Prova de 2010: Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) — questões com gabarito

                         FOR CATS, A BIG GULP WITH A TOUCH OF THE TONGUE

             It has taken four highly qualified engineers and a bunch of integral equations to figure it out, but we now know how cats drink. The answer is: very elegantly, and not at all the way you might suppose. Cats lap water so fast that the human eye cannot follow what is happening, which is why the trick had apparently escaped attention until now. With the use of high-speed photography, the neatness of the feline solution has been captured. The act of drinking may seem like no big deal for anyone who can fully close his mouth to create suction, as people can. But the various species that cannot do so - and that includes most adult carnivores - must resort to some other mechanism. Dog owners are familiar with the unseemly lapping noises that ensue when their thirsty pet meets a bowl of water. The dog is thrusting its tongue into the water, forming a crude cup with it and hauling the liquid back into the muzzle.
             Cats, both big and little, are so much classier, according to new research by Pedro M. Reis and Roman Stocker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, joined by Sunghwan Jung of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Jeffrey M. Aristoff of Princeton. Writing in the Thursday issue of Science, the four engineers report that the cat’s lapping method depends on its instinctive ability to calculate the balance between opposing gravitational and inertial forces. What happens is that the cat darts its tongue, curving the upper side downward so that the tip lightly touches the surface of the water.
             The tongue is then pulled upward at high speed, drawing a column of water behind it. Just at the moment that gravity finally overcomes the rush of the water and starts to pull the column down - snap! The cat’s jaws have closed over the jet of water and swallowed it. The cat laps four times a second - too fast for the human eye to see anything but a blur - and its tongue moves at a speed of one meter per second. Being engineers, the cat-lapping team next tested its findings with a machine that mimicked a cat’s tongue, using a glass disk at the end of a piston to serve as the tip. After calculating things like the Froude number and the aspect ratio, they were able to figure out how fast a cat should lap to get the greatest amount of water into its mouth. The cats, it turns out, were way ahead of them - they lap at just that speed. To the scientific mind, the next obvious question is whether bigger cats should lap at different speeds.


WADE, Nicholas. For cats, a big gulp with a touch of the tongue. Disponível em: Acesso em: 20 nov. 2010.


The main goal of the scientific text above is to reveal how:

                         FOR CATS, A BIG GULP WITH A TOUCH OF THE TONGUE

             It has taken four highly qualified engineers and a bunch of integral equations to figure it out, but we now know how cats drink. The answer is: very elegantly, and not at all the way you might suppose. Cats lap water so fast that the human eye cannot follow what is happening, which is why the trick had apparently escaped attention until now. With the use of high-speed photography, the neatness of the feline solution has been captured. The act of drinking may seem like no big deal for anyone who can fully close his mouth to create suction, as people can. But the various species that cannot do so - and that includes most adult carnivores - must resort to some other mechanism. Dog owners are familiar with the unseemly lapping noises that ensue when their thirsty pet meets a bowl of water. The dog is thrusting its tongue into the water, forming a crude cup with it and hauling the liquid back into the muzzle.
             Cats, both big and little, are so much classier, according to new research by Pedro M. Reis and Roman Stocker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, joined by Sunghwan Jung of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Jeffrey M. Aristoff of Princeton. Writing in the Thursday issue of Science, the four engineers report that the cat’s lapping method depends on its instinctive ability to calculate the balance between opposing gravitational and inertial forces. What happens is that the cat darts its tongue, curving the upper side downward so that the tip lightly touches the surface of the water.
             The tongue is then pulled upward at high speed, drawing a column of water behind it. Just at the moment that gravity finally overcomes the rush of the water and starts to pull the column down - snap! The cat’s jaws have closed over the jet of water and swallowed it. The cat laps four times a second - too fast for the human eye to see anything but a blur - and its tongue moves at a speed of one meter per second. Being engineers, the cat-lapping team next tested its findings with a machine that mimicked a cat’s tongue, using a glass disk at the end of a piston to serve as the tip. After calculating things like the Froude number and the aspect ratio, they were able to figure out how fast a cat should lap to get the greatest amount of water into its mouth. The cats, it turns out, were way ahead of them - they lap at just that speed. To the scientific mind, the next obvious question is whether bigger cats should lap at different speeds.


WADE, Nicholas. For cats, a big gulp with a touch of the tongue. Disponível em: Acesso em: 20 nov. 2010.


Qual é o significado do substantivo sublinhado na seguinte oração?

"The neatness of the feline solution has been captured".

O Brasil viveu, em 2010, mais um processo eleitoral em sua história republicana. Com relação à história das eleições desde a Proclamação da República, em 1889, até a atualidade, assinale a alternativa correta.

Leia o texto a seguir.


"O corpo está no centro de toda relação de poder. Mas o corpo das mulheres é o centro, de maneira imediata e específica. Sua aparência, sua beleza, suas formas, suas roupas, seus gestos, sua maneira de andar, de olhar, de falar e de rir (provocante, o riso não cai bem às mulheres, prefere-se que elas fiquem com as lágrimas) soa o objeto de uma perpétua suspeita. Suspeita que visa o seu sexo, vulcão da terra. Enclausurá-las seria a melhor solução: em um pesco fechado e controlado, ou no mínimo sob um véu que mascara sua chama incendiária. Toda a mulher em liberdade é um perigo e, ao mesmo tempo, está em perigo, um legitimando o outro. Se algo de mal lhe acontece, ela está recebendo apenas aquilo que merece."


PERROT, Michele. As mulheres ou os silêncios da história. Bauru: EDUSC, 2005. p. 447.


Michele Perrot faz referência à descrição das normas de controle impostas às mulheres na Idade Média. Em relação às mulheres europeias no período medieval, assinale a alternativa correta.

Nos países que costumam ter um inverno rigoroso, adicionam-se anticongelantes à água do radiador dos automóveis para impedir que a expansão de volume que acompanha o congelamento da água rompa os alvéolos do radiador. Do ponto de vista crioscópico, seriam ótimos anticongelantes sais como MgCl₂ ou CaCl₂, que, em soluções aquosas a 30% em massa, congelam em torno de -50ºC. No entanto, essas soluções são inconvenientes porque corroem o motor. Alternativamente, empregam-se, como solutos, etanol, glicerina ou etilenoglicol, e se obtêm soluções que congelam entre -10 e -25ºC. Calcule a massa de glicerina (C₃H₈O₃) que deve ser adicionada por quilo de água para que a solução só comece a se solidificar a -10ºC.

Dado: K_c = 1,86ºC/molal

O estado mais simples da matéria é um gás. Sobre o comportamento de um sistema gasoso, leia as seguintes afirmações.

I. Gases são facilmente compressíveis, preenchem o espaço disponível e suas moléculas possuem movimento caótico incessante.
II. A energia cinética média das moléculas de um gás é diretamente proporcional à temperatura absoluta.
III. A pressão de um gás é o resultado das colisões das moléculas com as paredes do recipiente.
IV. As moléculas se movimentam sem colidirem com as paredes do recipiente que as contém.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta informações corretas.

Sódio metálico reage violentamente com água, resultando em hidróxido de sódio e hidrogênio, conforme a seguinte equação química:

Na0 + H₂O NaOH + 1/2 H₂

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a classe de reação na qual se enquadra essa transformação.

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a substância química com menor ponto de ebulição.