Questões: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) — com gabarito

Para responder à questão, leia o trecho da peça A mais-valia vai acabar, seu Edgar, de Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, o Vianinha. A peça foi encenada em 1960 na arena da Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade do Brasil e promoveu um amplo debate. A mobilização resultante desse debate desencadeou a criação do Centro Popular de Cultura (CPC).

Coro dos desgraçados: Trabalhamos noite e dia, dia e noite sem parar! Então de nada precisamos, se só precisamos trabalhar! Há mil anos sem parar! Fizemos as correntes que nos botaram nos pés, fizemos a Bastilha onde fomos morar, fizemos os canhões que vão nos apontar. Há mil anos sem parar! Não mandamos, não fugimos, não cheiramos, não matamos, não fingimos, não coçamos, não corremos, não deitamos, não sentamos: trabalhamos. Há mil anos sem parar! Ninguém sabe nosso nome, não conhecemos a espuma do mar, somos tristes e cansados. Há mil anos sem parar! Eu nunca ri — eu nunca ri — sempre trabalhei. Eu faço charutos e fumo bitucas, eu faço tecidos e ando pelado, eu faço vestido pra mulher, e nunca vi mulher desvestida. Há mil anos sem parar! Maria esqueceu de mim e foi morar com seu Joaquim. Há mil anos sem parar!

(Apito longo. Um cartaz aparece:

“Dois minutos de descanso e lamba as unhas.”

Todos vão tentar sentar.

Menos o Desgraçado 4 que fica de pé furioso.)

Desgraçado 1: Ajuda-me aqui, Dois. Eu quero me dá uma sentadinha.

(Desgraçado 2 ri de tudo.)

Desgraçado 3: Senta. (Desgraçado 1 vai pôr a cabeça no chão.) De assim, não. Acho que não é com a cabeça não.

Desgraçado 1: Eu esqueci.

Desgraçado 3: A bunda, põe ela no chão. A perna é que eu não sei.

Desgraçado 2: A perna tira.

(Desgraçado 3 e Desgraçado 2

desistem de descobrir. Se atiram no chão.)

Desgraçado 1: A perna dobra! (Senta. Satisfeito.)

Desgraçado 2: Quero ver levantar.

(Todos olham para Desgraçado 4,

fazem sinais para que ele se sente.)

Desgraçado 4: Não! Chega pra mim! Eu só trabalho, trabalho, trabalho… (Perde o fôlego.)

Desgraçado 3: Eu te ajudo: trabalho, trabalho, trabalho...

Desgraçado 4: E tenho dois minutos de descanso? Nunca vi o sol, não tomei leite condensado, não canto na rua, esqueci do sentar, quando chega a hora de descansar, fico pensando na hora de trabalhar! Chega!

Slide: Quem canta seus males espanta.

Desgraçado 1: (cantando) A paga vem depois que a gente morre! Você vira um anjo todo branco, rindo sempre da brancura, bebe leite em teta de nuvem, não tem mais fome, não tem saudade, pinta o céu de cor de felicidade!

(Peças do CPC, 2016. Adaptado.)

A obra Prisão de Tiradentes (datada de 1914), do pintor brasileiro Antônio Parreiras (1860-1937), remete a evento histórico relacionado ao seguinte movimento literário brasileiro:

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

    Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

    Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 ºC. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

    At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

    Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

    Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 ºC. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

    At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

    Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

    Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 ºC. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

    At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?

    Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are deceiving. This rainforest — which holds 16,000 separate tree species — is slowly drying out.

    Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has risen by 1-1.5 ºC. In some parts, the dry season has expanded during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga, are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.

    At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost 10,000 km2 , the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. The number of fires that month was the highest for any August since an extreme drought in 2010.

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adaptado.)

O cartum ilustra que o aumento de temperatura, também citado no texto,

De acordo com o cartum,

Analise o mapa para responder à questão.

Analise o mapa para responder à questão.

Analise o mapa para responder à questão.

The business of climate change

    A UN assessment published this week on the progress made in stemming the global loss of species made depressing reading. Not one of the 20 targets adopted by 196 countries in a convention on biodiversity in 2010 has been met. And the latest biennial Living Planet Report from the WWF, an environmental group, found that animal populations worldwide shrank by an average of two-thirds between 1970 and 2016. The falls were greatest in the tropics. In Latin America and the Caribbean animal populations fell by 94%, on average, during the period. It is some comfort that around the world biodiversity and climate change have become big political issues. In Australia koala bears have almost brought down a state government.

(www.economist.com, 18.09.2020.)

The business of climate change

    A UN assessment published this week on the progress made in stemming the global loss of species made depressing reading. Not one of the 20 targets adopted by 196 countries in a convention on biodiversity in 2010 has been met. And the latest biennial Living Planet Report from the WWF, an environmental group, found that animal populations worldwide shrank by an average of two-thirds between 1970 and 2016. The falls were greatest in the tropics. In Latin America and the Caribbean animal populations fell by 94%, on average, during the period. It is some comfort that around the world biodiversity and climate change have become big political issues. In Australia koala bears have almost brought down a state government.

(www.economist.com, 18.09.2020.)

De maneira que, assim como a natureza faz de feras homens, matando e comendo, assim também a graça faz de feras homens, doutrinando e ensinando. Ensinastes o gentio bárbaro e rude, e que cuidais que faz aquela doutrina? Mata nele a fereza, e introduz a humanidade; mata a ignorância, e introduz o conhecimento; mata a bruteza, e introduz a razão; mata a infidelidade, e introduz a fé; e deste modo, por uma conversão admirável, o que era fera fica homem, o que era gentio fica cristão, o que era despojo do pecado fica membro de Cristo e de S. Pedro. […] Tende-os [os escravos], cristãos, e tende muitos, mas tende-os de modo que eles ajudem a levar a vossa alma ao céu, e vós as suas. Isto é o que vos desejo, isto é o que vos aconselho, isto é o que vos procuro, isto é o que vos peço por amor de Deus e por amor de vós, e o que quisera que leváreis deste sermão metido na alma.

(Antônio Vieira. “Sermão do Espírito Santo” (1657). http://tupi.fflch.usp.br.)

O Sermão do Espírito Santo foi pregado pelo Padre Antônio Vieira em São Luís do Maranhão, em 1657, e recorre

 E se esse tal futuro                       

  for pior do que o presente             

E se for melhor parar                   

do que caminhar pra frente         

E se o amor for dor                      

 E se todo sonhador                      

 não passar de um pobre louco    

 E se eu desanimar,                      

Se eu parar de sonhar                

queda a queda, pouco a pouco.

(Bráulio Bessa. “Se”. In: Poesia que transforma, 2018.)

Assim como a língua de um povo, os genes são representados por um código de letras. No código genético, as letras referem-se às iniciais das bases nitrogenadas que, combinadas em uma sequência específica, compreendem um significado químico relativo a uma proteína. Analise a sequência de letras na oração a seguir.

A tua gata Cuca ataca a cacatua Cacau.

Nessa oração, as palavras formadas integralmente por letras que se referem a bases nitrogenadas encontradas no DNA pertencem às seguintes classes gramaticais:

No livro Sapiens: A brief history of humankind, do autor Yuval Noah Harari, há o seguinte trecho:

Like it or not, we are members of a large and particularly noisy family called the great apes. Our closest living relatives include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. The chimpanzees are the closest. Just 6 million years ago, a single female ape had two daughters. One became the ancestor of all chimpanzees, the other is our own grandmother.

(Sapiens: A brief history of humankind, 2014.)

Em trecho anterior, o autor indica que o surgimento de organismos vivos data de 3,8 bilhões de anos atrás. Comparada a essa informação anterior, a expressão “Just 6 million years ago”, presente no trecho transcrito, justifica-se por indicar que a origem da espécie humana é ____________ , pois corresponde a __________ do período do surgimento dos organismos vivos.

Os termos que completam as lacunas da frase são, respectivamente: