Questões: Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG) — com gabarito

            Brazil must legalise drugs – its existing policy just destroys lives

      For decades, guns and imprisonment have been the hallmarks of Brazil’s war against the drug trafficking. But the only way to beat the gangs is to stop creating criminals, says a top Brazilian judge

      “The war raging in Rocinha, Latin America’s largest favela, has already been lost. Rooted in a dispute between gangs for control of drug trafficking, it has disrupted the daily life of the community in Rio de Janeiro since mid-September. With the sound of shots coming from all sides, schools and shops are constantly forced to close. Recently, a stray bullet killed a Spanish tourist. The war is not the only thing being lost.

      For decades, Brazil has had the same drug policy approach. Police, weapons and numerous arrests. It does not take an expert to conclude the obvious: the strategy has failed. Drug trafficking and consumption have only increased. […]

      In a case still before the Brazilian supreme court, I voted for decriminalising the possession of marijuana for private consumption. […] 

      Drugs are an issue that has a profound impact on the criminal justice system, and it is legitimate for the supreme court to participate in the public debate. So here are the reasons for my views.

      First, drugs are bad and it is therefore the role of the state and society to discourage consumption, treat dependents and repress trafficking. The rationale behind legalisation is rooted in the belief that it will help in achieving these goals.

      Second, the war on drugs has failed. Since the 1970s, under the influence and leadership of the US, the world has tackled this problem with the use of police forces, armies, and armaments. The tragic reality is that 40 years, billions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of prisoners and thousands of deaths later, things are worse. At least in countries like Brazil.

      Third, as the American economist Milton Friedman argued, the only result of criminalisation is ensuring the trafficker’s monopoly. 

      With these points in mind, what would legalisation achieve?

      In most countries in North America and Europe, the greatest concern of the authorities is users and the impact drugs have on their lives and on society. These are all important considerations. In Brazil, however, the principal focus must be ending the dominance drug dealers exercise over poor communities. Gangs have become the main political and economic power in thousands of modest neighbourhoods in Brazil. This scenario prevents a family of honest and hard-working people from educating their children away from the influence of criminal factions, who intimidate, co-opt and exercise an unfair advantage over any lawful activity. Crucially, this power of trafficking comes from illegality.

       Another benefit of legalisation would be to prevent the mass incarceration of impoverished young people with no criminal record who are arrested for trafficking because they are caught in possession of negligible amounts of marijuana. A third of detainees in Brazil are imprisoned for drug trafficking. Once arrested, young prisoners will have to join one of the factions that control the penitentiaries – and on that day, they become dangerous.

      […]

      We cannot be certain that a progressive and cautious policy of decriminalisation and legalisation will be successful. What we can affirm is that the existing policy of criminalisation has failed. We must take chances; otherwise, we risk simply accepting a terrible situation. As the Brazilian navigator Amyr Klink said: “The worst shipwreck is not setting off at all.” 

Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/15/brazil-must-legalise-drugs-existing-policy-destroys-lives-luis-roberto-barroso-supreme-court-judge> . Acesso em: 14 nov. 2017.

            Brazil must legalise drugs – its existing policy just destroys lives

      For decades, guns and imprisonment have been the hallmarks of Brazil’s war against the drug trafficking. But the only way to beat the gangs is to stop creating criminals, says a top Brazilian judge

      “The war raging in Rocinha, Latin America’s largest favela, has already been lost. Rooted in a dispute between gangs for control of drug trafficking, it has disrupted the daily life of the community in Rio de Janeiro since mid-September. With the sound of shots coming from all sides, schools and shops are constantly forced to close. Recently, a stray bullet killed a Spanish tourist. The war is not the only thing being lost.

      For decades, Brazil has had the same drug policy approach. Police, weapons and numerous arrests. It does not take an expert to conclude the obvious: the strategy has failed. Drug trafficking and consumption have only increased. […]

      In a case still before the Brazilian supreme court, I voted for decriminalising the possession of marijuana for private consumption. […] 

      Drugs are an issue that has a profound impact on the criminal justice system, and it is legitimate for the supreme court to participate in the public debate. So here are the reasons for my views.

      First, drugs are bad and it is therefore the role of the state and society to discourage consumption, treat dependents and repress trafficking. The rationale behind legalisation is rooted in the belief that it will help in achieving these goals.

      Second, the war on drugs has failed. Since the 1970s, under the influence and leadership of the US, the world has tackled this problem with the use of police forces, armies, and armaments. The tragic reality is that 40 years, billions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of prisoners and thousands of deaths later, things are worse. At least in countries like Brazil.

      Third, as the American economist Milton Friedman argued, the only result of criminalisation is ensuring the trafficker’s monopoly. 

      With these points in mind, what would legalisation achieve?

      In most countries in North America and Europe, the greatest concern of the authorities is users and the impact drugs have on their lives and on society. These are all important considerations. In Brazil, however, the principal focus must be ending the dominance drug dealers exercise over poor communities. Gangs have become the main political and economic power in thousands of modest neighbourhoods in Brazil. This scenario prevents a family of honest and hard-working people from educating their children away from the influence of criminal factions, who intimidate, co-opt and exercise an unfair advantage over any lawful activity. Crucially, this power of trafficking comes from illegality.

       Another benefit of legalisation would be to prevent the mass incarceration of impoverished young people with no criminal record who are arrested for trafficking because they are caught in possession of negligible amounts of marijuana. A third of detainees in Brazil are imprisoned for drug trafficking. Once arrested, young prisoners will have to join one of the factions that control the penitentiaries – and on that day, they become dangerous.

      […]

      We cannot be certain that a progressive and cautious policy of decriminalisation and legalisation will be successful. What we can affirm is that the existing policy of criminalisation has failed. We must take chances; otherwise, we risk simply accepting a terrible situation. As the Brazilian navigator Amyr Klink said: “The worst shipwreck is not setting off at all.” 

Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/15/brazil-must-legalise-drugs-existing-policy-destroys-lives-luis-roberto-barroso-supreme-court-judge> . Acesso em: 14 nov. 2017.

            Brazil must legalise drugs – its existing policy just destroys lives

      For decades, guns and imprisonment have been the hallmarks of Brazil’s war against the drug trafficking. But the only way to beat the gangs is to stop creating criminals, says a top Brazilian judge

      “The war raging in Rocinha, Latin America’s largest favela, has already been lost. Rooted in a dispute between gangs for control of drug trafficking, it has disrupted the daily life of the community in Rio de Janeiro since mid-September. With the sound of shots coming from all sides, schools and shops are constantly forced to close. Recently, a stray bullet killed a Spanish tourist. The war is not the only thing being lost.

      For decades, Brazil has had the same drug policy approach. Police, weapons and numerous arrests. It does not take an expert to conclude the obvious: the strategy has failed. Drug trafficking and consumption have only increased. […]

      In a case still before the Brazilian supreme court, I voted for decriminalising the possession of marijuana for private consumption. […] 

      Drugs are an issue that has a profound impact on the criminal justice system, and it is legitimate for the supreme court to participate in the public debate. So here are the reasons for my views.

      First, drugs are bad and it is therefore the role of the state and society to discourage consumption, treat dependents and repress trafficking. The rationale behind legalisation is rooted in the belief that it will help in achieving these goals.

      Second, the war on drugs has failed. Since the 1970s, under the influence and leadership of the US, the world has tackled this problem with the use of police forces, armies, and armaments. The tragic reality is that 40 years, billions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of prisoners and thousands of deaths later, things are worse. At least in countries like Brazil.

      Third, as the American economist Milton Friedman argued, the only result of criminalisation is ensuring the trafficker’s monopoly. 

      With these points in mind, what would legalisation achieve?

      In most countries in North America and Europe, the greatest concern of the authorities is users and the impact drugs have on their lives and on society. These are all important considerations. In Brazil, however, the principal focus must be ending the dominance drug dealers exercise over poor communities. Gangs have become the main political and economic power in thousands of modest neighbourhoods in Brazil. This scenario prevents a family of honest and hard-working people from educating their children away from the influence of criminal factions, who intimidate, co-opt and exercise an unfair advantage over any lawful activity. Crucially, this power of trafficking comes from illegality.

       Another benefit of legalisation would be to prevent the mass incarceration of impoverished young people with no criminal record who are arrested for trafficking because they are caught in possession of negligible amounts of marijuana. A third of detainees in Brazil are imprisoned for drug trafficking. Once arrested, young prisoners will have to join one of the factions that control the penitentiaries – and on that day, they become dangerous.

      […]

      We cannot be certain that a progressive and cautious policy of decriminalisation and legalisation will be successful. What we can affirm is that the existing policy of criminalisation has failed. We must take chances; otherwise, we risk simply accepting a terrible situation. As the Brazilian navigator Amyr Klink said: “The worst shipwreck is not setting off at all.” 

Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/15/brazil-must-legalise-drugs-existing-policy-destroys-lives-luis-roberto-barroso-supreme-court-judge> . Acesso em: 14 nov. 2017.

O caldo de mandioca é um alimento que contém bastante carboidrato. Essa substância é bastante concentrada na raiz da planta, parte apreciada na culinária, sendo produzida pelo próprio vegetal.

Esse ser vivo, no processo de fabricação do carboidrato, retirou do ambiente

A imagem abaixo mostra a estrutura reprodutora de uma espécie do grupo das fanerógamas.

Esse espécime caracteriza-se por apresentar:

A ilustração abaixo mostra o esquema do processo de fotossíntese.

Por que a fotossíntese é responsável por atenuar o aquecimento global provocado pelo efeito estufa?

Existem diferentes opções de produção de energia elétrica, e todas elas apresentam vantagens e desvantagens. Relacione, a seguir, as colunas que representam a forma de produção de energia elétrica com o impacto ambiental que ela provoca:

Forma de produção:

1. Usinas hidrelétricas.

2. Usinas termoelétricas.

3. Baterias.

4. Usinas termonucleares.

Impacto ambiental:

( ) Gases na atmosfera que aumentam o efeito estufa.

( ) Contaminação do solo, do ar e da água por radionuclídeos.

( ) Degradação do solo por materiais pesados.

( ) Alagamento de grandes áreas e mudança do ecossistema da região.

A seqüência correta dessa associação é:

Sentados em volta de uma fogueira, assando mussarelas, duas amigas – Vega e Sirius – discutiam sobre a origem da energia irradiada pela combustão da madeira. Ao longo da conversa, as duas amigas fizeram as afirmativas abaixo. Classifique-as como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F).

Vega: A energia que está sendo liberada pela combustão foi obtida pela árvore por meio da luz solar.

Sirius: A energia que está armazenada nessa mussarela também é proveniente da luz solar.

A classificação correta é:

O Brasil, a partir da década de 1990, inicia uma política de incentivos para que os carros passassem a utilizar o gás natural como fonte alternativa para os combustíveis como a gasolina e o álcool em virtude do baixo preço ocasionado pelo excedente de produção. Atualmente, aumentos sucessivos realizados pelo país fornecedor, resultaram no encarecimento e escassez desse gás aos consumidores.

Nesse contexto, constata-se que o país fornecedor é a ______________________, cuja produção é transportada por meio do _________________________.

As palavras que completam corretamente essas lacunas são, respectivamente,

Projeções de Crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto - PIB ( 2025 – 2050)

É conhecido como Bric o conjunto de países que, nas próximas décadas, deverá ter Produto Interno Bruto – PIB superior à maioria dos que hoje são líderes mundiais.

Esses países são o Brasil,

Em Franca, emprego em alta nos calçados

Na contramão de outras cidades que têm no calçado o principal eixo da economia, Franca (SP) viu crescer o número de empregos em 2012. Os dados revelam que o Rio Grande do Sul teve um decréscimo de 4,8%, enquanto o Ceará apresentou declínio de 2% e a Bahia de 10,5%. Em Franca o crescimento do nível de emprego gira na ordem de 4%. Empresários do setor garantem que se não fossem as vendas internas seria impossível aumentar os empregos, já que as exportações caíram 15% em setembro de 2012. O presidente do Sindicato da Indústria de Calçados de Franca diz que a alta do imposto de importação dos sapatos chineses ajudou um pouco a indústria nacional, mas que é preciso mais. A alegação é que os países asiáticos estariam enviando partes dos sapatos para montagem no Brasil, livrando-se da alíquota de importação para o sapato completo.

Para lidar com a concorrência das importações asiáticas, a indústria brasileira de calçados tem empreendido ações com o objetivo de

Quem anda pelas ruas de Mumbai, a capital econômica da Índia, não imagina que, por trás de tanta miséria, caos social e analfabetismo extremo, exista tanta tecnologia de ponta e coleções de Prêmio Nobel. A sede do IV Fórum Social Mundial foi, por si só, uma aula sobre os contrastes sociais do mundo moderno.

Lixo na rua, trânsito caótico, ausência de saneamento básico, desemprego em alta, enorme déficit habitacional, mais de 300 milhões de analfabetos... E ao mesmo tempo, como podem ter tecnologia de ponta em softwares, pesquisas avançadas na área de saúde, uma elite científica.

(Disponível em: http://www.confea.org.br/revista/materias/edicao_17/materia_11/materia.asp. Acesso em: 05/05/2007. Adaptado.)

Milton Santos, importante geógrafo brasileiro, dizia que um conjunto de técnicas baseadas na ciência e uma determinada forma política de utilizar essas técnicas resultam na globalização perversa. É característica da indústria de alta tecnologia e contradição na vida social da Índia:

Fragmento de texto sobre a escravidão no Brasil.

A cada parcela quitada, o escravo coartado recebia um recibo que se mostrava particularmente útil principalmente no caso de falecimento do proprietário, quando então o libertando se via obrigado a comprovar que havia pagado regularmente os valores estabelecidos para sua coartação.

(GONÇALVES, A. As margens da liberdade: Estudo sobre a prática de alforrias em Minas colonial e provincial. Belo Horizonte: Fino Traço, 2011. p. 228. Adaptado.)

Identifica-se no texto que os escravos no Brasil poderiam

Segundo Angela de Castro Gomes, “JK foi quem melhor soube mobilizar a esperança como recurso do poder, combinando o desenvolvimento econômico para a democracia política na história do Brasil e na memória popular”.

(SCHMIDT, M. F. Nova História Crítica. S. P: Editora Nova Geração, 2007, p. 641.)

Juscelino Kubitschek, em sua campanha à presidência da República, usou um discurso baseado no lema “50 anos em 5”, ou seja, cinquenta anos de progresso em cinco de governo. Para tanto, JK estabeleceu um Plano de Metas, baseado nos estudos realizados pela Comissão Econômica para a América Latina – CEPAL –, direcionado para os setores de energia, transporte, alimentação, indústria de base e educação. Priorizando os investimentos para modernizar o país, o governo de JK assumiu uma parceria do capital nacional com o capital estrangeiro, mudando, dessa forma, os rumos dos investimentos estatais, antes concentrados no setor de bens de capital, para o de bens de consumo duráveis, em particular a indústria automobilística e a eletrodoméstica. O governo de Juscelino foi apelidado de