Questões: Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) — com gabarito

Compared to the previous text “Why so few nurses are men”, the cartoon

                                  Why so few nurses are men

      Ask health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries, demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

      Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

      Another problem is that beliefs about what a nursing job entails are often outdated – in ways that may be particularly off-putting for men. In films, nurses are commonly portrayed as the helpers of heroic male doctors. In fact, nurses do most of their work independently and are the first responders to patients in crisis. To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns display nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership. However, attracting men without playing to gender stereotypes can be tricky. “Are you man enough to be a nurse?”, the slogan of an American campaign, was involved in controversy.

      Nursing is not a career many boys aspire to, or are encouraged to consider. Only two-fifths of British parents say they would be proud if their son became a nurse. Because of all this, men who go into nursing are usually already closely familiar with the job. Some are following in the career footsteps of their mothers. Others decide that the job would suit them after they see a male nurse care for a relative or they themselves get care from a male nurse when hospitalised. Although many gender stereotypes about jobs and caring have crumbled, nursing has, so far, remained unaffected.

                                              (www.economist.com, 22.08.2018. Adaptado.)

                                  Why so few nurses are men

      Ask health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries, demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

      Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

      Another problem is that beliefs about what a nursing job entails are often outdated – in ways that may be particularly off-putting for men. In films, nurses are commonly portrayed as the helpers of heroic male doctors. In fact, nurses do most of their work independently and are the first responders to patients in crisis. To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns display nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership. However, attracting men without playing to gender stereotypes can be tricky. “Are you man enough to be a nurse?”, the slogan of an American campaign, was involved in controversy.

      Nursing is not a career many boys aspire to, or are encouraged to consider. Only two-fifths of British parents say they would be proud if their son became a nurse. Because of all this, men who go into nursing are usually already closely familiar with the job. Some are following in the career footsteps of their mothers. Others decide that the job would suit them after they see a male nurse care for a relative or they themselves get care from a male nurse when hospitalised. Although many gender stereotypes about jobs and caring have crumbled, nursing has, so far, remained unaffected.

                                              (www.economist.com, 22.08.2018. Adaptado.)

                                  Why so few nurses are men

      Ask health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries, demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

      Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

      Another problem is that beliefs about what a nursing job entails are often outdated – in ways that may be particularly off-putting for men. In films, nurses are commonly portrayed as the helpers of heroic male doctors. In fact, nurses do most of their work independently and are the first responders to patients in crisis. To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns display nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership. However, attracting men without playing to gender stereotypes can be tricky. “Are you man enough to be a nurse?”, the slogan of an American campaign, was involved in controversy.

      Nursing is not a career many boys aspire to, or are encouraged to consider. Only two-fifths of British parents say they would be proud if their son became a nurse. Because of all this, men who go into nursing are usually already closely familiar with the job. Some are following in the career footsteps of their mothers. Others decide that the job would suit them after they see a male nurse care for a relative or they themselves get care from a male nurse when hospitalised. Although many gender stereotypes about jobs and caring have crumbled, nursing has, so far, remained unaffected.

                                              (www.economist.com, 22.08.2018. Adaptado.)

                                  Why so few nurses are men

      Ask health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries, demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

      Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

      Another problem is that beliefs about what a nursing job entails are often outdated – in ways that may be particularly off-putting for men. In films, nurses are commonly portrayed as the helpers of heroic male doctors. In fact, nurses do most of their work independently and are the first responders to patients in crisis. To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns display nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership. However, attracting men without playing to gender stereotypes can be tricky. “Are you man enough to be a nurse?”, the slogan of an American campaign, was involved in controversy.

      Nursing is not a career many boys aspire to, or are encouraged to consider. Only two-fifths of British parents say they would be proud if their son became a nurse. Because of all this, men who go into nursing are usually already closely familiar with the job. Some are following in the career footsteps of their mothers. Others decide that the job would suit them after they see a male nurse care for a relative or they themselves get care from a male nurse when hospitalised. Although many gender stereotypes about jobs and caring have crumbled, nursing has, so far, remained unaffected.

                                              (www.economist.com, 22.08.2018. Adaptado.)

                                  Why so few nurses are men

      Ask health professionals in any country what the biggest problem in their health-care system is and one of the most common answers is the shortage of nurses. In ageing rich countries, demand for nursing care is becoming increasingly insatiable. Britain’s National Health Service, for example, has 40,000-odd nurse vacancies. Poor countries struggle with the emigration of nurses for greener pastures. One obvious solution seems neglected: recruit more men. Typically, just 5-10% of nurses registered in a given country are men. Why so few?

      Views of nursing as a “woman’s job” have deep roots. Florence Nightingale, who established the principles of modern nursing in the 1860s, insisted that men’s “hard and horny” hands were “not fitted to touch, bathe and dress wounded limbs”. In Britain the Royal College of Nursing, the profession’s union, did not even admit men as members until 1960. Some nursing schools in America started admitting men only in 1982, after a Supreme Court ruling forced them to. Senior nurse titles such as “sister” (a ward manager) and “matron” (which in some countries is used for men as well) do not help matters. Unsurprisingly, some older people do not even know that men can be nurses too. Male nurses often encounter patients who assume they are doctors.

      Another problem is that beliefs about what a nursing job entails are often outdated – in ways that may be particularly off-putting for men. In films, nurses are commonly portrayed as the helpers of heroic male doctors. In fact, nurses do most of their work independently and are the first responders to patients in crisis. To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns display nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership. However, attracting men without playing to gender stereotypes can be tricky. “Are you man enough to be a nurse?”, the slogan of an American campaign, was involved in controversy.

      Nursing is not a career many boys aspire to, or are encouraged to consider. Only two-fifths of British parents say they would be proud if their son became a nurse. Because of all this, men who go into nursing are usually already closely familiar with the job. Some are following in the career footsteps of their mothers. Others decide that the job would suit them after they see a male nurse care for a relative or they themselves get care from a male nurse when hospitalised. Although many gender stereotypes about jobs and caring have crumbled, nursing has, so far, remained unaffected.

                                              (www.economist.com, 22.08.2018. Adaptado.)

The woman

                                Words that define the presente

At a time when the world is changing more quickly than ever before, we need a new vocabulary to help us grasp what’s happening.

      Catfishing. This word would make more sense if it referred to fishing for cats, but in fact, it refers to people who construct false identities online. Whether out of boredom, loneliness or malice, they lure other people into continued messaging correspondence, thereby building false relationships with them (the apparent source of the term “catfish” is a 2010 documentary called Catfish, whose verity, ironically enough, has been questioned).

      There are two ways of looking at this: 1) The internet/ cyberspace is wonderful, because it gives people the freedom to augment or totally change their identities, and this is a marvellous new dawn for human expression, a new step in human evolution. 2) Nah, it’s a false dawn, because the internet is essentially a libertarian arena, and, as such, an amoral one (lots of “freedoms” but with no attendant social obligations); it is a new jungle where we must watch our backs and struggle for survival, surely a backward step in evolution. I lean toward the latter.

                             (Cameron Laux. www.bbc.com, 08.08.2018. Adaptado.)

                                Words that define the presente

At a time when the world is changing more quickly than ever before, we need a new vocabulary to help us grasp what’s happening.

      Catfishing. This word would make more sense if it referred to fishing for cats, but in fact, it refers to people who construct false identities online. Whether out of boredom, loneliness or malice, they lure other people into continued messaging correspondence, thereby building false relationships with them (the apparent source of the term “catfish” is a 2010 documentary called Catfish, whose verity, ironically enough, has been questioned).

      There are two ways of looking at this: 1) The internet/ cyberspace is wonderful, because it gives people the freedom to augment or totally change their identities, and this is a marvellous new dawn for human expression, a new step in human evolution. 2) Nah, it’s a false dawn, because the internet is essentially a libertarian arena, and, as such, an amoral one (lots of “freedoms” but with no attendant social obligations); it is a new jungle where we must watch our backs and struggle for survival, surely a backward step in evolution. I lean toward the latter.

                             (Cameron Laux. www.bbc.com, 08.08.2018. Adaptado.)

Para exprimir seu pensamento, este escritor teve de forjar uma língua que é só dele. O leitor que aborda pela primeira vez um de seus livros fica desconcertado com a obscuridade dessa língua. Mas ao mesmo tempo é subjugado, e enfeitiçado, por essa maneira inteiramente nova de dizer as coisas. E pouco a pouco tudo começa a adquirir um sentido, um sentido múltiplo, ambíguo, numa palavra, poético. Seu vocabulário é inteiramente renovado pela prática sistemática do neologismo. Todos os recursos da fonética são explorados.

(Paul Teyssier. Dicionário de literatura brasileira, 2003. Adaptado.)

O texto refere-se ao escritor

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho do livro Casa-grande e senzala, de Gilberto Freyre.

       Mas a casa-grande patriarcal não foi apenas fortaleza, capela, escola, oficina, santa casa, harém, convento de moças, hospedaria. Desempenhou outra função importante na economia brasileira: foi também banco. Dentro das suas grossas paredes, debaixo dos tijolos ou mosaicos, no chão, enterrava-se dinheiro, guardavam-se joias, ouro, valores. Às vezes guardavam-se joias nas capelas, enfeitando os santos. Daí Nossas Senhoras sobrecarregadas à baiana de teteias, balangandãs, corações, cavalinhos, cachorrinhos e correntes de ouro. Os ladrões, naqueles tempos piedosos, raramente ousavam entrar nas capelas e roubar os santos. É verdade que um roubou o esplendor e outras joias de São Benedito; mas sob o pretexto, ponderável para a época, de que “negro não devia ter luxo”. Com efeito, chegou a proibir-se, nos tempos coloniais, o uso de “ornatos de algum luxo” pelos negros.

      Por segurança e precaução contra os corsários, contra os excessos demagógicos, contra as tendências comunistas dos indígenas e dos africanos, os grandes proprietários, nos seus zelos exagerados de privativismo, enterraram dentro de casa as joias e o ouro do mesmo modo que os mortos queridos. Os dois fortes motivos das casas-grandes acabarem sempre mal-assombradas com cadeiras de balanço se balançando sozinhas sobre tijolos soltos que de manhã ninguém encontra; com barulho de pratos e copos batendo de noite nos aparadores; com almas de senhores de engenho aparecendo aos parentes ou mesmo estranhos pedindo padres-nossos, ave-marias, gemendo lamentações, indicando lugares com botijas de dinheiro. Às vezes dinheiro dos outros, de que os senhores ilicitamente se haviam apoderado. Dinheiro que compadres, viúvas e até escravos lhes tinham entregue para guardar. Sucedeu muita dessa gente ficar sem os seus valores e acabar na miséria devido à esperteza ou à morte súbita do depositário. Houve senhores sem escrúpulos que, aceitando valores para guardar, fingiram-se depois de estranhos e desentendidos: “Você está maluco? Deu-me lá alguma cousa para guardar?”

      Muito dinheiro enterrado sumiu-se misteriosamente. Joaquim Nabuco, criado por sua madrinha na casa-grande de Maçangana, morreu sem saber que destino tomara a ourama para ele reunida pela boa senhora; e provavelmente enterrada em algum desvão de parede. […] Em várias casas-grandes da Bahia, de Olinda, de Pernambuco se têm encontrado, em demolições ou escavações, botijas de dinheiro. Na que foi dos Pires d’Ávila ou Pires de Carvalho, na Bahia, achou-se, num recanto de parede, “verdadeira fortuna em moedas de ouro”. Noutras casas-grandes só se têm desencavado do chão ossos de escravos, justiçados pelos senhores e mandados enterrar no quintal, ou dentro de casa, à revelia das autoridades. Conta-se que o visconde de Suaçuna, na sua casa-grande de Pombal, mandou enterrar no jardim mais de um negro supliciado por ordem de sua justiça patriarcal. Não é de admirar. Eram senhores, os das casas-grandes, que mandavam matar os próprios filhos. Um desses patriarcas, Pedro Vieira, já avô, por descobrir que o filho mantinha relações com a mucama de sua predileção, mandou matá-lo pelo irmão mais velho.

                         (In: Silviano Santiago (coord.). Intérpretes do Brasil, 2000.)

Examine a tira de Steinberg, publicada em seu Instagram no dia 20.08.2018.

Colabora para o efeito de humor da tira o recurso à figura de linguagem denominada

Leia o poema “Sou um evadido”, do escritor português Fernando Pessoa, para responder à questão. 

                                 Sou um evadido.

                                  Logo que nasci

                                  Fecharam-me em mim,

                                  Ah, mas eu fugi.

                                  Se a gente se cansa

                                  Do mesmo lugar,

                                  Do mesmo ser

                                  Por que não se cansar?

                                  Minha alma procura-me

                                  Mas eu ando a monte¹,

                                  Oxalá que ela

                                  Nunca me encontre.

                                  Ser um é cadeia

                                  Ser eu é não ser.

                                  Viverei fugindo

                                  Mas vivo a valer.

                                                                   (Obra poética, 1997.)

¹ “andar a monte”: andar fugido das autoridades.