Questões: Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB) — com gabarito

    Consider an experiment by sociologist Devah Pager, who sent pairs of experimenters — one black and one white — to apply for 340 job ads in New York City. She gave them resumes altered to have identical qualifications. She gave them scripts so that the applicants said the same things when handing in their applications. She even dressed them alike. She found that black applicants got half the call backs that white applicants got with the same qualifications.

(Keith Payne. www.scientificamerican.com, 18.07.2019. Adaptado.)

The experiment results suggest the existence of

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     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

De acordo com o último parágrafo, um argumento a favor da concepção científica da experiência fora do corpo é a

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     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

O termo “however” torna explícita a relação entre o primeiro e segundo parágrafos e indica

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     Imagine feeling as though you are floating above your body, looking down upon your physical self. Some argue that such out-of-body experiences (OBEs) prove that the conscious mind — or even the soul — can leave the body. Supporting this interpretation, people who have survived a near-death experience often recall experiencing this out-ofbody sensation — as if their spiritual essence had separated from their corporeal existence.

    However, the scientific explanation for OBEs is more terrestrial. Neuroscientists and psychologists believe it has to do with neural processes going wrong. In those who come close to death, such as cardiac arrest survivors, it is the lack of oxygen to the brain, and the release of certain neurochemicals triggered by trauma, that interferes with the sensory functions that support our usual feelings of embodiment. People’s recollections of seeing themselves from above — such as observing surgeons working on their body — could be a form of hallucination or false memory, as they try to make sense of their experiences.

    Researchers have induced out-of-body states in healthy volunteers simply by confusing their sensory systems. For instance, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm asked volunteers to wear goggles that showed the perspective of a camera placed behind them (so that they could see themselves from behind). When a researcher prodded the camera with a baton at the same time as prodding the person’s chest, the volunteer had the sensation that they were floating behind their physical body. The fact it is possible to induce an OBE argues against more mystical explanations.

                            (Christian Jarret. www.sciencefocus.com, 2019. Adaptado.)

Leia o trecho do conto de Guimarães Rosa para responder à questão.

    A Moça e o Moço, quando entre si, passavam-se um embebido olhar, diferente do dos outros; e radiava em ambos um modo igual, parecido. Eles olhavam um para o outro como os passarinhos ouvidos de repente a cantar, as árvores pé-ante-pé, as nuvens desconcertadas: como do assoprado das cinzas a esplendição das brasas. Eles se olhavam para não-distância, estiadamente, sem saberes, sem caso.

                                                     (“Nenhum, nenhuma”. Primeiras estórias, 1988.)

Leia o trecho do romance Memórias de um sargento de milícias, de Manuel Antônio de Almeida, para responder à questão.

    Em certas casas os agregados eram muito úteis, porque a família tirava grande proveito de seus serviços [...]; outras vezes porém e estas eram em maior número, o agregado, refinado vadio, era uma verdadeira parasita que se prendia à árvore familiar, que lhe participava da seiva sem ajudá-la a dar os frutos, e o que é mais ainda, chegava mesmo a dar cabo dela. E o caso é que, apesar de tudo, se na primeira hipótese o esmagavam com o peso de mil exigências, se lhe batiam a cada passo com os favores na cara, se o filho mais velho da casa, por exemplo, o tomava por seu divertimento, e à menor e mais justa queixa saltavam-lhe os pais em cima tomando o partido de seu filho, no segundo aturavam quanto desconforto havia com paciência de mártir; o agregado tornava-se quase rei em casa, punha, dispunha, castigava os escravos, ralhava com os filhos, intervinha enfim nos mais particulares negócios.

             (Memórias de um sargento de milícias, 2016.)