Questões: Universidade de São Paulo (USP) — com gabarito

“Mas não medimos os tempos que passam, quando os medimos pela sensibilidade. Quem pode medir os tempos passados que já não existem ou os futuros que ainda não chegaram? Só se alguém se atrever a dizer que pode medir o que não existe! Quando está decorrendo o tempo, pode percebê-lo e medi-lo. Quando, porém, já estiver decorrido, não o pode perceber nem medir, porque esse tempo já não existe”.

Santo Agostinho. Confissões.

O tempo físico e o tempo psicológico se diferenciam na medida em que o primeiro se firma na objetividade e o segundo, na subjetividade. De acordo com os argumentos de Santo Agostinho, pode-se dizer que, no romance Angústia, de Graciliano Ramos, a passagem que melhor exprime a duração interior é:  

    From French electronic and Japanese indie to K-pop and Spanish jazz, it’s common for people to listen to songs they don’t necessarily understand. Not knowing the language of the lyrics, it seems, doesn’t stop people from liking—and sometimes even singing along to—a song. Unless the listener is looking up the dictionary meaning of the lyrics, then the dictionary meaning of the lyrics doesn’t make or break their appreciation of a song. But why?

    “It’s a complicated answer,” said musicologist Lisa Decenteceo, adding that it all starts with what’s called “sound symbolism.” Sound symbolism refers to the study of the relationships between utterances and their meaning. This doesn’t have to do only with music. Marketers, for example, can tune into sound symbolism as part of their strategy in coming up with appealing brand names. In music as well as in branding, Decenteceo explained, there’s something about the appeal of words as sounds, beyond their meaning in a language. While things like culture and personal experiences affect people’s responses to different kinds of music, she explained there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods. One of which is scale. “Songs in a major scale usually have brighter, happier sounds, while minor scales usually have the slightly darker, melancholic feel,” explains Thea Tolentino, a music teacher.

    The human brain is wired to respond to sound, she added. In a process called entrainment, the brain “synchronizes our breathing, our movement, even neural activities with the sounds we hear.” This is why fast-paced music is so popular for running, for example, or why some yoga teachers play rhythmic and melodic tracks in their classes. And there are also the things that accompany the words. “Elements of sound and music like pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, and amplitude have an affective, emotional, psychological, cognitive, and even physical impact on listeners. Music adds so much meaning and dimension to texts through a complex of these avenues,” said Decenteceo. What all these things do, she added, is liberate the words. “Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful”. It’s important, then, to understand music as a discourse between musical elements. But all in all, Decenteceo said there’s value in whatever immediate appeal people find in the music they listen to, whether or not they understand the words. Music, after all, is the universal language. 

Disponível em https://www.vice.com/. March, 2022. Adaptado.

    From French electronic and Japanese indie to K-pop and Spanish jazz, it’s common for people to listen to songs they don’t necessarily understand. Not knowing the language of the lyrics, it seems, doesn’t stop people from liking—and sometimes even singing along to—a song. Unless the listener is looking up the dictionary meaning of the lyrics, then the dictionary meaning of the lyrics doesn’t make or break their appreciation of a song. But why?

    “It’s a complicated answer,” said musicologist Lisa Decenteceo, adding that it all starts with what’s called “sound symbolism.” Sound symbolism refers to the study of the relationships between utterances and their meaning. This doesn’t have to do only with music. Marketers, for example, can tune into sound symbolism as part of their strategy in coming up with appealing brand names. In music as well as in branding, Decenteceo explained, there’s something about the appeal of words as sounds, beyond their meaning in a language. While things like culture and personal experiences affect people’s responses to different kinds of music, she explained there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods. One of which is scale. “Songs in a major scale usually have brighter, happier sounds, while minor scales usually have the slightly darker, melancholic feel,” explains Thea Tolentino, a music teacher.

    The human brain is wired to respond to sound, she added. In a process called entrainment, the brain “synchronizes our breathing, our movement, even neural activities with the sounds we hear.” This is why fast-paced music is so popular for running, for example, or why some yoga teachers play rhythmic and melodic tracks in their classes. And there are also the things that accompany the words. “Elements of sound and music like pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, and amplitude have an affective, emotional, psychological, cognitive, and even physical impact on listeners. Music adds so much meaning and dimension to texts through a complex of these avenues,” said Decenteceo. What all these things do, she added, is liberate the words. “Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful”. It’s important, then, to understand music as a discourse between musical elements. But all in all, Decenteceo said there’s value in whatever immediate appeal people find in the music they listen to, whether or not they understand the words. Music, after all, is the universal language. 

Disponível em https://www.vice.com/. March, 2022. Adaptado.

Na frase “there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods” (2º parágrafo), a palavra “convey” poderia ser substituída, sem prejuízo de sentido, por 

Presentemente eu posso me considerar um sujeito de sorte

Porque apesar de muito moço, me sinto são e salvo e forte

E tenho comigo pensado, Deus é brasileiro e anda do meu lado

E assim já não posso sofrer no ano passado

Tenho sangrado demais, tenho chorado pra cachorro

Ano passado eu morri, mas esse ano eu não morro 

Belchior. “Sujeito de sorte”.

Leia as seguintes afirmações a respeito da letra da música:

I - Os adjuntos adverbiais temporais remetem a um contraste entre passado e presente, o que reforça o caráter metafórico do texto.

II - A locução “apesar de” contribui para a expressão de um sentimento inesperado em relação ao sentido de “muito moço”.

III – As formas verbais “morri” e “morro”, embora se refiram a momentos distintos, apresentam sentido denotativo.

Está correto o que se afirma em:

O QUINTO IMPÉRIO

Triste de quem vive em casa,

Contente com o seu lar,

Sem que um sonho, no erguer de asa,

Faça até mais rubra a brasa

Da lareira a abandonar!

Triste de quem é feliz!

Vive porque a vida dura.

Nada na alma lhe diz

Mais que a lição da raiz —

Ter por vida a sepultura.

Eras sobre eras se somem

No tempo que em eras vem.

Ser descontente é ser homem.

Que as forças cegas se domem

Pela visão que a alma tem!

E assim, passados os quatro

Tempos do ser que sonhou,

A terra será teatro

Do dia claro, que no atro

Da erma noite começou.

Grécia, Roma, Cristandade,

Europa — os quatro se vão

Para onde vai toda idade.

Quem vem viver a verdade

Que morreu D. Sebastião?

Fernando Pessoa. Mensagem.

De acordo com o texto, a ideia de felicidade, também nuclear em outros poemas de Mensagem, 

O QUINTO IMPÉRIO

Triste de quem vive em casa,

Contente com o seu lar,

Sem que um sonho, no erguer de asa,

Faça até mais rubra a brasa

Da lareira a abandonar!

Triste de quem é feliz!

Vive porque a vida dura.

Nada na alma lhe diz

Mais que a lição da raiz —

Ter por vida a sepultura.

Eras sobre eras se somem

No tempo que em eras vem.

Ser descontente é ser homem.

Que as forças cegas se domem

Pela visão que a alma tem!

E assim, passados os quatro

Tempos do ser que sonhou,

A terra será teatro

Do dia claro, que no atro

Da erma noite começou.

Grécia, Roma, Cristandade,

Europa — os quatro se vão

Para onde vai toda idade.

Quem vem viver a verdade

Que morreu D. Sebastião?

Fernando Pessoa. Mensagem.

Mensagem reconduz a história de Portugal a partir de uma reinterpretação do tempo histórico. No poema, o tempo é encarado segundo uma concepção

“Eu quase fui um índio sacana, como meu tio. (...) Desses índio que são índio pela metade. Ou seja, qui nem índio, nem branco, nem cholo, nem negro, nem serrano, nem costeiro, nem camponês, nem equatoriano, nem estrangeiro, nem nada. Índio sacana, claro. Índio qu’está à vista de toda gente e ninguém vê, qu’está mesminho nas ruas todos os dias, caminhando pra lá pra cá, buscando trabalho nas porta de gente rica, de jardineiro, de mensageiro, cuidador de cachorros, saloneiro, caseiro, criador de crianças, de toda classe de trabalho. Chofer. O Equador está cheinho de índio sacana assim. Desse tipo d’índio que não é nada”. 

I.

“É indispensável romper com todas as diplomacias nocivas, mandar pro diabo qualquer forma de hipocrisia, suprimir as políticas literárias e conquistar uma profunda sinceridade pra com os outros e pra consigo mesmo. A convicção dessa urgência foi pra mim a melhor conquista até hoje do movimento que chamam de ‘modernismo’. Foi ela que nos permitiu a intuição de que carecemos, sob pena de morte, de procurar uma arte de expressão nacional”.

HOLANDA, Sérgio Buarque de. O lado oposto e outros lados, 1926.

II.

“Trazendo de países distantes nossas formas de convívio, nossas instituições, nossas ideias, e timbrando em manter tudo isso em ambiente muitas vezes desfavorável e hostil, somos ainda hoje uns desterrados em nossa terra”.

HOLANDA, Sérgio Buarque de. Raízes do Brasil, 1936.

Os dois excertos do historiador e crítico literário Sérgio Buarque de Holanda salientam que a cultura brasileira somente completará a sua formação quando 

"Migna terra tê parmeras

Che ganta inzima o sabiá.

As aves che stó aqui,

Tambê tuttos sabi gorgeá.

(...)

Os rio lá sô maise grandi

Dus rio di tuttas naçó;

I os matto si perdi di vista,

Nu meio da imensidó.” 

Disponível em https://incrivel.club/admiracao-fotografia/. Adaptado.

Com base na peça publicitária da Anistia Internacional, é correto afirmar que 

    The expression “dark doldrums” chills the hearts of renewable-energy engineers, who use it to refer to the lulls when solar panels and wind turbines are thwarted by clouds, night, or still air. On a bright, cloudless day, a solar farm can generate prodigious amounts of electricity. But at night solar cells do little, and in calm air turbines sit useless.

     The dark doldrums make it difficult for us to rely totally on renewable energy. Power companies need to plan not just for individual storms or windless nights but for difficulties that can stretch for days. Last year, Europe experienced a weekslong “wind drought,” and in 2006 Hawaii endured six weeks of consecutive rainy days. On a smaller scale, communities that want to go all-renewable need to fill the gaps. The obvious solution is batteries, which power everything from mobile phones to electric vehicles; they are relatively inexpensive to make and getting cheaper. But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge. Moreover, it is expensive to collect enough batteries to cover longer discharges.

    We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world’s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a technology called pumped-storage hydropower, used to smooth out sharp increases in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.

The New Yorker. Abril, 2022. Adaptado. 

    The expression “dark doldrums” chills the hearts of renewable-energy engineers, who use it to refer to the lulls when solar panels and wind turbines are thwarted by clouds, night, or still air. On a bright, cloudless day, a solar farm can generate prodigious amounts of electricity. But at night solar cells do little, and in calm air turbines sit useless.

     The dark doldrums make it difficult for us to rely totally on renewable energy. Power companies need to plan not just for individual storms or windless nights but for difficulties that can stretch for days. Last year, Europe experienced a weekslong “wind drought,” and in 2006 Hawaii endured six weeks of consecutive rainy days. On a smaller scale, communities that want to go all-renewable need to fill the gaps. The obvious solution is batteries, which power everything from mobile phones to electric vehicles; they are relatively inexpensive to make and getting cheaper. But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge. Moreover, it is expensive to collect enough batteries to cover longer discharges.

    We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world’s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a technology called pumped-storage hydropower, used to smooth out sharp increases in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.

The New Yorker. Abril, 2022. Adaptado. 

Na frase “But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge.” (2º parágrafo), “dwindles” poderia ser substituído, sem prejuízo de sentido, por 

    The expression “dark doldrums” chills the hearts of renewable-energy engineers, who use it to refer to the lulls when solar panels and wind turbines are thwarted by clouds, night, or still air. On a bright, cloudless day, a solar farm can generate prodigious amounts of electricity. But at night solar cells do little, and in calm air turbines sit useless.

     The dark doldrums make it difficult for us to rely totally on renewable energy. Power companies need to plan not just for individual storms or windless nights but for difficulties that can stretch for days. Last year, Europe experienced a weekslong “wind drought,” and in 2006 Hawaii endured six weeks of consecutive rainy days. On a smaller scale, communities that want to go all-renewable need to fill the gaps. The obvious solution is batteries, which power everything from mobile phones to electric vehicles; they are relatively inexpensive to make and getting cheaper. But typical models exhaust their stored energy after only three or four hours of maximum output, and—as every smartphone owner knows—their capacity dwindles with each recharge. Moreover, it is expensive to collect enough batteries to cover longer discharges.

    We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world’s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a technology called pumped-storage hydropower, used to smooth out sharp increases in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.

The New Yorker. Abril, 2022. Adaptado. 

Segundo o texto, quando a geração de energia por células solares ou turbinas eólicas é insuficiente para atender à demanda, uma fonte de energia alternativa envolveria a conversão de 

No meme, a inadequação da resposta à questão está baseada no efeito de sentido proveniente da presença de 

Os quadrinhos a seguir são parte da obra Dois irmãos, de Fábio Moon e Gabriel Bá (2015), uma adaptação do romance Dois irmãos, de Milton Hatoum, para o universo das novelas gráficas (graphic novels). 

Considerando as características visuais dos quadrinhos e os traços narrativos do romance Dois irmãos, de Milton Hatoum, é correto afirmar:  

    “O que torna possível o surgimento de uma ‘cultura do cancelamento’ é um cenário em que os detentores de poder econômico e/ou político vislumbram a utilização de valores morais como valores de mercado, seja no campo da publicidade, seja no campo da responsabilidade social da empresa.

    O conjunto de valores defendidos pelos movimentos sociais que lutam por reconhecimento e respeito à diversidade tornam-se atributos exigidos por diversas empresas como elemento fundamental nas suas escolhas de investimento.

    Sendo assim, a sanção específica realizada pelos agentes do ‘cancelamento’ procura atingir não a liberdade do sujeito que supostamente ofende valores morais relevantes, que seria o instrumento coercitivo tradicionalmente previsto no direito penal, ou mesmo buscar reparações indenizatórias, instrumento de resposta a atos ilícitos no direito civil, mas sim impedir, restringir ou infligir danos na trajetória econômica e/ou profissional do sujeito ‘cancelado’.

     Nesse contexto, a ‘cultura do cancelamento’ representa um mecanismo de eliminação do mercado, em casos considerados graves, ou, em outros casos, de mera diminuição relativa do capital, de sujeitos ineficientes em fator competitivo específico, como inadequação de valores morais ostentados, por atos e/ou palavras, em determinados ambientes sociais.”

MARTINS, Tamires de Assis Lima; CORDEIRO, Ana Paula. A cultura do cancelamento: contribuições de um olhar sociológico. Extraprensa, v.15, n. esp., p.39, mai.2022 (Adaptado).

Texto 1

“Em Big Tech: a ascensão dos dados e a morte da política, Morozov estabelece ‘um paralelo com os setores extrativistas de recursos naturais, como o petróleo’, colocando ‘no centro da discussão o modo de produção dessa economia, que ele chama de ‘extrativismo de dados’. Apesar de a frase ‘os dados são o novo petróleo’ ser um chavão fraco em termos conceituais, Morozov acha o modismo útil para debatermos a matriz extrativista desse modo de produção, em especial a forma como as grandes empresas de tecnologia ‘continuam escavando a nossa psique tal como as empresas de petróleo escavam o solo’.”

ZANATTA, Rafael. “Extrativismo Digital”. Quatro Cinco Um, 01/04/2019. Disponível em: https://quatrocincoum.com.br/resenhas/ (Adaptado). 

Texto 2

“Colonialismo de dados é um modo de configurar o mundo inteiro, de tal forma que um recurso novo possa ser extraído – e esse recurso é a vida humana a partir da qual se pode extrair um valor econômico. Sustentamos que os modos nos quais este novo colonialismo opera, as escalas nas quais opera diferem do colonialismo histórico que tão bem entendemos. Mas a função, a finalidade subjacente, o núcleo deste novo colonialismo é exatamente o mesmo do colonialismo histórico. É o de despossuir, apropriar-se dos recursos do mundo para o bem de uns poucos, de uma parte do mundo.”

COULDRY, Nick. Colonialismo de Dados e Esvaziamento da Vida Social Antes e Pós Pandemia de Covid-19. In: Homo Digitalis. A Escalada da Algoritmização da Vida em Tempos de Pandemia. Anais do XIX Simpósio Internacional Instituto Humanitas Unisinos (Adaptado).

Considerando os excertos apresentados, é correto afirmar que extrativismo de dados e colonialismo de dados são conceitos desenvolvidos por Morozov e Couldry para nomear e descrever fenômenos 

“justice, each getting what he or she is due. Formal justice is the impartial and consistent application of principles, whether or not the principles themselves are just. Substantive justice is closely associated with rights, i.e., with what individuals can legitimately demand of one another or what they can legitimately demand of their government (e.g., with respect to the protection of liberty or the promotion of equality).

Retributive justice concerns when and why punishment is justified. Debate continues over whether punishment is justified as retribution for past wrongdoing or because it deters future wrongdoing. Those who stress retribution as the justification for punishment usually believe human beings have libertarian free will, while those who stress deterrence usually accept determinism.

At least since Aristotle, justice has commonly been identified both with obeying law and with treating everyone with fairness. But if law is, and justice is not, entirely a matter of convention, then justice cannot be identified with obeying law.”

The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. General Editor Robert Audi, Cambridge, U.K.: C.U.P., 1999. p.456.

Conforme o verbete, a justiça substantiva pode ser definida como a