Questões: Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) — com gabarito

Leia a crônica “Premonitório”, de Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902-1987).

      Do fundo de Pernambuco, o pai mandou-lhe um telegrama:

“Não saia casa 3 outubro abraços”.

     O rapaz releu, sob emoção grave. Ainda bem que o velho avisara: em cima da hora, mas avisara. Olhou a data: 28 de setembro. Puxa vida, telegrama com a nota de urgente, levar cinco dias de Garanhuns a Belo Horizonte! Só mesmo com uma revolução esse telégrafo endireita. E passado às sete da manhã, veja só; o pai nem tomara o mingau com broa,precipitara-se na agência para expedir a mensagem.

    Não havia tempo a perder. Marcara encontros para o dia seguinte, e precisava cancelar tudo, sem alarde, como se deve agir em tais ocasiões. Pegou o telefone, pediu linha,mas a voz de d. Anita não respondeu. Havia tempo que morava naquele hotel e jamais deixara de ouvir o “pois não” melodioso de d. Anita, durante o dia. A voz grossa, que resmungara qualquer coisa, não era de empregado da casa; insistira:“como é?”, e a ligação foi dificultosa, havia besouros na linha.Falou rapidamente a diversas pessoas, aludiu a uma ponte que talvez resistisse ainda uns dias, teve oportunidade de escandir as sílabas de arma virumque cano1, disse que achava pouco cem mil unidades, em tal emergência, e arrematou:“Dia 4 nós conversamos.” Vestiu-se, desceu. Na portaria, um sujeito de panamá bege, chapéu de aba larga e sapato de duas cores levantou-se e seguiu-o. Tomou um carro, o outro fez o mesmo. Desceu na praça da Liberdade e pôs-se a contemplar um ponto qualquer. Tirou do bolso um caderninho e anotou qualquer coisa. Aí, já havia dois sujeitos de panamá, aba larga e sapato bicolor, confabulando a pequena distância.Foi saindo de mansinho, mas os dois lhe seguiram na cola. Estava calmo, com o telegrama do pai dobrado na carteira, placidez satisfeita na alma. O pai avisara a tempo, tudo correria bem. Ia tomar a calçada quando a baioneta em riste advertiu: “Passe de largo”; a Delegacia Fiscal estava cercada de praças, havia armas cruzadas nos antos. Nos Correios, a mesma coisa, também na Telefônica. Bondes passavam escoltados. Caminhões conduziam tropa, jipes chispavam. As manchetes dos jornais eram sombrias; pouca gente na rua. Céu escuro, abafado, chuva próxima.

    Dia 4, sem golpe nenhum, foi mandado em paz. O sonho se confirmara: realmente, não devia ter saído de casa.

(70 historinhas, 2016.)

1 arma virumque cano: “canto as armas e o varão” (palavras iniciais da
epopeia Eneida, do escritor Vergílio, referentes ao herói Eneias).

“Deliberou deitar-se, embora a noite apenas começasse.” (4º parágrafo)

Em relação à oração anterior, a oração destacada exprime ideia de

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Reducing food waste would mitigate climate change, study shows

April 7, 2016

    Reducing food waste around the world would help curb emissions of planet-warming gases, lessening some of the impacts of climate change such as more extreme weather and rising seas, scientists said on Thursday.
    Up to 14% of emissions from agriculture in 2050 could be avoided by managing food use and distribution better, according to a new study from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). “Agriculture is a major driver of climate change, accounting for more than 20% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010,” said co-author Prajal Pradhan. “Avoiding food loss and waste would therefore avoid unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions and help mitigate climate change.”
    Between 30 and 40% of food produced around the world is never eaten, because it is spoiled after harvest and during transportation, or thrown away by shops and consumers. The share of food wasted is expected to increase drastically if emerging economies like China and India adopt western food habits, including a shift to eating more meat, the researchers warned. Richer countries tend to consume more food than is healthy or simply waste it, they noted.
    As poorer countries develop and the world’s population grows, emissions associated with food waste could soar from 0.5 gigatonnes (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year to between 1.9 and 2.5 GT annually by mid-century, showed the study published in the Environmental Science & Technology journal. It is widely argued that cutting food waste and distributing the world’s surplus food where it is needed could help tackle hunger in places that do not have enough - especially given that land to expand farming is limited.
    But Jürgen Kropp, another of the study’s co-authors and PIK’s head of climate change and development, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation the potential for food waste curbs to reduce emissions should be given more attention. “It is not a strategy of governments at the moment,” he said.

             (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Reducing food waste would mitigate climate change, study shows

April 7, 2016

    Reducing food waste around the world would help curb emissions of planet-warming gases, lessening some of the impacts of climate change such as more extreme weather and rising seas, scientists said on Thursday.
    Up to 14% of emissions from agriculture in 2050 could be avoided by managing food use and distribution better, according to a new study from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). “Agriculture is a major driver of climate change, accounting for more than 20% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010,” said co-author Prajal Pradhan. “Avoiding food loss and waste would therefore avoid unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions and help mitigate climate change.”
    Between 30 and 40% of food produced around the world is never eaten, because it is spoiled after harvest and during transportation, or thrown away by shops and consumers. The share of food wasted is expected to increase drastically if emerging economies like China and India adopt western food habits, including a shift to eating more meat, the researchers warned. Richer countries tend to consume more food than is healthy or simply waste it, they noted.
    As poorer countries develop and the world’s population grows, emissions associated with food waste could soar from 0.5 gigatonnes (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year to between 1.9 and 2.5 GT annually by mid-century, showed the study published in the Environmental Science & Technology journal. It is widely argued that cutting food waste and distributing the world’s surplus food where it is needed could help tackle hunger in places that do not have enough - especially given that land to expand farming is limited.
    But Jürgen Kropp, another of the study’s co-authors and PIK’s head of climate change and development, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation the potential for food waste curbs to reduce emissions should be given more attention. “It is not a strategy of governments at the moment,” he said.

             (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

Reducing food waste would mitigate climate change, study shows

April 7, 2016

    Reducing food waste around the world would help curb emissions of planet-warming gases, lessening some of the impacts of climate change such as more extreme weather and rising seas, scientists said on Thursday.
    Up to 14% of emissions from agriculture in 2050 could be avoided by managing food use and distribution better, according to a new study from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). “Agriculture is a major driver of climate change, accounting for more than 20% of overall global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010,” said co-author Prajal Pradhan. “Avoiding food loss and waste would therefore avoid unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions and help mitigate climate change.”
    Between 30 and 40% of food produced around the world is never eaten, because it is spoiled after harvest and during transportation, or thrown away by shops and consumers. The share of food wasted is expected to increase drastically if emerging economies like China and India adopt western food habits, including a shift to eating more meat, the researchers warned. Richer countries tend to consume more food than is healthy or simply waste it, they noted.
    As poorer countries develop and the world’s population grows, emissions associated with food waste could soar from 0.5 gigatonnes (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year to between 1.9 and 2.5 GT annually by mid-century, showed the study published in the Environmental Science & Technology journal. It is widely argued that cutting food waste and distributing the world’s surplus food where it is needed could help tackle hunger in places that do not have enough - especially given that land to expand farming is limited.
    But Jürgen Kropp, another of the study’s co-authors and PIK’s head of climate change and development, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation the potential for food waste curbs to reduce emissions should be given more attention. “It is not a strategy of governments at the moment,” he said.

             (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o trecho inicial de Raízes do Brasil, do historiador brasileiro Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (1902-1982), para responder à questão.

    A tentativa de implantação da cultura europeia em extenso território, dotado de condições naturais, se não adversas, largamente estranhas à sua tradição milenar, é, nas origens da sociedade brasileira, o fato dominante e mais rico em consequências. Trazendo de países distantes nossas formas de convívio, nossas instituições, nossas ideias, e timbrando em manter tudo isso em ambiente muitas vezes desfavorável e hostil, somos ainda hoje uns desterrados em nossa terra. Podemos construir obras excelentes, enriquecer nossa humanidade de aspectos novos e imprevistos, elevar à perfeição o tipo de civilização que representamos: o certo é que todo o fruto de nosso trabalho ou de nossa preguiça parece participar de um sistema de evolução próprio de outro clima e de outra paisagem.
    Assim, antes de perguntar até que ponto poderá alcançar bom êxito a tentativa, caberia averiguar até onde temos podido representar aquelas formas de convívio, instituições e ideias de que somos herdeiros.
    É significativa, em primeiro lugar, a circunstância de termos recebido a herança através de uma nação ibérica. A Espanha e Portugal são, com a Rússia e os países balcânicos (e em certo sentido também a Inglaterra), um dos territórios- -ponte pelos quais a Europa se comunica com os outros mundos. Assim, eles constituem uma zona fronteiriça, de transição, menos carregada, em alguns casos, desse europeísmo que, não obstante, mantêm como um patrimônio necessário.
    Foi a partir da época dos grandes descobrimentos marítimos que os dois países entraram mais decididamente no coro europeu. Esse ingresso tardio deveria repercutir intensamente em seus destinos, determinando muitos aspectos peculiares de sua história e de sua formação espiritual. Surgiu, assim, um tipo de sociedade que se desenvolveria, em alguns sentidos, quase à margem das congêneres europeias, e sem delas receber qualquer incitamento que já não trouxesse em germe.
    Quais os fundamentos em que assentam de preferência as formas de vida social nessa região indecisa entre a Europa e a África, que se estende dos Pireneus a Gibraltar? Como explicar muitas daquelas formas, sem recorrer a indicações mais ou menos vagas e que jamais nos conduziriam a uma estrita objetividade?
    Precisamente a comparação entre elas e as da Europa de além-Pireneus faz ressaltar uma característica bem peculiar à gente da península Ibérica, uma característica que ela está longe de partilhar, pelo menos na mesma intensidade, com qualquer de seus vizinhos do continente. É que nenhum desses vizinhos soube desenvolver a tal extremo essa cultura da personalidade, que parece constituir o traço mais decisivo na evolução da gente hispânica, desde tempos imemoriais. Pode dizer-se, realmente, que pela importância particular que atribuem ao valor próprio da pessoa humana, à autonomia de cada um dos homens em relação aos semelhantes no tempo e no espaço, devem os espanhóis e portugueses muito de sua originalidade nacional. [...]
    É dela que resulta largamente a singular tibieza das formas de organização, de todas as associações que impliquem solidariedade e ordenação entre esses povos. Em terra onde todos são barões não é possível acordo coletivo durável, a não ser por uma força exterior respeitável e temida.

(Raízes do Brasil, 2000.)

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    Poverty may hinder kids’ brain development, study says

    Reduced gray matter, lower test scores reported for poor children

July 20, 2015

    Poverty appears to affect the brain development of children, hampering the growth of gray matter and impairing their academic performance, researchers report. Poor children tend to have as much as 10 percent less gray matter in several areas of the brain associated with academic skills, according to a study published July 20 in JAMA Pediatrics. “We used to think of poverty as a ‘social’ issue, but what we are learning now is that it is a biomedical issue that is affecting brain growth,” said senior study author Seth Pollak, a professor of psychology, pediatrics, anthropology and neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

   The results could have profound implications for the United States, where low-income students now represent the majority of kids in public schools, the study authors said in background information. Fifty-one percent of public school students came from low-income families in 2013.

    Previous studies have shown that children living in poverty tend to perform poorly in school, the authors say. They have markedly lower test scores, and do not go as far in school as their well-off peers.

    To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a child’s brain, Pollak and his colleagues analyzed MRI scans of 389 typically developing kids aged 4 to 22, assessing the amount of gray matter in the whole brain as well as the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and hippocampus. “Gray matter contains most of the brain’s neuronal cells,” Pollak said. “In other words, other parts of the brain – like white matter – carry information from one section of the brain to another. But the gray matter is where seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self-control occur.”

    Children living below 150 percent of the federal poverty level – US$ 36,375 for a family of four – had 3 percent to 4 percent less gray matter in important regions of their brain, compared to the norm, the authors found. Those in families living below the federal poverty level fared even worse, with 8 percent to 10 percent less gray matter in those same brain regions. The federal poverty level in 2015 is US$ 24,250 for a family of four. These same kids scored an average of four to seven points lower on standardized tests, the researchers said.

    The team estimated that as much as 20 percent of the gap in test scores could be explained by reduced brain development. A host of poverty-related issues likely contribute to developmental lags in children’s brains, Pollak said. Low-income kids are less likely to get the type of stimulation from their parents and environment that helps the brain grow, he said. For example, they hear fewer new words, and have fewer opportunities to read or play games. Their brain development also can be affected by factors related to impoverishment, such as high stress levels, poor sleep, crowding and poor nutrition, Pollak said.

    This study serves as a call to action, given what’s already known about the effects of poverty on child development, said Dr. Joan Luby, a professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. “The thing that’s really important about this study in the context of the broader literature is that there really is enough scientific evidence to take public health action at this point,” said Luby, who wrote an editorial accompanying the study. “Poverty negatively affects brain development, and we also know that early interventions are powerfully effective,” Luby said. “They are more effective than interventions later in life, and they also are cost-effective.”

(www.nlm.nih.gov. Adaptado.)

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    Poverty may hinder kids’ brain development, study says

    Reduced gray matter, lower test scores reported for poor children

July 20, 2015

    Poverty appears to affect the brain development of children, hampering the growth of gray matter and impairing their academic performance, researchers report. Poor children tend to have as much as 10 percent less gray matter in several areas of the brain associated with academic skills, according to a study published July 20 in JAMA Pediatrics. “We used to think of poverty as a ‘social’ issue, but what we are learning now is that it is a biomedical issue that is affecting brain growth,” said senior study author Seth Pollak, a professor of psychology, pediatrics, anthropology and neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

   The results could have profound implications for the United States, where low-income students now represent the majority of kids in public schools, the study authors said in background information. Fifty-one percent of public school students came from low-income families in 2013.

    Previous studies have shown that children living in poverty tend to perform poorly in school, the authors say. They have markedly lower test scores, and do not go as far in school as their well-off peers.

    To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a child’s brain, Pollak and his colleagues analyzed MRI scans of 389 typically developing kids aged 4 to 22, assessing the amount of gray matter in the whole brain as well as the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and hippocampus. “Gray matter contains most of the brain’s neuronal cells,” Pollak said. “In other words, other parts of the brain – like white matter – carry information from one section of the brain to another. But the gray matter is where seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self-control occur.”

    Children living below 150 percent of the federal poverty level – US$ 36,375 for a family of four – had 3 percent to 4 percent less gray matter in important regions of their brain, compared to the norm, the authors found. Those in families living below the federal poverty level fared even worse, with 8 percent to 10 percent less gray matter in those same brain regions. The federal poverty level in 2015 is US$ 24,250 for a family of four. These same kids scored an average of four to seven points lower on standardized tests, the researchers said.

    The team estimated that as much as 20 percent of the gap in test scores could be explained by reduced brain development. A host of poverty-related issues likely contribute to developmental lags in children’s brains, Pollak said. Low-income kids are less likely to get the type of stimulation from their parents and environment that helps the brain grow, he said. For example, they hear fewer new words, and have fewer opportunities to read or play games. Their brain development also can be affected by factors related to impoverishment, such as high stress levels, poor sleep, crowding and poor nutrition, Pollak said.

    This study serves as a call to action, given what’s already known about the effects of poverty on child development, said Dr. Joan Luby, a professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. “The thing that’s really important about this study in the context of the broader literature is that there really is enough scientific evidence to take public health action at this point,” said Luby, who wrote an editorial accompanying the study. “Poverty negatively affects brain development, and we also know that early interventions are powerfully effective,” Luby said. “They are more effective than interventions later in life, and they also are cost-effective.”

(www.nlm.nih.gov. Adaptado.)

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Nobel winner Malala opens school for Syrian refugees

Sylvia Westall

July 13, 2015

Bekaa Valley, Lebanon

  Malala Yousafzai, the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, celebrated her 18th birthday in Lebanon on Sunday by opening a school for Syrian refugee girls and called on world leaders to invest in “books not bullets”. Malala became a symbol of defiance after she was shot on a school bus in Pakistan in 2012 by the Taliban for advocating girls’ rights to education. She continued campaigning and won the Nobel in 2014.

   “I decided to be in Lebanon because I believe that the voices of the Syrian refugees need to be heard and they have been ignored for so long,” Malala told Reuters in a schoolroom decorated with drawings of butterflies. The Malala Fund, a non-profit organization that supports local education projects, provided most of the funding for the school, set up by Lebanon’s Kayany Foundation in the Bekaa Valley, close to the Syrian border. The Kayany Foundation, established by Syrian Nora Joumblatt in response to Syria’s refugee crisis, has already completed three other new schools to give free education to Syrian children in Lebanon. The Malala school can welcome up to 200 girls aged 14 to 18.

   “Today on my first day as an adult, on behalf of the world’s children, I demand of leaders we must invest in books instead of bullets,” Malala said in a speech. Lebanon is home to at least 1.2 million of the 4 million refugees that have fled Syria’s war to neighboring countries. There are about 500,000 Syrian school-age children in Lebanon, but only a fifth are in formal education. “We are in danger of losing generations of young Syrian girls due to the lack of education,” Joumblatt said in a speech at the opening of the school. “Desperate and displaced Syrians are increasingly seeing early marriage as a way to secure the social and financial future of their daughters. We need to provide an alternative: Keep young girls in school instead of being pressured into wedlock.”

    Lebanon, which allows informal settlements on land rented by refugees, says it can no longer cope with the influx from Syria’s four-year conflict. More than one in four people living in Lebanon is a refugee. The United Nations says the number of Syrian refugees in neighboring countries is expected to reach 4.27 million by the end of the year. “In Lebanon as well as in Jordan, an increasing number of refugees are being turned back at the border,” Malala said. “This is inhuman and this is shameful.”

    Her father Ziauddin said he was proud she was carrying on her activism into adulthood. “This is the mission we have taken for the last 8-9 years. A small moment for the education of girls in Swat Valley: it is spreading now all over the world,” he said.

(www.reuters.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o excerto da crônica “Mineirinho” de Clarice Lispector (1925-1977), publicada na revista Senhor em 1962, para responder à questão.

   É, suponho que é em mim, como um dos representantes de nós, que devo procurar por que está doendo a morte de um facínora1. E por que é que mais me adianta contar os treze tiros que mataram Mineirinho2 do que os seus crimes. Perguntei a minha cozinheira o que pensava sobre o assunto. Vi no seu rosto a pequena convulsão de um conflito, o mal-estar de não entender o que se sente, o de precisar trair sensações contraditórias por não saber como harmonizá-las. Fatos irredutíveis, mas revolta irredutível também, a violenta compaixão da revolta. Sentir-se dividido na própria perplexidade diante de não poder esquecer que Mineirinho era perigoso e já matara demais; e no entanto nós o queríamos vivo. A cozinheira se fechou um pouco, vendo-me talvez como a justiça que se vinga. Com alguma raiva de mim, que estava mexendo na sua alma, respondeu fria: “O que eu sinto não serve para se dizer. Quem não sabe que Mineirinho era criminoso? Mas tenho certeza de que ele se salvou e já entrou no céu”. Respondi-lhe que “mais do que muita gente que não matou”.

  Por quê? No entanto a primeira lei, a que protege corpo e vida insubstituíveis, é a de que não matarás. Ela é a minha maior garantia: assim não me matam, porque eu não quero morrer, e assim não me deixam matar, porque ter matado será a escuridão para mim.

   Esta é a lei. Mas há alguma coisa que, se me faz ouvir o primeiro e o segundo tiro com um alívio de segurança, no terceiro me deixa alerta, no quarto desassossegada, o quinto e o sexto me cobrem de vergonha, o sétimo e o oitavo eu ouço com o coração batendo de horror, no nono e no décimo minha boca está trêmula, no décimo primeiro digo em espanto o nome de Deus, no décimo segundo chamo meu irmão. O décimo terceiro tiro me assassina — porque eu sou o outro. Porque eu quero ser o outro.

    Essa justiça que vela meu sono, eu a repudio, humilhada por precisar dela. Enquanto isso durmo e falsamente me salvo. Nós, os sonsos essenciais. Para que minha casa funcione, exijo de mim como primeiro dever que eu seja sonsa, que eu não exerça a minha revolta e o meu amor, guardados. Se eu não for sonsa, minha casa estremece. Eu devo ter esquecido que embaixo da casa está o terreno, o chão onde nova casa poderia ser erguida. Enquanto isso dormimos e falsamente nos salvamos. Até que treze tiros nos acordam, e com horror digo tarde demais – vinte e oito anos depois que Mineirinho nasceu – que ao homem acuado, que a esse não nos matem. Porque sei que ele é o meu erro. E de uma vida inteira, por Deus, o que se salva às vezes é apenas o erro, e eu sei que não nos salvaremos enquanto nosso erro não nos for precioso. Meu erro é o meu espelho, onde vejo o que em silêncio eu fiz de um homem. Meu erro é o modo como vi a vida se abrir na sua carne e me espantei, e vi a matéria de vida, placenta e sangue, a lama viva. Em Mineirinho se rebentou o meu modo de viver.

(Clarice Lispector. Para não esquecer, 1999.)

1facínora: diz-se de ou indivíduo que executa um crime com crueldade ou perversidade acentuada.

2Mineirinho: apelido pelo qual era conhecido o criminoso carioca José Miranda Rosa. Acuado pela polícia, acabou crivado de balas e seu corpo foi encontrado à margem da Estrada Grajaú-Jacarepaguá, no Rio de Janeiro.

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The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance 

By The Editorial Board

May 10, 2014

    The World Health Organization has surveyed the growth of antibiotic-resistant germs around the world – the first such survey it has ever conducted – and come up with disturbing findings. In a report issued late last month, the organization found that antimicrobial resistance in bacteria (the main focus of the report), fungi, viruses and parasites is an increasingly serious threat in every part of the world. “A problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine,” the organization said. “A post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can kill, far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century.” 

    The growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens means that in ever more cases, standard treatments no longer work, infections are harder or impossible to control, the risk of spreading infections to others is increased, and illnesses and hospital stays are prolonged. All of these drive up the costs of illnesses and the risk of death. The survey sought to determine the scope of the problem by asking countries to submit their most recent surveillance data (114 did so). Unfortunately, the data was glaringly incomplete because few countries track and monitor antibiotic resistance comprehensively, and there is no standard methodology for doing so.

    Still, it is clear that major resistance problems have already developed, both for antibiotics that are used routinely and for those deemed “last resort” treatments to cure people when all else has failed. Carbapenem antibiotics, a class of drugs used as a last resort to treat life-threatening infections caused by a common intestinal bacterium, have failed to work in more than half the people treated in some countries. The bacterium is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care patients. Similarly, the failure of a last-resort treatment for gonorrhoea has been confirmed in 10 countries, including many with advanced health care systems, such as Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Britain. And resistance to a class of antibiotics that is routinely used to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli is widespread; in some countries the drugs are now ineffective in more than half of the patients treated. This sobering report is intended to kick-start a global campaign to develop tools and standards to track drug resistance, measure its health and economic impact, and design solutions.

   The most urgent need is to minimize the overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates the development of resistant strains. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued voluntary guidelines calling on drug companies, animal producers and veterinarians to stop indiscriminately using antibiotics that are important for treating humans on livestock; the drug companies have said they will comply. But the agency, shortsightedly, has appealed a court order requiring it to ban the use of penicillin and two forms of tetracycline by animal producers to promote growth unless they provide proof that it will not promote drug-resistant microbes.

   The pharmaceutical industry needs to be encouraged to develop new antibiotics to supplement those that are losing their effectiveness. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents pharmacists in Britain, called this month for stronger financial incentives. It said that no new class of antibiotics has been discovered since 1987, largely because the financial returns for finding new classes of antibiotics are too low. Unlike lucrative drugs to treat chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments, antibiotics are typically taken for a short period of time, and any new drug is apt to be used sparingly and held in reserve to treat patients resistant to existing drugs. Antibiotics have transformed medicine and saved countless lives over the past seven decades. Now, rampant overuse and the lack of new drugs in the pipeline threaten to undermine their effectiveness.

(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)

Leia o trecho do conto “O mandarim”, de Eça de Queirós, para responder a questão.

    Então começou a minha vida de milionário. Deixei bem depressa a casa de Madame Marques – que, desde que me sabia rico, me tratava todos os dias a arroz- -doce, e ela mesma me servia, com o seu vestido de seda dos domingos. Comprei, habitei o palacete amarelo, ao Loreto: as magnificências da minha instalação são bem conhecidas pelas gravuras indiscretas da Ilustração Francesa. Tornou-se famoso na Europa o meu leito, de um gosto exuberante e bárbaro, com a barra recoberta de lâminas de ouro lavrado e cortinados de um raro brocado negro onde ondeiam, bordados a pérolas, versos eróticos de Catulo; uma lâmpada, suspensa no interior, derrama ali a claridade láctea e amorosa de um luar de Verão.

    [...]

   Entretanto Lisboa rojava-se aos meus pés. O pátio do palacete estava constantemente invadido por uma turba: olhando-a enfastiado das janelas da galeria, eu via lá branquejar os peitilhos da Aristocracia, negrejar a sotaina do Clero, e luzir o suor da Plebe: todos vinham suplicar, de lábio abjeto, a honra do meu sorriso e uma participação no meu ouro. Às vezes consentia em receber algum velho de título histórico: – ele adiantava-se pela sala, quase roçando o tapete com os cabelos brancos, tartamudeando adulações; e imediatamente, espalmando sobre o peito a mão de fortes veias onde corria um sangue de três séculos, oferecia-me uma filha bem-amada para esposa ou para concubina.

    Todos os cidadãos me traziam presentes como a um ídolo sobre o altar – uns odes votivas, outros o meu monograma bordado a cabelo, alguns chinelas ou boquilhas, cada um a sua consciência. Se o meu olhar amortecido fixava, por acaso, na rua, uma mulher – era logo ao outro dia uma carta em que a criatura, esposa ou prostituta, me ofertava a sua nudez, o seu amor, e todas as complacências da lascívia.

    Os jornalistas esporeavam a imaginação para achar adjetivos dignos da minha grandeza; fui o sublime Sr. Teodoro, cheguei a ser o celeste Sr. Teodoro; então, desvairada, a Gazeta das Locais chamou-me o extraceleste Sr. Teodoro! Diante de mim nenhuma cabeça ficou jamais coberta – ou usasse a coroa ou o coco. Todos os dias me era oferecida uma presidência de Ministério ou uma direção de confraria. Recusei sempre, com nojo.

(Eça de Queirós. O mandarim, s/d.)

Leia o texto para responder a questão.

    Cumpridos dez anos de prisão por um crime que não pratiquei e do qual, entanto, nunca me defendi, morto para a vida e para os sonhos: nada podendo já esperar e coisa alguma desejando – eu venho fazer enfim a minha confissão: isto é, demonstrar a minha inocência.

Talvez não me acreditem. Decerto que não me acreditam. Mas pouco importa. O meu interesse hoje em gritar que não assassinei Ricardo de Loureiro é nulo. Não tenho família; não preciso que me reabilitem. Mesmo quem esteve dez anos preso, nunca se reabilita. A verdade simples é esta.

    E àqueles que, lendo o que fica exposto, me perguntarem: “Mas por que não fez a sua confissão quando era tempo? Por que não demonstrou a sua inocência ao tribunal?”, a esses responderei: – A minha defesa era impossível. Ninguém me acreditaria. E fora inútil fazer-me passar por um embusteiro ou por um doido… Demais, devo confessar, após os acontecimentos em que me vira envolvido nessa época, ficara tão despedaçado que a prisão se me afigurava uma coisa sorridente. Era o esquecimento, a tranquilidade, o sono. Era um fim como qualquer outro – um termo para a minha vida devastada. Toda a minha ânsia foi pois de ver o processo terminado e começar cumprindo a minha sentença.

    De resto, o meu processo foi rápido. Oh! o caso parecia bem claro… Eu nem negava nem confessava. Mas quem cala consente… E todas as simpatias estavam do meu lado.

    O crime era, como devem ter dito os jornais do tempo, um “crime passional”. Cherchez la femme*. Depois, a vítima um poeta – um artista. A mulher romantizara-se desaparecendo. Eu era um herói, no fim de contas. E um herói com seus laivos de mistério, o que mais me aureolava. Por tudo isso, independentemente do belo discurso de defesa, o júri concedeu-me circunstâncias atenuantes. E a minha pena foi curta.

    Ah! foi bem curta – sobretudo para mim… Esses dez anos esvoaram-se-me como dez meses. É que, em realidade, as horas não podem mais ter ação sobre aqueles que viveram um instante que focou toda a sua vida. Atingido o sofrimento máximo, nada já nos faz sofrer. Vibradas as sensações máximas, nada já nos fará oscilar. Simplesmente, este momento culminante raras são as criaturas que o vivem. As que o viveram ou são, como eu, os mortos-vivos, ou – apenas – os desencantados que, muita vez, acabam no suicídio.

* Cherchez la femme: Procurem a mulher. 

(Mário de Sá-Carneiro. A confissão de Lúcio, 2011.)