandemic-induced lockdowns was nothing new for children, Haidt said. “They began social distancing as soon as they got smartphones.”

    The good news for parents is that, while this trend is worrying, it is not inevitable. There are things we can do. “We can turn this around with four new norms,” Haidt proposed.

    The first norm is a commitment to not give our children a smartphone until they are at least 14. “Give them a flip-phone if you want to, so they can call and text you,” he said. “But don’t give the entire world access to your child.” The second is to not allow our children to use social media until they are at least 16. “Social media is wildly inappropriate for children — you have strangers trying to talk to them, cyberbullying, explosive drama.”

    The third norm is that schools should be a phone-free environment. “All schools need to be phone free from bell to bell — from the morning when kids arrive to the end when they leave,” Haidt explained.

    And finally, the fourth norm involves going back to a time where parents felt more comfortable letting their kids walk to the shops or play outside with friends. “The fourth norm is to give them much more independence in the real world,” he said. “Ultimately, our mission is to restore childhood: the kind of wonderful, fun, exciting childhood we all had, which was full of conflicts, failures, exploration, adventure, risk-taking, thrills and all those emotions that you experienced not with your parents, but when you were out, away from your secure home base.”


    Adapted from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/jonathan-haidt-digitaltechnology-social-media-childhood/
    The phrase “as soon as” in “as soon as they got smartphones” (3rd paragraph) indicates 
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